{"metadata":{"title":"K12全科知识体系（小学5科 + 初中9科 + 高中9科 = 23科）","depth_level":"B：知识点 + 典型题型/解题方法（典型例题单独置于顶层 examples 数组）","structure":"subjects[] 下每科保持独立结构：metadata + modules[](knowledge_point→question_types 仅含 type) + examples[](承载 solution_method/difficulty)。公式已按学科 LaTeX 化。","total_subjects":23,"total_modules":246,"total_knowledge_points":974,"total_question_types":1602,"total_examples":1689,"generated":"2026-08-01"},"subjects":[{"subject":"小学语文","metadata":{"subject":"小学语文","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"汉语拼音与识字写字","book":"一年级上册~二年级上册（拼音与识字）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"声母、韵母与整体认读音节","key_content":"23个声母、24个韵母（6个单韵母、9个复韵母、5个前鼻韵母、4个后鼻韵母）、16个整体认读音节。拼读规则：两拼音节为声母+韵母直接相拼，如 $b-\\bar{a} \\to b\\bar{a}$；三拼音节为声母+介母+韵母相拼，如 $g-u-\\bar{a} \\to gu\\bar{a}$；j、q、x 与 ü 相拼时，ü 上两点省略。","question_types":[{"type":"拼音拼写与音节判断"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"声调与标调规则","key_content":"四个声调：阴平（第一声）、阳平（第二声）、上声（第三声）、去声（第四声），轻声不标调。标调口诀：「有 a 找 a，没 a 找 o、e，i、u 并列标在后」。如 mā、guǒ、liú。","question_types":[{"type":"声调标注与判断"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"多音字","key_content":"多音字因意义不同而读音不同，要「据义定音、据词定音」。如「乐」（lè 快乐 / yuè 音乐）、「长」（cháng 长短 / zhǎng 成长）、「种」（zhǒng 种子 / zhòng 种树）。","question_types":[{"type":"多音字辨析与组词"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"形近字","key_content":"形近字字形相近、意义不同，辨析方法是抓部首、记字形、组词区分。如「晴—睛—清—请」「峰—锋—蜂」「辨—辩—辫」。","question_types":[{"type":"形近字辨析与组词"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"笔顺与查字典","key_content":"基本笔顺规则：先横后竖、先撇后捺、从上到下、从左到右、先外后内、先中间后两边。查字典方法：音序查字法（知音查字）、部首查字法（知形查字）、数笔画查字法。","question_types":[{"type":"笔顺判断与查字典"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"词语积累与运用","book":"一年级上册~六年级下册（贯穿全学段）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"近义词","key_content":"近义词是意思相近的词语，如「高兴—快乐」「美丽—漂亮」。辨析近义词要注意词义轻重、适用范围、搭配对象与感情色彩，如「安静」侧重没有声音，「宁静」侧重环境清静安宁。","question_types":[{"type":"近义词辨析与填写"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"反义词","key_content":"反义词是意思相反的词语，如「高—矮」「虚心—骄傲」。注意单音节对单音节、双音节对双音节，并要结合具体语境判断。","question_types":[{"type":"反义词填写"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"词语理解与语境释义","key_content":"理解词语的方法：近义词替换、拆词组合、联系上下文、联系生活实际。同一词语在不同语境中意思可能不同（语境义），要结合上下文判断。","question_types":[{"type":"词语语境释义"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"成语积累与运用","key_content":"小学必背常用成语（含寓言故事、历史故事类），要理解整体含义、不望文生义，并能在语境中恰当运用。如「画蛇添足」比喻多此一举，「狐假虎威」比喻倚仗别人势力欺压人。","question_types":[{"type":"成语填空与运用"}]},{"id":"M02-K05","name":"量词与词语搭配","key_content":"常用量词要与名词搭配恰当，如「一匹马、一头牛、一把伞、一串葡萄」；词语搭配（动宾搭配、偏正搭配）要合乎语言习惯，如「改进技术、改正错误」。","question_types":[{"type":"量词与词语搭配"}]},{"id":"M02-K06","name":"词语的感情色彩","key_content":"词语的感情色彩分褒义词、贬义词、中性词，如「果断」（褒义）与「武断」（贬义）、「成果」（褒义）与「后果」（贬义）。同一词语在不同语境中感情色彩可能不同。","question_types":[{"type":"词语感情色彩判断"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"句子与修辞","book":"二年级上册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"把字句与被字句","key_content":"把字句的结构是「施动者+把+受动者+动作」；被字句的结构是「受动者+被+施动者+动作」。两者转换时互换动作的施动者与受动者位置，动词后的补语要保留。","question_types":[{"type":"把字句与被字句转换"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"陈述句、反问句与感叹句","key_content":"反问句改陈述句：去掉「难道……吗/怎能……呢」等反问词，肯定改否定或否定改肯定，问号改句号；陈述句改反问句则相反。反问句语气更强烈，感叹句表达强烈感情。","question_types":[{"type":"反问句与陈述句转换"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"比喻句","key_content":"比喻由本体、喻体、比喻词（像、好像、仿佛、如同）三部分组成，判断标准：两类不同的事物之间有相似点，如「弯弯的月亮像小船」。注意：有「像」的不一定都是比喻句。","question_types":[{"type":"比喻句判断与仿写"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"拟人句","key_content":"拟人就是把物当成人来写，赋予物人的动作、表情、语言或心理，如「小草偷偷地从土里钻出来」「风儿唱着歌」。","question_types":[{"type":"拟人句判断与仿写"}]},{"id":"M03-K05","name":"排比句与修辞综合","key_content":"排比是把三个或三个以上结构相似、意义相关、语气一致的短语或句子排列起来，增强语势、突出感情。比喻、拟人、排比是小学最常见的三种修辞手法，要学会综合判断并说明表达效果。","question_types":[{"type":"排比句与修辞综合判断"}]},{"id":"M03-K06","name":"修改病句","key_content":"常见语病类型：成分残缺、搭配不当、用词不当、语序颠倒、重复啰嗦、前后矛盾。修改原则：保留原意、对症下药、多就少改。如「我们要养成认真学习」缺宾语，应补上「的习惯」。","question_types":[{"type":"修改病句"}]},{"id":"M03-K07","name":"扩句与缩句","key_content":"扩句是在主干上添加修饰限制成分，使句子更具体：$(\\text{定语})+\\text{主语}+(\\text{状语})+\\text{谓语}+(\\text{补语})$；缩句是去掉枝叶、保留主干：$(\\text{谁/什么})+(\\text{干什么/怎么样})$。缩句不能改变原意，也不能留下修饰语。","question_types":[{"type":"扩句与缩句"}]},{"id":"M03-K08","name":"关联词语与复句","key_content":"常见关联词类型：并列（既……又……）、递进（不但……而且……）、转折（虽然……但是……）、因果（因为……所以……）、假设（如果……就……）、条件（只要……就……）。先判断分句之间的关系再选用。","question_types":[{"type":"关联词语选填"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"阅读·记叙文","book":"三年级上册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"记叙文六要素","key_content":"记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物，事情的起因、经过、结果。读记叙文先找六要素，可以快速把握文章内容与脉络；写记叙文也要交代清楚六要素。","question_types":[{"type":"记叙文六要素填空"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"概括主要内容","key_content":"概括主要内容的方法：「谁+在什么情况下+做什么+结果怎样」；要素串联法、段意合并法、题目扩充法。要求：完整（不遗漏要点）、简洁（不啰嗦）、准确。","question_types":[{"type":"概括文章主要内容"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"关键句与中心思想","key_content":"中心句常出现在开头（总起句）、结尾（总结句）或反复出现的句子中。概括中心思想 = 主要内容 + 作者表达的情感或说明的道理。如《落花生》借花生告诉我们「要做有用的人」。","question_types":[{"type":"中心句与中心思想把握"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"人物描写方法","key_content":"人物描写方法：外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理五种。通过描写方法分析人物特点与品质，答题格式：运用了……描写，生动形象地写出了（人物）……的特点。","question_types":[{"type":"人物描写方法辨析"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"记叙顺序","key_content":"记叙顺序：顺叙（按事情发展先后）、倒叙（先写结果或精彩部分再回溯）、插叙（叙述中插入相关情节）。倒叙制造悬念、突出中心，插叙补充交代，使情节完整、人物丰满。","question_types":[{"type":"记叙顺序判断与作用"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"阅读·说明文","book":"三年级上册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"说明对象与说明顺序","key_content":"说明对象是文章要说明的事物或事理；说明顺序有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序（由表及里、由特点到用途等）。判断可看标志词：首先、其次、然后、上下、左右、先……后……。","question_types":[{"type":"说明对象与说明顺序判断"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"说明方法","key_content":"常见说明方法：举例子、列数字、作比较、打比方、分类别、下定义。如「鲸的一条舌头就有十几头大肥猪那么重」运用了列数字、作比较。答题格式：运用了……的说明方法，具体（准确/生动形象）地说明了……的特点。","question_types":[{"type":"说明方法判断与作用"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"说明文语言的准确性","key_content":"说明文语言准确、严密，常用「大约、左右、几乎、通常、一般」等限制性词语。赏析方法：先表态（不能删），再解释词语意思，接着说明删去后的变化，最后强调体现了说明文语言的准确性。","question_types":[{"type":"说明文语言赏析"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"信息提取与理解","key_content":"说明文阅读常考信息提取题：根据问题在文中定位关键句，答案多在原文中，可用原文词句作答；注意概括要点、分条作答。","question_types":[{"type":"说明文信息提取"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"古诗文积累与赏析","book":"一年级上册~六年级下册（必背古诗75首）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"古诗文默写","key_content":"背诵并默写课标规定的小学必背古诗文中的经典篇目。默写要写准每个字，注意同音字、形近字，如「疑是地上霜」的「疑」、「更上一层楼」的「层」。","question_types":[{"type":"古诗文上下句默写"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"诗句理解与翻译","key_content":"理解诗句意思：逐词理解、整体把握，能用现代汉语说出诗句大意；注意古今异义，如「停车坐爱枫林晚」中「坐」意为「因为」，「儿童急走追黄蝶」中「走」意为「跑」。","question_types":[{"type":"诗句意思理解"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"诗歌情感与意象","key_content":"诗歌常借意象表达情感：月亮—思乡（如《静夜思》）、柳—送别、梅花—高洁、菊花—品格。赏析答题：这首诗通过……（意象/画面），表达了诗人……（情感）。","question_types":[{"type":"诗歌情感与意象赏析"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"小古文启蒙","key_content":"小古文启蒙篇目如《守株待兔》《司马光》《精卫填海》《囊萤夜读》。学习要点：借助注释理解字词（注意古今异义）、翻译句子、朗读断句、明白寓意。","question_types":[{"type":"小古文阅读理解"}]},{"id":"M06-K05","name":"传统节日诗词","key_content":"与传统节日相关的诗词：春节—王安石《元日》「爆竹声中一岁除」；清明—杜牧《清明》「清明时节雨纷纷」；重阳—王维《九月九日忆山东兄弟》「每逢佳节倍思亲」；中秋—苏轼「但愿人长久，千里共婵娟」。","question_types":[{"type":"传统节日诗词积累"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"习作与写话","book":"一年级写话~六年级习作","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"看图写话","key_content":"看图写话要写清四要素：时间、地点、人物、事件，按「谁在什么地方干什么，结果怎么样」的顺序写；观察要有序（整体到局部），可合理想象人物的语言和心理，用上「有的……有的……还有的……」等句式。","question_types":[{"type":"看图写话"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"命题作文审题与立意","key_content":"审题：抓「题眼」（题目中最关键的词语），明确写作范围、对象与体裁。立意：正确、新颖、深刻，从小事中提炼出道理或情感。如《难忘的一天》题眼是「难忘」。","question_types":[{"type":"命题作文审题立意"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"作文结构（开头与结尾）","key_content":"作文常用结构「总—分—总」；开头方法：开门见山、设问、引用、描写景物；结尾方法：首尾呼应、点明中心、自然收束。开头结尾要紧扣题目、简洁有力。","question_types":[{"type":"作文开头结尾设计"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"记事作文","key_content":"记事作文要写清六要素，重点详写「经过」：按顺序写，用上动作、语言、神态、心理描写和细节，避免流水账；结尾可写出感受或道理。","question_types":[{"type":"记事作文写作"}]},{"id":"M07-K05","name":"写人作文","key_content":"写人作文通过典型事例表现人物特点：选取最能体现中心的一两件事；用外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理描写刻画人物；事例要具体，避免空洞的「他很善良」式概括。","question_types":[{"type":"写人作文写作"}]},{"id":"M07-K06","name":"写景状物作文","key_content":"写景状物按一定顺序（时间、方位、游览路线）写，抓住景物特点，调动视觉、听觉、嗅觉等多种感官，运用比喻、拟人等修辞，融情于景，表达对景物的喜爱之情。","question_types":[{"type":"写景状物作文"}]},{"id":"M07-K07","name":"应用文写作","key_content":"应用文格式：通知（标题居中，正文写清时间、地点、人物、事情，署名、日期在右下）；日记（第一行写日期、星期、天气，正文空两格）；书信（称呼顶格，正文空两格，结尾祝语、署名、日期）。","question_types":[{"type":"应用文写作（通知/日记/书信）"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"口语交际与综合性学习","book":"一年级上册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"倾听与复述","key_content":"倾听时要集中注意力，抓住主要内容与要点；复述要按顺序、抓关键信息，用自己的话清楚表达，不遗漏重要信息。","question_types":[{"type":"听记要点与复述"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"口语表达","key_content":"口语表达（讲故事、介绍、转述）要求：内容清楚、条理分明、声音响亮、态度自然大方、有礼貌；注意说话的对象与场合，如向长辈借东西要用商量的语气。","question_types":[{"type":"口语交际表达"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"讨论与发言","key_content":"讨论与发言要求：围绕话题发表意见，观点明确、理由充分；认真倾听他人发言，尊重不同意见；有不同意见时先礼貌说明，再摆事实讲道理。","question_types":[{"type":"讨论发言与观点表达"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"综合性学习","key_content":"综合性学习围绕主题（如「遨游汉字王国」「轻叩诗歌大门」）开展：提出小课题、搜集资料（书籍、网络、采访）、分类整理、合作交流、展示成果。","question_types":[{"type":"综合性学习资料整理"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"拼音拼写与音节判断","content":"下列音节中属于整体认读音节的是（　）：A．yi　B．ba　C．guā　D．ti","solution_method":"选 A。16个整体认读音节：zhi、chi、shi、ri、zi、ci、si、yi、wu、yu、ye、yue、yuan、yin、yun、ying。整体认读音节要整体直读、不拼读。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"拼音拼写与音节判断","content":"下列音节中属于三拼音节的是（　）：A．huā　B．dà　C．zhī　D．wén","solution_method":"选 A。huā 由声母 h、介母 u、韵母 ā 三部分相拼，是三拼音节；dà、wén 是两拼音节，zhī 是整体认读音节。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"声调标注与判断","content":"「妈、麻、马、骂」四个字声调依次是（　）。","solution_method":"第一声（阴平）、第二声（阳平）、第三声（上声）、第四声（去声）。普通话四个声调中，mā、má、mǎ、mà 依次对应一二三四声。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"声调标注与判断","content":"下列音节标调正确的一项是（　）：A．liú　B．līu　C．gǔo　D．jìu","solution_method":"选 A。标调口诀：「有 a 找 a，没 a 找 o、e，i、u 并列标在后」。liu 中 i、u 并列，声调标在后一个字母 u 上，写作 liú，故选 A。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"多音字辨析与组词","content":"给加点字选择正确读音：「音乐」中「乐」读（　）：A．lè　B．yuè","solution_method":"选 B。yuè——「音乐」与乐曲有关；「快乐」中「乐」读 lè。多音字要「据义定音」，根据词语意思确定读音。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"多音字辨析与组词","content":"「长」在「长江」中读（　），在「成长」中读（　）。","solution_method":"cháng／zhǎng。cháng：与「短」相对，指长度（长江很长）；zhǎng：生长、发展（成长）。根据词语意思确定读音并组词验证。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"形近字辨析与组词","content":"选字填空：今天天气真（晴/睛/清）朗，天空瓦蓝瓦蓝的。","solution_method":"填「晴」。「晴」与太阳（日）有关，指天气晴朗；「睛」与眼睛（目）有关；「清」与水（氵）有关。辨析形近字要抓部首辨意义。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"形近字辨析与组词","content":"选字组词：（峰/锋/蜂）——山（　）、（　）利、蜜（　）。","solution_method":"山峰／锋利／蜜蜂。「峰」与山（山字旁）有关；「锋」与金属（钅）有关，指刀剑锐利；「蜂」是昆虫（虫字旁）。抓部首即可区分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"笔顺判断与查字典","content":"「十」字按笔顺规则应先写（　），后写（　）。","solution_method":"先写横，后写竖。基本笔顺规则包括：先横后竖、先撇后捺、从上到下、从左到右、先外后内等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"笔顺判断与查字典","content":"用音序查字法查「春」字，应先查大写字母（　），再查音节（　）。","solution_method":"C／chūn。音序查字法：先找音序（音节第一个字母的大写形式），再找音节，最后按声调找到汉字。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"近义词辨析与填写","content":"写出下列词语的近义词：美丽—（　）；高兴—（　）。","solution_method":"美丽—漂亮/好看；高兴—快乐/开心。近义词是意思相近的词，注意词义轻重与搭配习惯。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"近义词辨析与填写","content":"选词填空（安静　宁静）：夜深了，山村十分（　）；上课铃响了，教室里渐渐（　）下来。","solution_method":"宁静／安静。「宁静」侧重环境清静、安宁；「安静」侧重没有声音。辨析近义词要结合语境与搭配对象。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"反义词填写","content":"写出下列词语的反义词：高—（　）；胖—（　）；热情—（　）。","solution_method":"矮／瘦／冷淡。反义词是意思相反的词，注意单音节对单音节、双音节对双音节。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"反义词填写","content":"写出「虚心」的反义词：______","solution_method":"骄傲。「虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后」，反义词要放在具体语境中判断更准确。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"词语语境释义","content":"联系上下文解释词语：小弟弟把书包收拾得又快又整齐，真利索！「利索」的意思是（　）。","solution_method":"动作麻利、迅速、不拖泥带水。解释词语的方法：近义词替换、拆词组合、联系上下文、联系生活实际。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"词语语境释义","content":"解释下列句中「骄傲」的意思：①我们为祖国感到骄傲。（　）②他取得一点成绩就骄傲起来。（　）","solution_method":"①自豪，因……而感到光荣（褒义）；②自满，自以为了不起（贬义）。同一词语在不同语境中意思不同，要结合具体语境理解。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"成语填空与运用","content":"把成语补充完整：画蛇添（　）；守株待（　）；亡羊补（　）。","solution_method":"足／兔／牢。这些成语多出自寓言故事，要记住整体含义：画蛇添足比喻多此一举，守株待兔比喻不努力而存侥幸心理，亡羊补牢比喻出了问题及时补救。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"成语填空与运用","content":"「狐假虎威」中「假」的意思是（　）：A．假装　B．借　C．放假","solution_method":"选 B。「狐假虎威」中「假」是「借」的意思：狐狸借老虎的威风吓唬百兽，比喻倚仗别人的势力欺压人。理解成语不能望文生义。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"量词与词语搭配","content":"在括号里填上合适的量词：一（　）马　一（　）牛　一（　）伞　一（　）葡萄","solution_method":"匹／头／把／串。量词要与名词搭配恰当：马用「匹」、牛用「头」、伞用「把」、葡萄用「串」。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"量词与词语搭配","content":"选择合适的词语搭配：①改进（技术/错误）　②改正（错误/方法）","solution_method":"改进技术、改正错误。动宾搭配要合乎语言习惯，可结合生活经验判断：「改进」多与技术、方法搭配，「改正」多与错误、缺点搭配。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K06-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K06","question_type":"词语感情色彩判断","content":"「果断」和「武断」的感情色彩分别是（　）：A．都是褒义　B．褒义、贬义　C．都是贬义","solution_method":"选 B。「果断」指当机立断，是褒义词；「武断」指只凭主观判断、不听取意见，是贬义词。辨析感情色彩可看词语常与什么样的行为、评价搭配。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K06-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K06","question_type":"词语感情色彩判断","content":"判断句中「骄傲」的感情色彩：①我为祖国的强大而骄傲。（　）②他考了满分就骄傲起来。（　）","solution_method":"①褒义（自豪）　②贬义（自满）。同一个词在不同语境中感情色彩可能不同，要结合句子表达的意思判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"把字句与被字句转换","content":"把字句改被字句：小明把教室打扫干净了。","solution_method":"教室被小明打扫干净了。方法：把「把」后面的对象（教室）提到句首，「把」换成「被」，其余部分不变。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"把字句与被字句转换","content":"被字句改把字句：小树被大风吹倒了。","solution_method":"大风把小树吹倒了。方法：把「被」后面的施动者（大风）提到句首，「被」换成「把」，动作对象「小树」移到谓语之前。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"反问句与陈述句转换","content":"反问句改陈述句：难道我们不应该珍惜时间吗？","solution_method":"我们应该珍惜时间。方法：去掉「难道……吗」，否定改肯定（不应该→应该），问号改句号。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"反问句与陈述句转换","content":"陈述句改反问句：这件事我们不能忘记。","solution_method":"难道这件事我们能忘记吗？（或：我们怎能忘记这件事呢？）方法：加反问词「难道/怎能」，肯定改否定，句号改问号。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"比喻句判断与仿写","content":"判断下面句子是不是比喻句，并说明理由：弯弯的月亮像小船。","solution_method":"是比喻句。月亮（本体）、像（比喻词）、小船（喻体），本体与喻体是不同类事物但有相似点（弯弯的形状）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"比喻句判断与仿写","content":"仿写比喻句：满天的星星像______。","solution_method":"示例：满天的星星像无数颗闪亮的宝石。仿写要点：喻体要与本体有相似点且是不同类事物，可用「像、好像、仿佛」等比喻词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"拟人句判断与仿写","content":"判断：柳树在春风中跳起了舞。（是/不是）拟人句","solution_method":"是。「跳舞」是人的动作，这里把柳树当成人来写，赋予它人的动作，是拟人句。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"拟人句判断与仿写","content":"仿写拟人句：春天来了，______。","solution_method":"示例：春天来了，小草偷偷地从土里探出头来。拟人就是把物当成人来写，赋予它人的动作、神态或心理。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"排比句与修辞综合判断","content":"判断修辞手法：我爱太阳，因为它温暖；我爱月亮，因为它皎洁；我爱星星，因为它闪烁。这句话运用了（　）的修辞手法。","solution_method":"排比。三个结构相似的句子连续排列，增强语势、突出强烈的感情。判断排比看是否有三个或三个以上结构相似的短语或句子。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"排比句与修辞综合判断","content":"指出句子运用的修辞手法并说明作用：「太阳出来了，像一个大火球，把大地烤得滚烫滚烫的。」","solution_method":"比喻（把太阳比作大火球）。作用：生动形象地写出了太阳又大又热的特点。修辞判断要抓典型标志：比喻看「像/好像/仿佛」，拟人看人的动作心理，排比看三个以上相似结构。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K06-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K06","question_type":"修改病句","content":"修改病句：他经常回忆过去的往事。","solution_method":"他经常回忆往事。（或：他经常回忆过去的事。）病因：重复啰嗦，「回忆」与「往事」「过去」语义重复，删去其中一个即可。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K06-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K06","question_type":"修改病句","content":"修改病句：我们要养成认真学习。","solution_method":"我们要养成认真学习的习惯。病因：成分残缺，谓语「养成」后缺少宾语，补上「的习惯」。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K06-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K06","question_type":"修改病句","content":"修改病句：听了老师的报告，受到了深刻的教育。","solution_method":"听了老师的报告，我们受到了深刻的教育。（或：我们听了老师的报告，受到了深刻的教育。）病因：成分残缺（缺主语），补上主语「我们」。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K07-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K07","question_type":"扩句与缩句","content":"缩句：深蓝的天空中挂着一轮金黄的圆月。","solution_method":"天空中挂着圆月。缩句保留主干 $(\\text{谁/什么})+(\\text{干什么/怎么样})$，删去「深蓝的」「一轮金黄的」等修饰语，不能改变原意。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K07-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K07","question_type":"扩句与缩句","content":"扩句：小鸟在唱歌。","solution_method":"示例：可爱的小鸟在枝头快乐地唱歌。扩句按 $(\\text{定语})+\\text{主语}+(\\text{状语})+\\text{谓语}$ 添加修饰限制成分，使句子更具体生动。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K08-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K08","question_type":"关联词语选填","content":"选择恰当的关联词填空：①（　）明天下雨，运动会（　）改期举行。②他（　）学习刻苦，（　）乐于助人。","solution_method":"①如果……就……（假设关系）②不但……而且……（递进关系）。先判断前后分句之间的关系，再选用合适的关联词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K08-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K08","question_type":"关联词语选填","content":"用关联词把两句话合并成一句话：他学习很努力。他取得了好成绩。","solution_method":"因为他学习很努力，所以取得了好成绩。前后分句是因果关系，用「因为……所以……」连接，合并时重复的人称可省略。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"记叙文六要素填空","content":"阅读短文，填写记叙文要素：星期天下午，小明和小红来到公园的草坪上放风筝。他们迎着风奔跑，风筝越飞越高，他们玩得开心极了。时间：（　）；地点：（　）；人物：（　）；事件：（　）。","solution_method":"时间：星期天下午；地点：公园草坪；人物：小明和小红；事件：放风筝。读记叙文先找六要素（时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果），能快速把握内容。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"概括文章主要内容","content":"用一句话概括短文主要内容：一只乌鸦口渴了，到处找水喝。它看见一个瓶子里有水，可是瓶口小，水又少，喝不着。乌鸦看见旁边有许多小石子，就叼起石子一颗一颗放进瓶子里。瓶子里的水渐渐升高，乌鸦终于喝到了水。","solution_method":"本文写乌鸦口渴，通过往瓶子里放石子使水位升高，最终喝到水的事。概括方法：「谁 + 做什么 + 结果怎样」。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"概括文章主要内容","content":"用简洁的话概括《草船借箭》（缩写版）的主要内容：周瑜妒忌诸葛亮，让他三天造十万支箭。诸葛亮向鲁肃借了二十条船，趁着大雾用草船向曹军「借」箭，如期交箭，周瑜自叹不如。","solution_method":"诸葛亮巧设草船，趁着大雾向曹军「借」得十万支箭，挫败了周瑜的陷害。概括要点：人物（诸葛亮）、事件（草船借箭）、结果（借箭成功）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"中心句与中心思想把握","content":"《落花生》中，父亲说：「人要做有用的人，不要做只讲体面，而对别人没有好处的人。」这句话告诉我们的道理是（　）。","solution_method":"人要做对他人、对社会有用的人，不要只图外表体面（借物喻理）。中心思想常借父亲的话（关键句）来表达。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"中心句与中心思想把握","content":"短文《我爱家乡的小河》结尾写道：「啊，家乡的小河，我爱你！」这句话在文中的作用是（　）：A．总起下文　B．总结全文、点明中心　C．引出人物","solution_method":"选 B。结尾句总结全文、点明中心，抒发对家乡小河的喜爱之情。中心句常出现在开头或结尾，要结合全文内容判断。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"人物描写方法辨析","content":"指出下面句子运用的描写方法（至少两种）：「他涨红了脸，急得直跺脚，大声喊：'这可怎么办呀！'」","solution_method":"神态描写（涨红了脸）＋动作描写（跺脚）＋语言描写（喊的内容）。人物描写有外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理五种，要抓标志性词语判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"人物描写方法辨析","content":"「她穿着一件红毛衣，扎着两条羊角辫，一笑露出两个小酒窝。」这句话运用了（　）描写，作用是（　）。","solution_method":"外貌描写。作用：生动形象地写出小姑娘活泼可爱的特点。外貌描写要抓住人物的衣着、长相等特征。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"记叙顺序判断与作用","content":"文章先写「我」站在领奖台上激动不已，再回忆一年前刻苦训练的情景，这种写法叫（　）。","solution_method":"倒叙。先写事情的结果或最精彩的部分，再回头叙述事情经过，能制造悬念、突出中心。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"记叙顺序判断与作用","content":"在叙述「春游」的过程中，插入一段对去年春游的回忆，这种记叙顺序是（　），其作用是（　）。","solution_method":"插叙。作用：补充交代相关情节，使文章内容更丰富、情节更完整。判断方法：叙述中间插入的回忆、背景等内容即为插叙。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"说明对象与说明顺序判断","content":"《太阳》一文先写太阳「远、大、热」的特点，再写太阳与人类的关系，全文采用的说明顺序是（　）。","solution_method":"逻辑顺序（由事物特点到与人类的关系，层层深入）。说明顺序分时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序三种，判断时可看内容组织方式与标志词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"说明对象与说明顺序判断","content":"介绍一座教学楼，从大门写到教室，从一楼写到四楼，这种说明顺序是（　）。","solution_method":"空间顺序。按参观路线或由外到内、由下到上等方位顺序介绍建筑物，就是空间顺序（方位顺序）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"说明方法判断与作用","content":"「鲸的一条舌头就有十几头大肥猪那么重。」这句话运用了（　）和（　）的说明方法。","solution_method":"列数字（十几头）和作比较（与大肥猪比较）。作用：具体、准确地突出鲸非常大的特点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"说明方法判断与作用","content":"「松鼠的尾巴像一把降落伞，睡觉时可以把尾巴当作又软又暖的被子。」这句话运用了什么说明方法？有什么作用？","solution_method":"打比方（比喻）。把松鼠的尾巴比作降落伞，生动形象地写出了松鼠尾巴又大又软的特点。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"说明文语言赏析","content":"「这座桥大约有1400多年的历史。」句中加点的「大约」能否删去？为什么？","solution_method":"不能删去。「大约」表示估计、不确定，说明1400多年是约数；删去后就变成确切数字，与事实不符，不能体现说明文语言的准确、严密。答题三步：表态、解词、说作用。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"说明文信息提取","content":"阅读片段回答问题：鲸生活在海洋里，体形像鱼，但它不是鱼，而是哺乳动物。鲸用肺呼吸，胎生，靠吃母鲸的奶长大。问：鲸为什么不是鱼？请用文中的话回答。","solution_method":"因为鲸用肺呼吸，胎生，靠吃母鲸的奶长大（是哺乳动物）。说明文信息提取题的答案多在原文中，要定位关键句、抓住要点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"古诗文上下句默写","content":"默写诗句：床前明月光，______。","solution_method":"疑是地上霜。（李白《静夜思》）注意「疑」不要写成「凝」或「疑」的形近字。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"古诗文上下句默写","content":"补充诗句：______，春风吹又生。","solution_method":"野火烧不尽。（白居易《赋得古原草送别》）注意「烧」右上是「尧」，不要多点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"古诗文上下句默写","content":"默写：欲穷千里目，______。","solution_method":"更上一层楼。（王之涣《登鹳雀楼》）注意「鹳」字笔顺多、易错，默写时写准「层」「楼」。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"诗句意思理解","content":"「停车坐爱枫林晚」中「坐」的意思是（　）：A．坐下　B．因为　C．乘坐","solution_method":"选 B。「坐」是「因为」的意思（古今异义）。这句出自杜牧《山行》，意为：停下车来，是因为喜爱这深秋傍晚的枫林晚景。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"诗句意思理解","content":"用自己的话说说「两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，一行白鹭上青天」的意思。","solution_method":"两只黄鹂在翠绿的柳树上鸣叫，一行白鹭飞上蔚蓝的天空。翻译诗句要逐词理解（黄鹂、鸣、翠柳、白鹭、青天），再连成通顺的现代汉语。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"诗歌情感与意象赏析","content":"「举头望明月，低头思故乡」中「明月」寄托了诗人怎样的情感？","solution_method":"思乡之情。月亮是古诗中常见的思乡意象：诗人抬头望月，联想到故乡，借明月表达对家乡、亲人的思念。赏析要结合意象与诗句内容。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"诗歌情感与意象赏析","content":"《九月九日忆山东兄弟》表达了诗人怎样的思想感情？","solution_method":"表达了诗人思念亲人、思念家乡的情感（「每逢佳节倍思亲」）。答题要点：结合诗题（九月九日重阳节、忆兄弟）和关键诗句体会情感。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"小古文阅读理解","content":"《守株待兔》：兔走触株，折颈而死。句中「走」的意思是（　）：A．行走　B．跑　C．离开","solution_method":"选 B。「走」在古文中常指「跑」。全句意为：兔子跑过来撞到树桩上，折断脖子死了。注意古今异义词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"小古文阅读理解","content":"翻译句子：因释其耒而守株，冀复得兔。","solution_method":"于是（他）放下农具守在树桩旁，希望再得到兔子。因：于是；释：放下；耒：农具；冀：希望。翻译文言句子要逐词理解并调整语序。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"小古文阅读理解","content":"《司马光》：群儿戏于庭。翻译这句话。","solution_method":"一群小孩子在庭院里玩耍。群儿：一群小孩；戏：玩耍；于：在；庭：庭院。文言翻译注意补全省略成分、调整语序。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"传统节日诗词积累","content":"「爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖入屠苏」写的是（　）这个传统节日。","solution_method":"春节（元日）。这句出自王安石《元日》，写春节放爆竹、喝屠苏酒的习俗。要积累节日与诗句的对应关系。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"传统节日诗词积累","content":"「但愿人长久，千里共婵娟」写的是（　）这个传统节日。","solution_method":"中秋节。这句出自苏轼《水调歌头·明月几时有》，「婵娟」指月亮，借月表达对亲人的美好祝愿。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"看图写话","content":"看图写话：图上画着一个小女孩在公园里给花浇水。请用两三句话把图上的内容写清楚（写清时间、地点、人物、在干什么）。","solution_method":"示例：星期天上午，小红来到公园里给花浇水。她提着喷壶，小心地把水洒在花瓣上、叶子上，花儿开得更鲜艳了。要点：四要素齐全、语句通顺、意思完整。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"看图写话","content":"看图写话：图上有小兔、大象和一座独木桥，小兔要过桥却不敢走。请展开想象写一段话（三句话以上）。","solution_method":"示例：一天，小兔要到河对岸去，可是独木桥又窄又滑，它吓得不敢迈步。大象伯伯看见了，用长鼻子稳稳地扶着小兔过了桥。小兔连声说：「谢谢您，大象伯伯！」要点：按顺序观察画面，合理想象语言和心理，把经过写清楚。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"命题作文审题立意","content":"作文题《难忘的一天》，「题眼」是（　），文章应重点写（　）。","solution_method":"题眼：「难忘」。重点写这一天「为什么难忘」——发生了特别的事或给人深刻体验。审题先抓题眼，明确写作重点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"命题作文审题立意","content":"以《我长大了》为题作文，为了避免写成流水账，可以确定一个什么样的具体立意？","solution_method":"示例：通过「我第一次给生病的妈妈做饭」这件小事，写自己学会了关心家人，点明「长大不仅是身体长高，更是懂得责任与爱」。立意要从小事中提炼出道理或情感。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"作文开头结尾设计","content":"给作文《我的妈妈》设计一个「开门见山」的开头。","solution_method":"示例：「我的妈妈是一位普通的工人，但在我的心里，她是最了不起的人。」开门见山就是开头直接点明要写的人（或事、物），简洁明了。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"作文开头结尾设计","content":"写《美丽的校园》，开头写「我们的校园真美啊」，结尾怎样做到首尾呼应？","solution_method":"示例：结尾写「我爱这美丽的校园」——再次点题、与开头呼应，使文章结构完整、中心突出。首尾呼应是一种常用的结尾方法。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"记事作文写作","content":"写《第一次洗碗》，怎样把「经过」写具体？请写出一个含动作、心理描写的片段。","solution_method":"示例：「我学着妈妈的样子，先在碗里挤了几滴洗洁精，再用抹布转着圈地擦，碗里冒出一串串小泡泡。突然手一滑，碗差点掉进水池，我赶紧用另一只手接住，心怦怦直跳。」要点：按先后顺序写，用上动作、心理描写，写清过程中的小波折。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"记事作文写作","content":"写《运动会上的接力赛》，最应该详写的是（　）：A．运动会开幕式的热闹场面　B．我接棒、冲刺的经过　C．看台上观众的人数","solution_method":"选 B。记事作文要详写事情的经过（重点部分），略写次要内容，才能突出中心。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"写人作文写作","content":"要写「同桌乐于助人」，下面哪件事最能表现这个特点（　）：A．他跑步很快　B．他把文具借给忘带文具的同学，还耐心讲解难题　C．他长得很高","solution_method":"选 B。写人要选取最能体现人物特点的典型事例，通过具体的事来表现人物品质，避免空洞概括。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"写人作文写作","content":"用一段话描写「爷爷的手」，突出他勤劳的特点。","solution_method":"示例：「爷爷的手又粗又大，手背上的青筋像一条条小河，手心长满了厚厚的茧。正是这双手，种出了满园的瓜果，也撑起了我们这个家。」抓住手的特征（粗糙、长茧）写，通过手表现勤劳。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K06-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K06","question_type":"写景状物作文","content":"写《校园的四季》，文章应按（　）顺序来写，写时要（　）。","solution_method":"时间顺序（春、夏、秋、冬）。写景要按一定顺序（时间、方位、游览路线），并抓住每个季节景物的特点来写。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K06-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K06","question_type":"写景状物作文","content":"用上视觉和听觉，写一段「夏天的雨」。","solution_method":"示例：「豆大的雨点噼里啪啦地打在窗玻璃上，像敲鼓一样。雨幕中，操场上溅起一朵朵水花，树叶被雨水洗得绿得发亮。」调动多种感官，运用比喻、拟声词，把景物写活。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K07-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K07","question_type":"应用文写作（通知/日记/书信）","content":"写一则通知：明天（3月12日）下午两点，全体同学在操场集合，参加植树活动。请你以少先队大队部的名义写一则通知。","solution_method":"示例：通知——明天下午两点，请全体同学在操场集合，参加植树活动。少先队大队部　3月11日。格式：第一行正中写「通知」，正文另起一行空两格，写清时间、地点、人物、事情；右下角写署名和日期。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K07-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K07","question_type":"应用文写作（通知/日记/书信）","content":"日记的格式：第一行依次写（　）、（　）、（　），第二行空两格写正文。","solution_method":"日期、星期、天气。日记格式要正确，正文可写当天印象最深的事，内容真实、语句通顺。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K07-3","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K07","question_type":"应用文写作（通知/日记/书信）","content":"给远方的朋友写信，称呼要（　）写在第一行，结尾的署名和日期写在（　）。","solution_method":"顶格；右下方。书信格式包括称呼、正文、祝语、署名、日期五部分：称呼顶格，正文空两格，祝语另起一行空两格，署名和日期写在右下方。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"听记要点与复述","content":"老师对小明说：「请转告小红，明天上午八点带好水彩笔到美术教室上课。」小明见到小红，应该怎么说？","solution_method":"「小红，老师说明天上午八点带好水彩笔到美术教室上美术课。」转述要点：抓住时间、地点、物品等关键信息，把「老师对小明说」转成「小明对小红说」，人称相应变化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"听记要点与复述","content":"复述别人讲的内容时，最重要的是（　）：A．一字不差地背下来　B．抓住主要内容，按顺序说清楚","solution_method":"选 B。复述不等于背诵，要抓住要点、理清顺序，用自己的话清楚表达。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"口语交际表达","content":"向新同学介绍你的家乡，请列出介绍提纲（至少三点）。","solution_method":"示例：①家乡的名称、位置；②最有名的地方或特产；③我最喜欢家乡的什么，并邀请对方来做客。介绍要有条理、声音响亮、态度自然大方。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"口语交际表达","content":"情境交际：妈妈让你去邻居王奶奶家借一本《新华字典》，你该怎么说？","solution_method":"「王奶奶您好！我是小明。我想向您借一本《新华字典》用两天，用完马上还给您，可以吗？」口语交际要有礼貌：称呼、问候、说明来意、用商量的语气。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"讨论发言与观点表达","content":"班级讨论「课间怎样安全活动」，请你发表一条观点，并说明理由。","solution_method":"示例：「我认为课间不适合在走廊追跑打闹，因为人多地方小，容易撞到同学受伤；可以做猜谜、下棋等安静的游戏。」发言要观点明确、理由充分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"讨论发言与观点表达","content":"讨论「小学生该不该带手机进校园」时，你想表达不同意见，该怎么说？","solution_method":"示例：「我不赞成带手机进校园。手机虽然方便联系，但上课玩手机会分散注意力，还伤眼睛；如果有急事，可以请老师帮忙联系家长。」先礼貌表明不同意见，再摆出理由，态度平和、不打断别人。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"综合性学习资料整理","content":"开展「遨游汉字王国」综合性学习活动，请设计三个可以研究的小课题。","solution_method":"示例：①汉字的起源与演变（甲骨文）；②有趣的谐音歇后语；③错别字的危害与调查。围绕主题提出可研究的问题，就是小课题。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"综合性学习资料整理","content":"搜集资料的方法有哪些？请写出两种，并说说搜集后应怎样整理。","solution_method":"方法：①查阅书籍、报刊；②上网搜索、请教他人（采访）。搜集后要分类整理、摘录要点、注明出处，为成果展示做准备。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"小学数学","metadata":{"subject":"小学数学","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"数与代数·数的认识","book":"一年级下册~四年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"100以内数的认识","key_content":"数位（个位/十位）、数的组成（几个十和几个一）、读写100以内的数、比较大小。","question_types":[{"type":"数位与组成（几个十几个一）"},{"type":"100以内数的读写与比较大小"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"万以内及亿以内大数的认识","key_content":"计数单位（个、十、百、千、万、亿）、数位顺序表、亿以内数的读写、改写与近似数。","question_types":[{"type":"大数的读写（万以内及亿以内）"},{"type":"大数的改写与近似数"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"小数的意义与性质","key_content":"小数的意义（十分位、百分位、千分位）、小数的读写、小数的性质与大小比较、小数点位置移动引起小数大小的变化。","question_types":[{"type":"小数的意义与读写"},{"type":"小数大小比较与小数点移动"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"分数的意义与性质","key_content":"分数的意义、分数单位、真分数与假分数、约分与通分、分数与小数互化。","question_types":[{"type":"分数的意义与分数单位"},{"type":"约分与通分"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"负数与百分数","key_content":"负数的意义（相反意义的量、零下温度）、百分数的意义与读写。","question_types":[{"type":"负数的认识与读写"},{"type":"百分数的意义与读写"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"数与代数·数的运算","book":"一年级下册~六年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"万以内加减法","key_content":"多位数加减法笔算（相同数位对齐、从个位算起、满十进一/退一当十）、加减法估算与验算。","question_types":[{"type":"多位数加减法竖式计算"},{"type":"加减法估算与验算"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"多位数乘除法","key_content":"多位数乘一位数/两位数的笔算乘法、除数是一位数/两位数的笔算除法、商中间或末尾有0的情况。","question_types":[{"type":"多位数乘除法竖式计算"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"分数加减法","key_content":"同分母分数加减法（分母不变、分子相加减）、异分母分数加减法（先通分再计算）。","question_types":[{"type":"同分母分数加减法"},{"type":"异分母分数加减法"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"小数加减法","key_content":"小数加减法笔算（小数点对齐）、小数的性质在计算中的应用。","question_types":[{"type":"小数加减法竖式计算"}]},{"id":"M02-K05","name":"小数乘除法","key_content":"小数乘法（先按整数乘法计算再点小数点）、小数除法（除数化成整数、商的小数点与被除数对齐）。","question_types":[{"type":"小数乘法竖式计算"},{"type":"小数除法竖式计算"}]},{"id":"M02-K06","name":"四则混合运算与简便运算","key_content":"四则混合运算顺序（先乘除后加减、有括号先算括号内）、加法乘法运算定律与减法除法运算性质。","question_types":[{"type":"四则混合运算与简便运算"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"数与代数·常见的量","book":"一年级上册~五年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"人民币的认识","key_content":"元、角、分及进率（$1$ 元 $= 10$ 角，$1$ 角 $= 10$ 分）、人民币的简单计算。","question_types":[{"type":"人民币单位换算"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"时间与年月日","key_content":"时、分、秒及进率（$1$ 时 $= 60$ 分，$1$ 分 $= 60$ 秒）、大月小月与平年闰年、24 时计时法。","question_types":[{"type":"时分秒的换算"},{"type":"年月日与24时计时法"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"长度、面积、体积单位","key_content":"长度单位（千米、米、分米、厘米、毫米）、面积单位（平方千米、公顷、平方米、平方分米、平方厘米）、体积与容积单位（立方米、立方分米、升、毫升）及进率。","question_types":[{"type":"长度单位换算"},{"type":"面积单位换算"},{"type":"体积与容积单位换算"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"质量单位","key_content":"克、千克、吨及进率（$1$ 吨 $= 1000$ 千克，$1$ 千克 $= 1000$ 克）。","question_types":[{"type":"质量单位换算"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"数与代数·式与方程及正反比例","book":"五年级上册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"用字母表示数与简易方程","key_content":"用字母表示数及数量关系、方程的意义、等式的性质、解方程与检验。","question_types":[{"type":"用字母表示数"},{"type":"解方程"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"比的意义与性质","key_content":"比的意义（两个数相除又叫两个数的比）、比的基本性质、化简比与求比值、按比例分配。","question_types":[{"type":"比的意义与化简比"},{"type":"按比例分配"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"比例与正反比例","key_content":"比例的意义与基本性质（内项之积等于外项之积）、解比例、正比例（商一定）与反比例（积一定）的判断。","question_types":[{"type":"解比例"},{"type":"正比例与反比例的判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"分数百分数应用题与折扣利率","key_content":"分数、百分数应用题（求一个数是另一个数的百分之几、求一个数的百分之几是多少）、折扣、成数、税率与利率。","question_types":[{"type":"分数与百分数应用题"},{"type":"折扣、税率与利率"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"图形与几何·平面图形与周长面积","book":"二年级上册~六年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"线与角及平面图形的认识","key_content":"线段、射线、直线的区别、角的度量与分类、三角形与四边形的特征及内角和（$180°$、$360°$）。","question_types":[{"type":"线与角的度量"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"长方形与正方形","key_content":"长方形、正方形的周长公式 $C = (a+b) \\times 2$（正方形 $C = 4a$）与面积公式 $S = ab$（正方形 $S = a^2$）。","question_types":[{"type":"长方形正方形周长"},{"type":"长方形正方形面积"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"平行四边形、三角形、梯形的面积","key_content":"平行四边形面积 $S = ah$、三角形面积 $S = \\dfrac{1}{2}ah$、梯形面积 $S = \\dfrac{(a+b)h}{2}$。","question_types":[{"type":"平行四边形面积"},{"type":"三角形面积"},{"type":"梯形面积"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"圆","key_content":"圆的周长 $C = \\pi d = 2\\pi r$、圆的面积 $S = \\pi r^2$、环形面积 $S = \\pi (R^2 - r^2)$。","question_types":[{"type":"圆的周长"},{"type":"圆的面积"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"图形与几何·立体图形与体积","book":"五年级下册~六年级下册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"长方体与正方体","key_content":"长方体、正方体的特征与棱长总和、表面积 $S = 2(ab + ah + bh)$、体积 $V = abc = sh$（正方体 $V = a^3$）。","question_types":[{"type":"长方体正方体的棱长总和与表面积"},{"type":"长方体正方体体积"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"圆柱与圆锥","key_content":"圆柱表面积 $S = 2\\pi rh + 2\\pi r^2$、圆柱体积 $V = \\pi r^2 h$、圆锥体积 $V = \\dfrac{1}{3}\\pi r^2 h$。","question_types":[{"type":"圆柱的表面积与体积"},{"type":"圆锥的体积"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"图形与几何·图形的运动与位置","book":"二年级下册~六年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"平移、旋转与轴对称","key_content":"平移（方向和距离）、旋转（中心、方向、角度）、轴对称图形与对称轴。","question_types":[{"type":"平移与旋转"},{"type":"轴对称图形"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"数对与方向确定位置","key_content":"用数对（列、行）表示位置、用方向和距离确定位置。","question_types":[{"type":"数对与方向确定位置"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"统计与概率","book":"三年级下册~六年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"统计图表","key_content":"条形统计图、折线统计图、扇形统计图的特点与数据分析。","question_types":[{"type":"统计图表分析"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"平均数与可能性","key_content":"平均数的意义与求法、简单事件发生的可能性大小。","question_types":[{"type":"平均数"},{"type":"可能性"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"综合与实践","book":"四年级下册~六年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"植树问题与行程问题","key_content":"植树问题（两端都栽、只栽一端、两端都不栽）与行程问题（相遇：路程 $=$ 速度和 $\\times$ 时间）。","question_types":[{"type":"植树问题"},{"type":"行程问题"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"鸡兔同笼","key_content":"鸡兔同笼问题的假设法（先假设全是鸡或全是兔，再根据脚数差调整）。","question_types":[{"type":"鸡兔同笼"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"归一归总与工程问题","key_content":"归一问题（先求单一量）、归总问题（先求总量）、工程问题（把工作总量看作单位 1）。","question_types":[{"type":"归一归总问题"},{"type":"工程问题"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"数位与组成（几个十几个一）","content":"35 里面有（ ）个十和（ ）个一。","solution_method":"35 的十位是 3、个位是 5，所以 35 里面有 3 个十和 5 个一。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"100以内数的读写与比较大小","content":"在 ○ 里填上“＞”“＜”或“＝”：$78$ ○ $83$。","solution_method":"78 的十位是 7，83 的十位是 8，十位大的数大，所以 $78 < 83$，填“＜”。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"大数的读写（万以内及亿以内）","content":"读出下面各数：$3070050$。","solution_method":"从高位读起，先分级：307 0050，读作“三百零七万零五十”。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"大数的改写与近似数","content":"把 $365000$ 改写成用“万”作单位的数，并省略“万”后面的尾数求近似数。","solution_method":"$365000 = 36.5$ 万；省略万位后面的尾数，看千位是 5，向万位进 1，约等于 $37$ 万。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"小数的意义与读写","content":"$0.3$ 表示（ ）个十分之一，$0.25$ 表示（ ）个百分之一。","solution_method":"$0.3$ 的十分位是 3，表示 3 个十分之一；$0.25$ 的小数部分有两位，表示 25 个百分之一。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"小数大小比较与小数点移动","content":"把 $3.2$ 的小数点向右移动两位，得到的数是（ ）。","solution_method":"小数点向右移动两位，原数扩大 100 倍，$3.2 \\times 100 = 320$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"分数的意义与分数单位","content":"$\\dfrac{3}{4}$ 的分数单位是（ ），它有（ ）个这样的分数单位。","solution_method":"分母是 4，分数单位是 $\\dfrac{1}{4}$；分子是 3，所以有 3 个这样的分数单位。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"约分与通分","content":"把 $\\dfrac{12}{18}$ 约分成最简分数，并把 $\\dfrac{2}{3}$ 与 $\\dfrac{5}{6}$ 通分。","solution_method":"12 和 18 的最大公因数是 6，$\\dfrac{12}{18} = \\dfrac{12 \\div 6}{18 \\div 6} = \\dfrac{2}{3}$；通分：$2$ 和 $6$ 的最小公倍数是 6，$\\dfrac{2}{3} = \\dfrac{4}{6}$，$\\dfrac{5}{6}$ 不变。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"负数的认识与读写","content":"零下 5 ℃ 记作（ ），零上 5 ℃ 记作（ ）。","solution_method":"零下 5 ℃ 记作 $-5$ ℃，零上 5 ℃ 记作 $+5$ ℃（也可记作 $5$ ℃）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"百分数的意义与读写","content":"一件商品打八折出售，表示现价是原价的（ ）%。","solution_method":"打八折就是按原价的 $80\\%$ 出售，所以现价是原价的 $80\\%$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"多位数加减法竖式计算","content":"用竖式计算：$456 + 789$。","solution_method":"相同数位对齐，从个位算起：$6+9 = 15$，写 5 进 1；$5+8+1 = 14$，写 4 进 1；$4+7+1 = 12$。所以 $456+789 = 1245$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"加减法估算与验算","content":"估算：$203 + 497$ 的结果大约是（ ）。","solution_method":"$203$ 接近 $200$，$497$ 接近 $500$，所以 $203+497 \\approx 200+500 = 700$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"多位数乘除法竖式计算","content":"用竖式计算：$24 \\times 36$。","solution_method":"先用 36 的个位 6 乘 24 得 144，再用十位 3 乘 24 得 720，把两次的积相加：$144+720 = 864$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"多位数乘除法竖式计算","content":"用竖式计算：$864 \\div 24$。","solution_method":"除数是两位数，先看被除数前两位 86 够除，商 3 余 14；落下个位 4 得 144，商 6 正好除尽，所以 $864 \\div 24 = 36$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"同分母分数加减法","content":"计算：$\\dfrac{3}{8} + \\dfrac{2}{8}$。","solution_method":"同分母分数相加，分母不变、分子相加：$\\dfrac{3+2}{8} = \\dfrac{5}{8}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"异分母分数加减法","content":"计算：$\\dfrac{1}{2} + \\dfrac{1}{3}$。","solution_method":"先通分，$2$ 和 $3$ 的最小公倍数是 6：$\\dfrac{3}{6} + \\dfrac{2}{6} = \\dfrac{5}{6}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"小数加减法竖式计算","content":"用竖式计算：$3.75 + 2.6$。","solution_method":"小数点对齐：把 $2.6$ 看作 $2.60$，$3.75 + 2.60 = 6.35$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"小数乘法竖式计算","content":"计算：$0.8 \\times 1.5$。","solution_method":"先按整数算 $8 \\times 15 = 120$，两个因数共有两位小数，点上小数点得 $1.20$，化简为 $1.2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"小数除法竖式计算","content":"计算：$3.6 \\div 1.2$。","solution_method":"把除数 1.2 化成整数 12，被除数同时扩大 10 倍得 36：$36 \\div 12 = 3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K06-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K06","question_type":"四则混合运算与简便运算","content":"用简便方法计算：$25 \\times 32 \\times 125$。","solution_method":"把 32 拆成 $4 \\times 8$：$(25 \\times 4) \\times (8 \\times 125) = 100 \\times 1000 = 100000$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K06-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K06","question_type":"四则混合运算与简便运算","content":"用乘法分配律计算：$102 \\times 45$。","solution_method":"$102 \\times 45 = (100+2) \\times 45 = 100 \\times 45 + 2 \\times 45 = 4500 + 90 = 4590$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"人民币单位换算","content":"5 元 6 角 =（ ）角；80 分 =（ ）角。","solution_method":"$5$ 元 $= 50$ 角，$50+6 = 56$ 角；$80$ 分 $= 8$ 角。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"时分秒的换算","content":"2 时 15 分 =（ ）分。","solution_method":"$2$ 时 $= 2 \\times 60 = 120$ 分，$120+15 = 135$ 分。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"年月日与24时计时法","content":"2024 年是平年还是闰年？全年共有多少天？","solution_method":"$2024 \\div 4 = 506$，能整除且不是整百年，所以是闰年，全年有 $366$ 天。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"年月日与24时计时法","content":"下午 3 时用 24 时计时法表示是（ ）时。","solution_method":"下午 3 时是中午 12 时之后再过 3 小时，$12+3 = 15$ 时。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"长度单位换算","content":"$3.5$ 千米 =（ ）米。","solution_method":"$1$ 千米 $= 1000$ 米，$3.5 \\times 1000 = 3500$ 米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"面积单位换算","content":"$2$ 公顷 =（ ）平方米；$4$ 平方千米 =（ ）公顷。","solution_method":"$1$ 公顷 $= 10000$ 平方米，所以 $2$ 公顷 $= 20000$ 平方米；$1$ 平方千米 $= 100$ 公顷，所以 $4$ 平方千米 $= 400$ 公顷。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"体积与容积单位换算","content":"$2.4$ 升 =（ ）毫升 =（ ）立方分米。","solution_method":"$1$ 升 $= 1000$ 毫升 $= 1$ 立方分米，所以 $2.4$ 升 $= 2400$ 毫升 $= 2.4$ 立方分米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"质量单位换算","content":"$3$ 吨 $50$ 千克 =（ ）千克。","solution_method":"$3$ 吨 $= 3000$ 千克，$3000+50 = 3050$ 千克。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"用字母表示数","content":"一支钢笔 a 元，买 3 支共需（ ）元；当 $a = 8$ 时，应付（ ）元。","solution_method":"买 3 支共需 $3a$ 元；当 $a = 8$ 时，$3 \\times 8 = 24$ 元。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"解方程","content":"解方程：$3x + 5 = 26$。","solution_method":"根据等式的性质，两边同时减 5：$3x = 21$；两边同时除以 3：$x = 7$。检验：$3 \\times 7 + 5 = 26$，正确。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"比的意义与化简比","content":"化简比：$12 : 18$。","solution_method":"比的前项和后项同时除以最大公因数 6：$12 : 18 = 2 : 3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"按比例分配","content":"学校把 180 本图书按 $2 : 3$ 分给五年级和六年级，六年级分得多少本？","solution_method":"总份数 $2+3 = 5$，每份 $180 \\div 5 = 36$ 本，六年级占 3 份：$36 \\times 3 = 108$ 本。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"解比例","content":"解比例：$\\dfrac{x}{4} = \\dfrac{9}{12}$。","solution_method":"根据比例的基本性质（内项之积等于外项之积）：$12x = 4 \\times 9 = 36$，解得 $x = 3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"正比例与反比例的判断","content":"判断：速度一定时，路程与时间成（ ）比例；路程一定时，速度与时间成（ ）比例。","solution_method":"速度一定时，路程与时间的比值（速度）一定，成正比例；路程一定时，速度与时间的乘积（路程）一定，成反比例。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"分数与百分数应用题","content":"果园里有苹果树 60 棵、梨树 45 棵，梨树的棵数是苹果树的百分之几？","solution_method":"$45 \\div 60 = 0.75 = 75\\%$，所以梨树的棵数是苹果树的 $75\\%$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"折扣、税率与利率","content":"一件衣服原价 200 元，打八五折出售，现价是多少元？","solution_method":"打八五折即现价是原价的 $85\\%$：$200 \\times 85\\% = 200 \\times 0.85 = 170$ 元。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"线与角的度量","content":"一个角是 $45°$，它是一个（ ）角；三角形三个内角的和是（ ）度。","solution_method":"小于 $90°$ 的角是锐角，所以 $45°$ 的角是锐角；三角形的内角和是 $180°$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"长方形正方形周长","content":"一块长方形菜地长 8 米、宽 5 米，它的周长是多少米？","solution_method":"由周长公式 $C = (a+b) \\times 2$，得 $C = (8+5) \\times 2 = 26$ 米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"长方形正方形面积","content":"一块正方形手帕边长 30 厘米，它的面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由面积公式 $S = a^2$，得 $S = 30 \\times 30 = 900$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"平行四边形面积","content":"一个平行四边形的底是 12 厘米、高是 8 厘米，面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由面积公式 $S = ah$，得 $S = 12 \\times 8 = 96$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"三角形面积","content":"一个三角形的底是 10 厘米、高是 6 厘米，面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由面积公式 $S = \\dfrac{1}{2}ah$，得 $S = \\dfrac{1}{2} \\times 10 \\times 6 = 30$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"梯形面积","content":"一个梯形上底 6 厘米、下底 10 厘米、高 4 厘米，面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由面积公式 $S = \\dfrac{(a+b)h}{2}$，得 $S = \\dfrac{(6+10) \\times 4}{2} = 32$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"圆的周长","content":"一个圆的半径是 5 厘米，它的周长是多少厘米？（$\\pi$ 取 3.14）","solution_method":"由周长公式 $C = 2\\pi r$，得 $C = 2 \\times 3.14 \\times 5 = 31.4$ 厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"圆的面积","content":"一个圆的半径是 3 厘米，它的面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由面积公式 $S = \\pi r^2$，得 $S = 3.14 \\times 3^2 = 28.26$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"圆的面积","content":"一个环形，外圆半径 5 厘米、内圆半径 3 厘米，环形面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由环形面积公式 $S = \\pi (R^2 - r^2)$，得 $S = 3.14 \\times (5^2 - 3^2) = 3.14 \\times 16 = 50.24$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"长方体正方体的棱长总和与表面积","content":"一个长方体长 8 厘米、宽 6 厘米、高 4 厘米，它的表面积是多少平方厘米？","solution_method":"由表面积公式 $S = 2(ab + ah + bh)$，得 $S = 2 \\times (8 \\times 6 + 8 \\times 4 + 6 \\times 4) = 2 \\times (48+32+24) = 208$ 平方厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"长方体正方体体积","content":"一个正方体的棱长是 5 分米，它的体积是多少立方分米？","solution_method":"由体积公式 $V = a^3$，得 $V = 5^3 = 125$ 立方分米。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"圆柱的表面积与体积","content":"一个圆柱的底面半径是 3 厘米、高是 10 厘米，它的体积是多少立方厘米？","solution_method":"由体积公式 $V = \\pi r^2 h$，得 $V = 3.14 \\times 3^2 \\times 10 = 282.6$ 立方厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"圆锥的体积","content":"一个圆锥的底面半径是 2 厘米、高是 9 厘米，它的体积是多少立方厘米？","solution_method":"由体积公式 $V = \\dfrac{1}{3}\\pi r^2 h$，得 $V = \\dfrac{1}{3} \\times 3.14 \\times 2^2 \\times 9 = 37.68$ 立方厘米。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"平移与旋转","content":"一个图形先向右平移 3 格，再向上平移 2 格，平移前后图形的（ ）和（ ）不变。","solution_method":"平移只改变图形的位置，不改变图形的形状和大小。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"轴对称图形","content":"下列图形中，是轴对称图形的是：A.平行四边形 B.等腰三角形 C.任意三角形。","solution_method":"等腰三角形沿底边上的高对折后两边完全重合，是轴对称图形；一般平行四边形和任意三角形不是轴对称图形，故选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"数对与方向确定位置","content":"小明坐在教室的第 3 列第 4 行，用数对表示为（ ， ）。","solution_method":"用数对表示位置时先列后行，所以小明的位置记作 $(3, 4)$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"统计图表分析","content":"某班同学中，喜欢篮球的有 12 人、足球的有 8 人、跳绳的有 10 人，全班共有（ ）人，喜欢篮球的占全班的（ ）%。","solution_method":"全班共有 $12+8+10 = 30$ 人；喜欢篮球的占 $12 \\div 30 = 0.4 = 40\\%$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"平均数","content":"小明数学测验三次成绩分别是 92 分、96 分、94 分，他三次的平均分是多少？","solution_method":"平均数 $= (92+96+94) \\div 3 = 282 \\div 3 = 94$ 分。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"可能性","content":"袋子里有 3 个红球和 1 个白球（除颜色外完全相同），任意摸出一个球，摸到（ ）球的可能性大。","solution_method":"红球有 3 个、白球只有 1 个，红球数量多，所以摸到红球的可能性大。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"植树问题","content":"在一条长 100 米的小路一旁植树，每隔 5 米栽一棵（两端都栽），一共要栽多少棵？","solution_method":"间隔数 $= 100 \\div 5 = 20$ 个，两端都栽时棵数 = 间隔数 + 1，所以栽 $20+1 = 21$ 棵。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"行程问题","content":"甲、乙两地相距 420 千米，客车每小时行 80 千米，货车每小时行 60 千米，两车同时从两地相向开出，几小时后相遇？","solution_method":"相遇时间 = 路程 ÷ 速度和，$420 \\div (80+60) = 420 \\div 140 = 3$ 小时。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"鸡兔同笼","content":"笼子里有鸡和兔共 10 只，共有 28 只脚，鸡和兔各有多少只？","solution_method":"假设全是鸡：$10 \\times 2 = 20$ 只脚，比 28 只少 $8$ 只；每把 1 只鸡换成 1 只兔可多 $2$ 只脚，兔有 $8 \\div 2 = 4$ 只，鸡有 $10-4 = 6$ 只。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"归一归总问题","content":"3 台拖拉机 5 小时耕地 90 公顷，照这样计算，1 台拖拉机 1 小时耕地多少公顷？","solution_method":"先求单一量：$90 \\div 3 \\div 5 = 30 \\div 5 = 6$ 公顷，所以 1 台拖拉机 1 小时耕地 6 公顷。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"工程问题","content":"一项工程，甲队单独做 10 天完成，乙队单独做 15 天完成，两队合做几天可以完成？","solution_method":"甲的工作效率是 $\\dfrac{1}{10}$，乙是 $\\dfrac{1}{15}$，合做效率 $\\dfrac{1}{10} + \\dfrac{1}{15} = \\dfrac{1}{6}$，完成时间 $= 1 \\div \\dfrac{1}{6} = 6$ 天。","difficulty":"难"}]},{"subject":"小学英语","metadata":{"subject":"小学英语","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"字母与语音（Alphabet and Phonics）","book":"三年级上册 字母教学；四年级下册 Unit 1~6 语音（Let's spell）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"26个英文字母的顺序与大小写","key_content":"字母表顺序 A~Z，大写与小写字母的书写规范（占格与笔画），相邻字母补全。","question_types":[{"type":"字母顺序填空"},{"type":"字母大小写匹配"},{"type":"相邻字母补全"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"元音字母及单词中字母的基本发音","key_content":"五个元音字母 a、e、i、o、u 在单词中的常见读音：如 a 在 cat 中发 /æ/、在 cake 中发 /eɪ/；i 在 pig 中发 /ɪ/、在 five 中发 /aɪ/。","question_types":[{"type":"元音字母发音归类"},{"type":"判断单词划线部分发音"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"常见字母组合的拼读","key_content":"常见字母组合的发音规律：th（think/this）、sh（ship）、ch（chair）、ck（clock）、ee（see）、oo（book/food）、ea（tea/bread）、er（teacher）等。","question_types":[{"type":"字母组合发音归类"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"基本语音语调","key_content":"单词重音、句子的升调（一般疑问句）与降调（陈述句/特殊疑问句），以及简单的连读现象。","question_types":[{"type":"句子升降调判断"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"词汇（Vocabulary）","book":"三年级上册~六年级下册 各单元 Let's learn 词汇","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"名词：人物、动物、食物、水果与文具","key_content":"名词词汇：人物（teacher, student, mother）、动物（cat, dog, monkey, panda）、食物（rice, bread, milk）、水果（apple, banana, orange）、文具（pen, book, ruler）。名词复数规则变化：一般加 -s；以 s/x/ch/sh 结尾加 -es（bus→buses、box→boxes）；辅音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -es（story→stories）。","question_types":[{"type":"单词分类（找不同类）"},{"type":"名词复数形式变化"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"动词与动作词汇","key_content":"动作动词：run、jump、swim、read、write、sing、dance、play、eat、drink 等，用于描述人或动物的动作。","question_types":[{"type":"看图选词（动作）"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"形容词与反义词","key_content":"常用形容词及反义词：big–small、tall–short、long–short、fat–thin、hot–cold、happy–sad、new–old 等。","question_types":[{"type":"反义词配对"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"数词、颜色、时间与天气词汇","key_content":"基数词 one~hundred、颜色 red/yellow/blue/green、整点时间表达（seven o'clock）、天气 sunny/rainy/windy/cloudy/snowy。","question_types":[{"type":"数字与时间表达"},{"type":"颜色与天气词汇选择"}]},{"id":"M02-K05","name":"常用短语与固定搭配","key_content":"常用短语：look at、get up、go to school、go home、have breakfast、on the desk、in the bag、under the chair、play football、watch TV 等。","question_types":[{"type":"短语搭配选择"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"句型与基础语法（一）：be动词与一般现在时","book":"三年级下册~四年级上册 句型与语法（Unit 2~6）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"be动词（am/is/are）与人称的搭配","key_content":"be 动词随主语变化：I 用 am，he/she/it 及单数名词用 is，you/we/they 及复数名词用 are；be 动词加 not 构成否定句，提前到句首构成一般疑问句。","question_types":[{"type":"be动词填空（am/is/are）"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"一般现在时：动词第三人称单数变化","key_content":"一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作；主语是第三人称单数（he/she/it）时动词加 -s/-es：run→runs、go→goes、watch→watches、study→studies（辅音字母+y 变 y 为 i 加 -es）。","question_types":[{"type":"动词三单形式变化"},{"type":"一般现在时选择填空"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"一般现在时：肯定句/否定句/一般疑问句","key_content":"一般现在时的句型转换：肯定句 She likes apples.；否定句借助 doesn't（She doesn't like apples.）；一般疑问句 Does she like apples? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.","question_types":[{"type":"句型转换（改否定句/一般疑问句）"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"情态动词can与祈使句","key_content":"情态动词 can 表示能力：can + 动词原形，如 I can swim，否定式 can't；祈使句以动词原形开头表示请求或命令，如 Open the door, please.","question_types":[{"type":"情态动词can用法选择"},{"type":"祈使句辨析"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"句型与基础语法（二）：现在进行时·一般过去时入门·there be","book":"四年级下册~六年级上册 句型与语法（Unit 4~6）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"现在进行时的构成与用法","key_content":"现在进行时表示正在发生的动作，结构为 $be(am/is/are) + V\\text{-}ing$，常与 now、look、listen 等连用，如 I am reading. She is singing.","question_types":[{"type":"现在进行时填空"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"现在分词（V-ing）变化规则","key_content":"动词变现在分词（加 -ing）规则：一般直接加 -ing（play→playing）；以不发音字母 e 结尾去 e 加 -ing（make→making）；重读闭音节双写末尾辅音字母再加 -ing（run→running、swim→swimming）。","question_types":[{"type":"动词加ing形式转换"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"一般过去时入门：be动词的过去式（was/were）","key_content":"一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态；be 动词过去式：am/is→was、are→were，如 I was at school yesterday. They were happy.","question_types":[{"type":"was/were填空选择"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"一般过去时入门：规则动词过去式（加-ed）","key_content":"规则动词过去式构成：一般加 -ed（play→played）；以 e 结尾加 -d（like→liked）；辅音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -ed（study→studied）；重读闭音节双写末尾辅音字母加 -ed（stop→stopped）。常与 yesterday、last week 连用。","question_types":[{"type":"动词过去式转换（加-ed）"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"there be 句型","key_content":"there be 句型表示某处有某物：There is + 单数/不可数名词，There are + 复数名词；否定句在 be 后加 not，一般疑问句把 be 提到句首：Is there...? / Are there...?（就近原则）","question_types":[{"type":"there be句型转换"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"听力与口语（Listening and Speaking）","book":"三~六年级各单元 Let's talk / Let's learn 听说部分","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"问候、介绍与道别等日常交际用语","key_content":"日常交际用语：Hello!/Hi!、Good morning!、How are you? I'm fine, thank you.、Nice to meet you.、Goodbye! See you! 等，注意问句与答语的对应。","question_types":[{"type":"情景对话选择（问候与介绍）"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"购物、问路与打电话等情景对话","key_content":"情景对话用语：Can I help you? / How much is it? / Where is the library? Turn left. / This is Tom speaking. 等，考查交际场景的得体性。","question_types":[{"type":"情景对话选择（购物与问路）"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"听力技能：抓关键词与数字信息","key_content":"听录音时抓取时间、数量、颜色、地点等关键词，如听数字（价格、数量）、听时间（o'clock）并进行匹配或判断。","question_types":[{"type":"听音抓数字信息"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"口语表达：描述人物与动物","key_content":"用 He/She is...、It is...、I like... 等句型描述人物的外貌（tall, short）、性格（kind, funny）和动物的特征。","question_types":[{"type":"口语表达：描述人物与动物"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）","book":"三~六年级 Read and write / 故事阅读部分","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"阅读理解：判断正误（True/False）","key_content":"阅读短篇短文（3~5 句话或小对话），根据短文内容判断句子的正误（T/F），注意与原文信息的逐项比对。","question_types":[{"type":"阅读理解判断正误"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"阅读理解：读短文选择答案","key_content":"阅读短文后从 A/B/C 中选出正确答案，考查对细节信息（人物、地点、时间、事件）的理解。","question_types":[{"type":"阅读理解选择填空"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"阅读策略：抓关键词与根据上下文猜词","key_content":"根据上下文语境或前后句逻辑猜测生词意思，如由 wants to drink water 推断 thirsty 的含义。","question_types":[{"type":"根据上下文猜词义"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"短文信息提取（Who/What/Where/How many）","key_content":"阅读后用 Who、What、Where、How many 等特殊疑问词提取并回答短文中的关键信息。","question_types":[{"type":"信息提取问答"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"书面表达入门（Basic Writing）","book":"三~六年级 Write / 单元写作部分","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"看图写话","key_content":"观察图片，用 3~5 句简单英语句子描述图中的人物、动作与场景，如 This is a park. The boy is flying a kite.","question_types":[{"type":"看图写话"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"简单自我介绍与短文写作","key_content":"用 My name is...、I am... years old.、I like...、My favourite... is... 等句型写 4~6 句自我介绍或小短文。","question_types":[{"type":"自我介绍写作"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"句型仿写与替换练习","key_content":"模仿例句，替换划线部分进行仿写，如 I like apples. → I like bananas.；注意主谓一致与大小写、标点。","question_types":[{"type":"句子仿写与替换"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"书写规范：大小写、标点与拼写","key_content":"英语句子开头首字母大写，句末用句号或问号，专有名词首字母大写；检查单词拼写与名词单复数。","question_types":[{"type":"句子改错（大小写与标点）"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"字母顺序填空","content":"按字母表顺序填空：D, ____, F；____, G, H。","solution_method":"字母表顺序为 A B C D E F G H……，第一空在 D 与 F 之间应填 E；第二空在 G 前应填 F。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"字母大小写匹配","content":"写出下列字母的小写形式：A ____、B ____、C ____。","solution_method":"大写字母 A 的小写是 a，B 的小写是 b，C 的小写是 c，注意书写占格。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"相邻字母补全","content":"写出字母 m 前后的字母：____ m ____。","solution_method":"按字母表顺序，m 前面是 l，后面是 n，故填 l 和 n。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"元音字母发音归类","content":"下列单词中划线字母（a）发音与其他三项不同的是（ ）A. cat  B. bag  C. cake  D. map","solution_method":"a 在 cat、bag、map 中发短音 /æ/，在 cake 中发长音 /eɪ/，故选 C。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"判断单词划线部分发音","content":"判断下列单词划线部分（i）发音是否相同，相同填 T，不同填 F：big—pig","solution_method":"big 与 pig 中的字母 i 都发 /ɪ/，发音相同，故填 T。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"字母组合发音归类","content":"选出划线部分（th）发音不同的一项：A. three  B. this  C. thank","solution_method":"three、thank 中的 th 发清辅音 /θ/，this 中的 th 发浊辅音 /ð/，故选 B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"句子升降调判断","content":"下列句子朗读时用升调的是（ ）A. This is my pen.  B. Is this your pen?  C. Where is my pen?","solution_method":"一般疑问句 Is this your pen? 用升调；陈述句和特殊疑问句用降调，故选 B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"单词分类（找不同类）","content":"选出不同类的一项：A. apple  B. banana  C. orange  D. teacher","solution_method":"apple、banana、orange 都是水果，teacher（老师）是人物，与其他三项不同类，故选 D。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"名词复数形式变化","content":"写出下列名词的复数形式：bus ____、box ____、story ____。","solution_method":"以 s、x 结尾的名词加 -es：bus→buses、box→boxes；辅音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 -es：story→stories。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"看图选词（动作）","content":"用脚快速向前移动的动作是（ ）A. run  B. jump  C. sit","solution_method":"run 表示跑，即用脚快速向前移动的动作，故选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"反义词配对","content":"写出下列单词的反义词：big ____、hot ____、new ____。","solution_method":"big 的反义词是 small，hot 的反义词是 cold，new 的反义词是 old。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"数字与时间表达","content":"— What time is it? — It's ____.（七点）","solution_method":"整点时间用 o'clock 表达，七点写作 seven o'clock。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"颜色与天气词汇选择","content":"— What's the weather like today? — It's ____.（下雨的）A. sunny  B. rainy  C. cloudy","solution_method":"rainy 表示下雨的，sunny 表示晴朗的，cloudy 表示多云的，故选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"短语搭配选择","content":"选择正确的短语填空：Please ____ the blackboard.（看黑板）A. look at  B. get up  C. go home","solution_method":"look at 表示看（黑板），get up 表示起床，go home 表示回家，故选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"be动词填空（am/is/are）","content":"用 am / is / are 填空：I ____ a student. She ____ my teacher. They ____ my friends.","solution_method":"I 搭配 am；she 是第三人称单数搭配 is；they 是复数搭配 are，故依次填 am、is、are。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"be动词填空（am/is/are）","content":"用 am / is / are 填空：____ you Tom? — No, I ____ not.","solution_method":"you 搭配 are，一般疑问句把 are 提前，故第一空填 Are；I 搭配 am，故第二空填 am。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"动词三单形式变化","content":"写出动词的第三人称单数形式：go ____、watch ____、study ____。","solution_method":"go 一般加 -es：goes；watch 以 ch 结尾加 -es：watches；study 为辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -es：studies。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"一般现在时选择填空","content":"She ____（like）apples very much.","solution_method":"主语 She 是第三人称单数，一般现在时动词用三单形式 likes。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"一般现在时选择填空","content":"Tom ____（go）to school at seven every day.","solution_method":"every day 提示用一般现在时；Tom 是第三人称单数，go 的三单形式为 goes。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"句型转换（改否定句/一般疑问句）","content":"把句子改为否定句和一般疑问句：He likes oranges. 否定句：____；一般疑问句：____。","solution_method":"否定句借助 doesn't 并把 likes 还原为 like：He doesn't like oranges.；一般疑问句把 Does 提前：Does he like oranges?","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"情态动词can用法选择","content":"I can ____（swim / swims / swimming）。","solution_method":"情态动词 can 后接动词原形，故选 swim。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"祈使句辨析","content":"下列属于祈使句的是（ ）A. Close the door, please.  B. I close the door.  C. Does she close the door?","solution_method":"祈使句以动词原形开头表示请求或命令，Close the door, please. 是祈使句，故选 A。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"现在进行时填空","content":"Look! The girls ____（dance）in the classroom.","solution_method":"Look 提示动作正在进行，用现在进行时；主语 The girls 是复数用 are，dance 变现在分词为 dancing，故填 $are\\ dancing$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"现在进行时填空","content":"Listen! She ____（sing）a song.","solution_method":"Listen 提示动作正在发生，主语 She 用 is，sing 加 -ing 为 singing，故填 is singing。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"动词加ing形式转换","content":"写出下列动词的 -ing 形式：play ____、make ____、run ____。","solution_method":"play 直接加 -ing：playing；make 去不发音的 e 加 -ing：making；run 是重读闭音节，双写 n 加 -ing：running。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"was/were填空选择","content":"用 was / were 填空：I ____ at home yesterday. My parents ____ at work.","solution_method":"yesterday 提示用一般过去时；I 搭配 was，My parents 是复数搭配 were。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"动词过去式转换（加-ed）","content":"写出动词的过去式：play ____、like ____、study ____、stop ____。","solution_method":"play 直接加 -ed：played；like 以 e 结尾加 -d：liked；study 为辅音字母+y 结尾，变 y 为 i 加 -ed：studied；stop 重读闭音节双写 p 加 -ed：stopped。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"there be句型转换","content":"把 There are some books on the desk. 改为否定句和一般疑问句。","solution_method":"否定句在 be 后加 not：There aren't any books on the desk.（some 变为 any）；一般疑问句把 are 提前：Are there any books on the desk?","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"there be句型转换","content":"There ____（be）a pen and two rulers in the bag.","solution_method":"there be 句型遵循就近原则，离 be 最近的是 a pen（单数），故填 is。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"情景对话选择（问候与介绍）","content":"— How are you? — ____。A. I'm fine, thank you.  B. I'm ten.  C. Yes, I am.","solution_method":"How are you? 询问身体状况，答语为 I'm fine, thank you.，故选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"情景对话选择（购物与问路）","content":"— Can I help you? — ____。A. Yes, I want a pencil box.  B. Thank you.  C. Good morning.","solution_method":"Can I help you? 是购物场景中售货员的用语，应回答购买需求，故选 A。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"听音抓数字信息","content":"听录音，选出你听到的数字（录音内容：The book is eight yuan.）：A. 8  B. 18  C. 80","solution_method":"抓住关键词 eight（八），故选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"口语表达：描述人物与动物","content":"用英语介绍你的好朋友（描述外貌 1~2 句）：He/She is ____.","solution_method":"描述外貌用 He/She is + 形容词，如 He is tall and thin.（他又高又瘦）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"阅读理解判断正误","content":"阅读短文判断正误（T/F）：My name is Amy. I am nine. I like pandas. They are cute.（ ）1. Amy is ten.（ ）2. Amy likes pandas.","solution_method":"短文说 I am nine（我九岁），故第 1 题填 F；I like pandas 与第 2 题一致，故第 2 题填 T。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"阅读理解判断正误","content":"阅读短文判断正误（T/F）：It's sunny today. Mike and John go to the zoo. They see a big elephant.（ ）1. The weather is rainy.（ ）2. They see a big elephant.","solution_method":"短文开头 It's sunny 说明天气晴朗，故第 1 题填 F；They see a big elephant 与第 2 题一致，故第 2 题填 T。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"阅读理解选择填空","content":"阅读短文，选择正确答案：Lucy is from China. She has a red bag and a blue pencil.（ ）1. Lucy has a ____ bag. A. red  B. blue  C. green","solution_method":"文中 a red bag 说明 Lucy 的书包是红色的，故选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"根据上下文猜词义","content":"根据上下文猜测画线单词的意思：The girl is very thirsty. She wants to drink some water. 画线词 thirsty 的意思是（ ）A. 饥饿的  B. 口渴的  C. 困倦的","solution_method":"由后句 wants to drink some water（想喝水）可推断 thirsty 意为口渴的，故选 B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"信息提取问答","content":"阅读短文回答问题：There are three people in my family. My father is a doctor. My mother is a teacher. 提问：How many people are there in the family? 答：____。","solution_method":"短文第一句 There are three people 说明家里有三口人，答 There are three.（三人）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"看图写话","content":"看图写 3 句话：图中一个小男孩在公园里放风筝。（提示词：park, fly a kite, happy）","solution_method":"示例：This is a park. The boy is flying a kite. He is happy. 注意用现在进行时，并检查大小写与标点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"自我介绍写作","content":"写 4~5 句英语自我介绍，内容包括姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色或动物。","solution_method":"示例：My name is Li Ming. I am ten. I like blue. My favourite animal is the panda. 注意人称一致、首字母大写与句末标点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"句子仿写与替换","content":"仿照例句写句子。例句：I like apples.（用 bananas 替换划线部分）","solution_method":"替换划线部分并保持句型不变：I like bananas. 注意名词用复数以及句首大写。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"句子改错（大小写与标点）","content":"找出并改正句子中的错误：my name is amy.","solution_method":"句首首字母应大写为 My；姓名 Amy 首字母应大写；句末补句号，改正后为 My name is Amy.","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"小学科学","metadata":{"subject":"小学科学","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"物质科学·水","book":"三年级上册 第一单元《水》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"水的三态变化","key_content":"水在自然界中以液态（水）、固态（冰）、气态（水蒸气）三种状态存在。冰变成水是融化（吸热），水变成水蒸气是蒸发（吸热）；水变成冰是凝固（放热），水蒸气变成小水珠是凝结（放热）。水的三态变化属于物理变化，与温度 $t$ 有关：标准大气压下冰的熔点为 $0\\,^\\circ\\text{C}$，水的沸点为 $100\\,^\\circ\\text{C}$。","question_types":[{"type":"三态变化与状态判断"},{"type":"三态变化的吸热与放热"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"水在自然界的循环","key_content":"江河湖海中的水受太阳照射后蒸发变成水蒸气升到空中，遇冷凝结成小水滴或小冰晶，聚集形成云，再以雨、雪等形式降落到地面，流回江河湖海，形成水的循环。水的循环需要吸收太阳的热量（能量），循环往复、永不停息。","question_types":[{"type":"自然界水循环的过程"},{"type":"蒸发与凝结实验现象"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"物质科学·空气","book":"三年级上册 第二单元《空气》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"空气的性质","key_content":"空气无色、无味、透明，看不见摸不着，但真实存在并占据空间；空气有质量 $m$（虽然很轻），能被压缩，压缩后的空气有弹性。空气由氮气、氧气等多种气体混合组成，燃烧需要氧气。","question_types":[{"type":"空气的性质辨识"},{"type":"空气占据空间与压缩"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"空气流动与风","key_content":"空气受热后体积膨胀、变轻上升，周围的冷空气流过来补充，冷热空气的流动形成了风。风的大小与空气流动的快慢有关，风向指风吹来的方向。","question_types":[{"type":"风的形成原理"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"物质科学·溶解与溶液","book":"四年级上册 第二单元《溶解》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"溶解现象与溶液","key_content":"把食盐、白糖放入水中，它们会均匀分散在水中形成溶液，这种均匀分散的过程叫溶解。溶解后没有沉淀、水变透明，盐水、糖水是均匀的混合物。不是所有物质都能溶解于水，如沙子、面粉、食用油不能溶解；水溶解物质的能力是有限的（饱和溶液）。","question_types":[{"type":"溶解现象判断"},{"type":"溶液概念辨析"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"影响溶解快慢的因素","key_content":"搅拌、加热（升高温度）、把物质研碎（增大与水接触的面积）都能加快溶解。做对比实验时要控制变量：每次只改变一个条件，其他条件保持不变。","question_types":[{"type":"影响溶解快慢的因素"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"溶解与物质分离","key_content":"不能溶解的固体杂质可以用过滤的方法分离（滤纸、漏斗）；溶解在水中的食盐可以通过加热蒸发水分的方法重新获得，蒸发是利用水变成水蒸气跑掉，留下食盐晶体。","question_types":[{"type":"溶解与分离方法"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"物质科学·物质变化与能量","book":"五年级下册 第一~四单元《热》《沉与浮》；六年级上册 第四单元《能量》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"物质的变化","key_content":"物质变化分为物理变化和化学变化。没有生成新物质的变化是物理变化（如水的三态变化、纸撕碎、白糖溶解）；生成新物质的变化是化学变化（如铁生锈、蜡烛燃烧、食物变质），化学变化常伴随发光、发热、变色、产生气体或沉淀等现象。","question_types":[{"type":"物理变化与化学变化判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"温度与热传递","key_content":"温度是表示物体冷热程度的量，单位是摄氏度，写作 $^\\circ\\text{C}$。热总是从温度高的物体传向温度低的物体，直到温度相同。热的传递方式有传导、对流、辐射；金属导热快，木头、塑料、空气导热慢，前者是热的良导体，后者是热的不良导体。","question_types":[{"type":"热传递方式的判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"物体的沉浮与密度","key_content":"物体在水中是沉还是浮，与物体的密度 $\\rho$ 有关：密度大于水的物体下沉，密度小于水的物体上浮（如木块密度小于水会浮起来）。质量 $m$、体积 $V$ 与密度的关系为 $\\rho = \\dfrac{m}{V}$，可变形得 $m = \\rho \\times V$、$V = m \\div \\rho$。","question_types":[{"type":"沉浮现象判断"},{"type":"密度与体积质量计算"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"能量形式与转换","key_content":"能量有多种形式：电能、光能、声能、热能、动能（机械能）、化学能、风能、水能等。能量可以相互转换：电灯把电能转成光能和热能，电动机把电能转成动能，风力发电机把风能转成电能，太阳能热水器把太阳能转成热能。","question_types":[{"type":"能量形式辨识"},{"type":"能量转换过程"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"生命科学·植物与动物","book":"三年级上册 第一、二单元《植物》《动物》；四年级下册 第二单元《植物的生长变化》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"植物的结构与功能","key_content":"一株完整的绿色开花植物由根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子六部分组成。根吸收水分和矿物质并固定植株；茎输送水分和养分；叶是进行光合作用的主要场所；花、果实、种子用于繁殖后代。","question_types":[{"type":"植物器官识别与功能"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"植物生长条件与光合作用","key_content":"植物生长需要阳光、水、空气、适宜的温度和养分（来自土壤）。绿叶在阳光下利用水和二氧化碳制造养料并放出氧气，这就是光合作用。没有阳光，绿叶就不能制造养料，植物就不能正常生长。","question_types":[{"type":"植物生长需要的条件"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"动物分类","key_content":"动物按有无脊柱分为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物。脊椎动物中：鱼类生活在水中、用鳃呼吸（如金鱼）；两栖动物幼体在水中、成体可上陆地（如青蛙）；爬行动物体表有鳞或甲（如乌龟）；鸟类有羽毛、会飞（如鸽子）；哺乳动物胎生、哺乳（如猫、狗、鲸）。昆虫是节肢动物，身体分头、胸、腹三部分，有六条腿（如蜜蜂、蚂蚁）。","question_types":[{"type":"动物分类（按特征归类）"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"动物的结构与运动","key_content":"动物的身体结构与其生活环境、运动方式相适应：鱼用鳍游泳、用鳃呼吸；鸟有翅膀和羽毛适于飞行；兔有发达的后腿适于跳跃；蚯蚓靠身体蠕动前进。动物的食性（草食、肉食、杂食）也与牙齿、爪等结构有关。","question_types":[{"type":"动物结构与运动方式对应"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"生命科学·人体健康与生态系统","book":"四年级上册 第四单元《我们的身体》；六年级下册 第二单元《生物的多样性》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"人体消化系统","key_content":"消化系统由口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠等组成。食物在口腔中被牙齿嚼碎、舌头搅拌、唾液初步消化；经食道进入胃，胃通过蠕动和胃液进一步消化；小肠是消化和吸收营养的主要场所；大肠吸收水分，残渣形成粪便排出体外。","question_types":[{"type":"消化器官顺序与功能"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"呼吸与运动","key_content":"呼吸系统由鼻腔、气管、支气管、肺等组成，肺是气体交换的场所。吸气时胸腔扩大、膈肌下降，空气进入肺；呼气时相反。运动时身体需要更多氧气，呼吸和心跳都会加快，肺活量是衡量肺功能的指标。","question_types":[{"type":"呼吸与运动的关系"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"健康生活与营养","key_content":"人体需要的营养有蛋白质、糖类、脂肪、维生素、无机盐和水六大类。均衡饮食、不挑食、坚持锻炼、保证充足睡眠、讲究个人卫生，都是健康的生活方式。","question_types":[{"type":"营养与健康生活习惯判断"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"食物链与食物网","key_content":"食物链表示生物之间吃与被吃的关系，用箭头（→）表示能量流动方向，箭头从被吃的生物指向吃它的生物，如草→兔→鹰。食物链通常从植物（生产者）开始。多条食物链交织在一起形成食物网，食物链中某一环节消失会影响其他生物。","question_types":[{"type":"食物链的书写与箭头方向"}]},{"id":"M06-K05","name":"生态系统与生态平衡","key_content":"生态系统由生物部分（生产者、消费者、分解者）和非生物部分（阳光、水、空气、土壤等）组成。分解者（如细菌、真菌、蚯蚓）把动植物遗体分解成养料归还自然。生态平衡指各种生物的数量保持相对稳定；滥捕、污染、毁林等人为破坏会破坏生态平衡。","question_types":[{"type":"生态系统的组成"},{"type":"生态平衡与环境保护"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"地球与宇宙科学·天气与地球表面","book":"三年级上册 第三单元《天气》；四年级下册 第三单元《岩石和土壤》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"天气现象与符号","key_content":"天气指短时间的大气状况，包括晴、阴、多云、雨、雪、风等。天气符号用来记录和预报天气：晴（太阳）、多云（太阳躲在云后）、阴（云遮住太阳）、雨（雨滴）、雪（雪花）。风向用八个方向表示，风力分等级。","question_types":[{"type":"天气符号识别"},{"type":"天气与生活的关系"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"气温测量","key_content":"气温用气温计（温度计）测量，单位是摄氏度，写作 $^\\circ\\text{C}$。读数时视线要与液柱顶端相平。测量气温要在室外阴凉通风处（如百叶箱中）。一天中气温最高一般在午后 2 时（14 时）左右。","question_types":[{"type":"气温计读数与使用"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"岩石与矿物","key_content":"岩石按成因分为岩浆岩（如花岗岩、玄武岩）、沉积岩（如砂岩、石灰岩、页岩）和变质岩（如大理岩）。岩石由矿物组成。观察岩石可从颜色、光泽、硬度、纹理等方面进行；矿物具有硬度、透明度等特征。","question_types":[{"type":"岩石分类与特征"},{"type":"矿物特征观察"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"土壤的成分与保护","key_content":"土壤由沙粒、黏粒、腐殖质、水和空气等组成。按含沙量不同分为沙质土（沙土）、黏质土（黏土）和壤土，壤土保水保肥能力较好。植树造林、退耕还林能防止水土流失；保护土壤要减少污染和破坏。","question_types":[{"type":"土壤成分与类型"},{"type":"土壤保护与水土流失"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"地球与宇宙科学·太阳月亮星星","book":"三年级下册 第三单元《太阳、地球和月球》；六年级下册 第三单元《宇宙》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"太阳与影子","key_content":"阳光下物体的影子大小、方向随时间变化：早晨和傍晚影子长，中午影子短；影子的方向与太阳方向相反。一天中正午太阳位置最高、影子最短。日晷就是利用影子方向的变化来计时的。","question_types":[{"type":"影子变化的规律"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"月相变化","key_content":"月相是地球上看到的月亮被太阳照亮部分的形状，变化周期约 29.5 天。顺序为：新月→蛾眉月→上弦月→盈凸月→满月→亏凸月→下弦月→残月→新月。农历初一前后是新月，农历十五前后是满月。","question_types":[{"type":"月相变化顺序"},{"type":"月相与农历日期判断"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"太阳系与星空","key_content":"太阳是太阳系的中心，太阳系由太阳和围绕它运行的行星、卫星、小行星等组成。八大行星距太阳由近到远依次为：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。夜晚北方的北极星能帮助我们辨认方向，天上的星星大多是恒星。","question_types":[{"type":"太阳系与行星顺序"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"技术与工程·简单工具与设计制作","book":"二年级下册 第一单元《磁铁》；四年级上册 第三单元《运动和力》；六年级上册 第一单元《工具和技术》","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"简单工具与简单机械","key_content":"工具能帮助我们省力或方便地做事。常见简单机械有杠杆、滑轮、轮轴、斜面。杠杆有支点、用力点、阻力点三个点，平衡条件是 $F_1 \\times L_1 = F_2 \\times L_2$（力与力臂的乘积相等）；斜面越长越省力；定滑轮改变用力方向，动滑轮省力；轮轴如方向盘、水龙头。","question_types":[{"type":"简单机械的省力判断"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"简单电路","key_content":"一个简单电路由电源（电池）、导线、用电器（小灯泡）、开关组成。电流从电池正极流出，经导线、开关、灯泡流回负极，形成闭合回路灯泡才亮（通路）。用导线把电池正负极直接连接会短路，损坏电池。","question_types":[{"type":"电路连接与通路判断"},{"type":"电路故障分析与开关作用"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"磁铁的性质","key_content":"磁铁能吸引铁、钴、镍等物质，磁性最强的部位叫磁极。磁铁有两个磁极：南极（S）和北极（N）。同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引；悬挂起来的磁铁能指示南北方向（指南针的原理）。磁悬浮列车利用磁极间的排斥力。","question_types":[{"type":"磁铁的性质辨识"},{"type":"磁极相互作用判断"}]},{"id":"M09-K04","name":"设计制作流程","key_content":"技术与工程的一般流程：明确问题（需求）→ 设计方案 → 选择材料与制作 → 测试与改进 → 展示评估。工程设计要考虑安全、成本、环保等因素，测试发现问题后要不断改进迭代。","question_types":[{"type":"设计制作流程排序"},{"type":"技术与工程案例分析与改进"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"三态变化与状态判断","content":"冰、水、水蒸气是水的三种状态。把冰放进杯子，过一会儿冰变成了水，这个过程叫（ ）；把水烧开，水变成水蒸气，这个过程叫（ ）。","solution_method":"融化；蒸发。冰变成水需要吸收热量，是融化过程；水变成水蒸气是蒸发过程，两者都属于物理变化。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"三态变化与状态判断","content":"夏天，从冰箱里拿出冰可乐，瓶壁外会出现许多小水珠。这些小水珠是空气中的水蒸气遇冷（ ）形成的，这个过程属于（ ）变化（填“物理”或“化学”）。","solution_method":"凝结（液化）；物理。空气中的水蒸气遇到冰冷的瓶壁放出热量凝结成小水珠，没有生成新物质，是物理变化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"三态变化的吸热与放热","content":"把冰块放入温水中，冰块会逐渐变小，这是因为冰块（ ）（填“吸收”或“放出”）热量而融化；反过来，水结成冰时会（ ）热量。","solution_method":"吸收；放出。融化（冰→水）需要吸收热量，凝固（水→冰）会放出热量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"自然界水循环的过程","content":"请按顺序写出水循环的主要过程：海水蒸发→（ ）→（ ）→降水→流回海洋。","solution_method":"水蒸气上升遇冷凝结成云；云中的小水滴聚集变大后以雨或雪降落。海水受热蒸发成水蒸气，升到空中遇冷凝结形成云，再降落到地面，形成循环。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"蒸发与凝结实验现象","content":"在两只相同的盘子里各倒 50 毫升水，一盘放在阳光下、一盘放在阴凉处。一段时间后发现阳光下盘子里的水减少得更快。这说明蒸发的快慢与（ ）有关。","solution_method":"温度（光照/热量的多少）。这是对比实验，两盘水量相同，只有温度不同：温度越高，水蒸发越快。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"空气的性质辨识","content":"我们看不到空气，但可以通过许多现象感知它的存在。下列现象中不能直接说明空气存在的是（ ）：A.风筝在空中飘动 B.把空瓶倒扣入水中有气泡冒出 C.声音能在空气中传播 D.阳光照在地面上。","solution_method":"选 D。风筝飘动、气泡冒出、声音传播都说明空气（流动、占据空间、可传播声音）存在；阳光照射不能直接说明空气存在。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"空气占据空间与压缩","content":"用手堵住注射器管口，用力压活塞，活塞能压下去一部分，松手后活塞弹回原位。这说明空气（ ）；如果把注射器里装满水再堵住管口压活塞，活塞几乎压不动，这说明水（ ）。","solution_method":"能被压缩且压缩后有弹性；很难被压缩。空气可以被压缩，压缩空气有弹性；液体很难被压缩。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"风的形成原理","content":"在纸箱两端各开一个孔，把点燃的蜡烛放在一个孔口附近，把纸条放在另一个孔口，发现纸条飘动。这是因为蜡烛加热空气后，热空气（ ），周围的冷空气流过来补充，形成了风。","solution_method":"上升。空气受热后体积膨胀、变轻上升，冷空气流过来补充，空气的流动形成风。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"溶解现象判断","content":"下列物质放入水中能溶解的是（ ）：A.沙子 B.食用油 C.食盐 D.面粉。","solution_method":"选 C。食盐能溶解于水形成均匀的盐水；沙子和面粉不溶于水会沉淀，食用油不溶于水会浮在水面上。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"溶液概念辨析","content":"把一勺食盐放入水中，用玻璃棒搅拌后，食盐“消失”了，水变咸了。这说明食盐在水中（ ），食盐水是（ ）（填“纯净物”或“混合物”）。","solution_method":"溶解（均匀分散）；混合物。食盐均匀分散在水中形成溶液，溶液由食盐和水混合而成，是混合物。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"溶液概念辨析","content":"向一杯水中不断加食盐并搅拌，加到一定程度后，无论怎么搅拌食盐都不再溶解，这时的溶液叫（ ），说明在一定温度下，水溶解食盐的能力是（ ）的。","solution_method":"饱和溶液；有限（有上限）。一定量的水在一定温度下最多只能溶解一定量的食盐，达到上限后不再溶解。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"影响溶解快慢的因素","content":"要研究“搅拌”能否加快溶解，应选用（ ）组对比实验：A.一杯热水搅拌、一杯冷水不搅拌 B.两杯同样多的温水，一杯搅拌、一杯不搅拌 C.两杯水量不同，一杯搅拌、一杯不搅拌。","solution_method":"选 B。对比实验只能改变一个条件，B 组只有“是否搅拌”不同，水量、水温都相同；A 组改变了两个条件，C 组水量不同。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"溶解与分离方法","content":"过滤是把（ ）从水中分离出来的方法；要从盐水中重新得到食盐，可以用（ ）的方法。","solution_method":"不溶于水的固体杂质；蒸发（加热蒸发水分）。过滤能分离不溶性固体和水；食盐已溶解在水中，需要蒸发掉水才能得到食盐晶体。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"物理变化与化学变化判断","content":"下列变化中属于化学变化的是（ ）：A.水结冰 B.铁生锈 C.玻璃破碎 D.白糖溶于水。","solution_method":"选 B。铁生锈生成了新物质铁锈，是化学变化；水结冰、玻璃破碎、白糖溶解都没有生成新物质，是物理变化。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"物理变化与化学变化判断","content":"点燃蜡烛时，蜡油熔化属于（ ）变化，蜡烛燃烧发出光和热属于（ ）变化。","solution_method":"物理；化学。蜡油熔化只是状态改变，没有生成新物质；燃烧生成了二氧化碳和水等新物质，是化学变化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"热传递方式的判断","content":"用铁锅炒菜时，热量从锅底传到锅的上部，这种传递热的方式叫（ ）；冬天晒太阳感到暖和，是利用（ ）传递热量。","solution_method":"传导；辐射。热沿物体内部从高温部分传到低温部分是传导；太阳的热量不借助物体直接传到地球是辐射。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"沉浮现象判断","content":"把木块、铁块、泡沫塑料块放入水中，浮在水面上的是（ ）和（ ），沉入水底的是（ ）。","solution_method":"木块、泡沫塑料块；铁块。木块和泡沫塑料的密度小于水会浮起来，铁的密度大于水会下沉。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"密度与体积质量计算","content":"一块金属块的质量 $m = 270$ 克，体积 $V = 100$ 立方厘米。求它的密度 $\\rho$，并判断它可能是哪种金属（铜的密度约为 $8.9\\ \\text{g/cm}^3$，铝的密度约为 $2.7\\ \\text{g/cm}^3$）。","solution_method":"由密度公式 $\\rho = \\dfrac{m}{V}$，代入得 $\\rho = 270 \\div 100 = 2.7\\ \\text{g/cm}^3$，与铝的密度接近，所以这块金属可能是铝。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-3","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"密度与体积质量计算","content":"一块木块的质量 $m = 24$ 克，密度 $\\rho = 0.6\\ \\text{g/cm}^3$，求这块木块的体积 $V$。","solution_method":"由密度公式变形得 $V = m \\div \\rho$，代入得 $V = 24 \\div 0.6 = 40\\ \\text{cm}^3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"能量形式辨识","content":"汽车行驶时具有的能量叫（ ）能；电风扇转动时主要把电能转换成（ ）能；收音机播放音乐时把电能转换成（ ）能。","solution_method":"动（机械）；动（机械）；声。运动的物体具有动能；电风扇输出机械能带动风叶转动；收音机发出声音，是声能。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"能量转换过程","content":"太阳能热水器把太阳能转换成（ ）能；水力发电站把水的（ ）能转换成电能；干电池是把（ ）能转换成电能。","solution_method":"热；机械（动）；化学。太阳能热水器加热水；水流动带动水轮机转动，把机械能转成电能；干电池靠化学反应产生电能。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"植物器官识别与功能","content":"植物的六大器官中，负责从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质的是（ ），负责输送水分和养料的是（ ），负责进行光合作用制造养料的是（ ）。","solution_method":"根；茎；叶。根从土壤中吸收水分和矿物质；茎具有运输功能；叶是光合作用的主要场所。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"植物器官识别与功能","content":"把一枝带叶的芹菜插进红墨水中，一段时间后把茎横切开，发现茎中有红色的细管。这说明茎有（ ）作用，红墨水是沿着茎内的（ ）被运输到叶的。","solution_method":"运输；导管（输导组织）。茎内的导管能把根部吸收的水分和溶解在水中的物质输送到植物的各个部分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"植物生长需要的条件","content":"农民种菜时要浇水、施肥、除草松土，还要让菜地见得到阳光。这些做法分别满足了植物生长需要的哪些条件？请写出其中三点。","solution_method":"浇水提供水分；施肥提供养分（矿物质）；见阳光提供光照，满足光合作用需要；松土让空气进入土壤。写出三点即可。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"动物分类（按特征归类）","content":"把下列动物分类：金鱼、鸽子、青蛙、乌龟、蜜蜂、鲸。属于鱼类的是（ ），属于鸟类的是（ ），属于哺乳动物的是（ ），属于昆虫的是（ ），属于两栖动物的是（ ），属于爬行动物的是（ ）。","solution_method":"金鱼；鸽子；鲸；蜜蜂；青蛙；乌龟。鲸虽然生活在水中，但胎生、哺乳，属于哺乳动物。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"动物结构与运动方式对应","content":"下列动物的结构与其运动方式对应正确的是（ ）：A.鱼—用鳍游泳 B.蚯蚓—用翅膀飞行 C.兔—用鳃呼吸 D.鸟—用四肢爬行。","solution_method":"选 A。鱼用鳍游泳、用鳃呼吸；蚯蚓靠身体蠕动；兔用肺呼吸、后腿发达善跳跃；鸟用翅膀飞行。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"消化器官顺序与功能","content":"按食物经过的顺序，把下列消化器官排序：胃、小肠、口腔、食道、大肠。其中消化和吸收营养的主要场所是（ ）。","solution_method":"口腔→食道→胃→小肠→大肠；小肠。小肠是消化和吸收营养的主要场所。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"消化器官顺序与功能","content":"我们细嚼馒头时会感到越来越甜，这是因为口腔中的（ ）把馒头里的淀粉初步消化成了有甜味的糖。","solution_method":"唾液。唾液中含有消化酶，能把淀粉初步消化成麦芽糖等有甜味的糖类，所以越嚼越甜。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"呼吸与运动的关系","content":"刚跑完步，我们的呼吸会（ ）（填“加快”或“减慢”），心跳会（ ），这是因为运动时身体需要更多的（ ）。","solution_method":"加快；加快；氧气。运动消耗能量多，需要更多氧气，呼吸和心跳加快可以加快氧气和营养物质的运输。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"营养与健康生活习惯判断","content":"下列做法中有利于健康的是（ ）：A.只吃肉不吃蔬菜 B.边吃饭边剧烈运动 C.每天坚持锻炼并保证充足睡眠 D.喝生水。","solution_method":"选 C。均衡营养、适量运动、充足睡眠都是健康的生活方式；偏食、饭后马上剧烈运动、喝生水都不利于健康。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"食物链的书写与箭头方向","content":"把“鹰、草、兔”按吃与被吃的关系写成一条食物链，并说明箭头表示什么。","solution_method":"草→兔→鹰。箭头表示能量（物质）流动的方向，从被吃的生物指向吃它的生物。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"食物链的书写与箭头方向","content":"某池塘中的食物链为“水草→小鱼→大鱼→水鸟”。如果大量捕捞小鱼，短时间内大鱼的数量会（ ），水鸟的数量也会（ ）。","solution_method":"减少；减少。小鱼减少使大鱼缺少食物而减少，水鸟也因食物（大鱼）减少而减少，说明食物链中生物相互影响。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"生态系统的组成","content":"一片森林中，有树木、野兔、老虎、蘑菇（真菌）、阳光、土壤、水。其中属于生产者的是（ ），属于消费者的是（ ），属于分解者的是（ ），属于非生物部分的是（ ）。","solution_method":"树木；野兔、老虎；蘑菇（真菌）；阳光、土壤、水。生产者制造有机物，消费者直接或间接以植物为食，分解者分解动植物遗体。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"生态平衡与环境保护","content":"大量使用农药后，害虫死了，但害虫的天敌小鸟也大量减少，河流中的鱼也受到危害。这说明（ ）；为保护生态平衡，我们应该（ ）（写出一点）。","solution_method":"生物之间相互依存、相互制约（农药会沿食物链传播和富集）；合理使用农药、保护天敌、减少污染、植树造林等（答出一点合理即可）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"天气符号识别","content":"天气预报图中，“太阳”符号表示（ ）天，“雨滴”符号表示（ ）天，“雪花”符号表示（ ）天。","solution_method":"晴；雨；雪。天气符号用简单图形直观表示天气状况，方便记录和预报。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"天气与生活的关系","content":"天气预报说明天有大雨，下列做法中合理的是（ ）：A.照常去河边游泳 B.带好雨伞、减少外出 C.把被子拿到阳台晾晒 D.穿很单薄的衣服外出。","solution_method":"选 B。雨天路滑且有雷雨风险，应带好雨具、减少外出；游泳、晾晒被子、单薄着装都不合适。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"气温计读数与使用","content":"气温计液柱顶端正对刻度 25，这时的气温应写作（ ），读作（ ）。读数时视线要与液柱顶端（ ）。","solution_method":"$25\\,^\\circ\\text{C}$；二十五摄氏度；相平。气温的单位是摄氏度，写作 $^\\circ\\text{C}$；读数时视线与液柱顶端相平才能读准确。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"岩石分类与特征","content":"花岗岩敲开后能看到明显的矿物颗粒，它属于（ ）岩；石灰岩常由生物遗骸沉积形成，属于（ ）岩；大理岩是石灰岩受高温高压变质而成，属于（ ）岩。","solution_method":"岩浆（火成）；沉积；变质。岩石按成因分为岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩三大类。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"矿物特征观察","content":"小明用指甲、铜钥匙、小刀刻划三种矿物：甲矿物能被指甲划出痕迹，乙矿物指甲划不动但铜钥匙能划动，丙矿物用小刀也划不动。按硬度从大到小排列是（ ），判断依据是什么？","solution_method":"丙＞乙＞甲。判断依据：指甲、铜钥匙、小刀由软到硬，能被更软的工具划动说明矿物更软；小刀划不动的丙最硬，能被指甲划动的甲最软。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"土壤成分与类型","content":"把土壤放入水中搅拌后静置，水变浑浊，说明土壤中含有（ ）；取少量土壤在火上烧，闻到焦糊味，说明土壤中含有（ ）；按含沙量分，含沙多、颗粒大、渗水快的土壤叫（ ）。","solution_method":"沙粒和黏粒等细小颗粒；腐殖质（有机物）；沙质土。焦糊味来自土壤中的腐殖质。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"土壤保护与水土流失","content":"黄土高原过去水土流失严重，主要原因是（ ）（填“植被破坏”或“降水太少”），治理水土流失的有效措施有（ ）（举一例）。","solution_method":"植被破坏；植树造林（退耕还林、种草等）。植被的根能固定土壤，植被被破坏后雨水直接冲刷土壤造成水土流失。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"影子变化的规律","content":"早晨，太阳在东方，旗杆的影子指向（ ）方；中午，太阳位置最高，影子最（ ）；傍晚太阳在西方，影子指向（ ）方。","solution_method":"西；短；东。影子的方向与太阳方向相反；正午太阳位置最高，影子最短。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"月相变化顺序","content":"请按时间顺序排列下列月相：上弦月、满月、新月、下弦月。","solution_method":"新月→上弦月→满月→下弦月。月相变化周期约 29.5 天，农历初一是新月、初七前后是上弦月、十五是满月、二十二前后是下弦月。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"月相与农历日期判断","content":"农历十五前后，我们看到的月相是（ ），月亮看起来是（ ）（填“圆形”或“弯弯的”）；农历初一的月相是（ ），这一天几乎看不到月亮。","solution_method":"满月；圆形；新月。十五前后月球被太阳照亮的半球正对着地球，看到满月；初一新月时亮面对着太阳，我们看不到月亮。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"太阳系与行星顺序","content":"太阳系八大行星中，离太阳最近的是（ ），地球是第（ ）颗行星，体积最大的行星是（ ）；夜晚北方天空中的（ ）星可以帮助我们辨认方向。","solution_method":"水星；三；木星；北极星。八大行星由近到远依次为水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星；北极星大致在北方天空。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"简单机械的省力判断","content":"用撬棍撬石头时，撬棍属于（ ）类简单机械；爬坡时走“之”字形路线是利用（ ）省力；升旗时旗杆顶部的滑轮是（ ）滑轮，它的作用是（ ）。","solution_method":"杠杆；斜面；定；改变力的方向。定滑轮不省力但能改变用力的方向；斜面越长越省力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"简单机械的省力判断","content":"杠杆平衡时，支点左侧力臂 $L_1 = 30\\ \\text{cm}$ 处挂重物 $F_1 = 20$ 牛，右侧力臂 $L_2 = 60\\ \\text{cm}$。根据杠杆平衡条件 $F_1 \\times L_1 = F_2 \\times L_2$，右侧需要挂多大的力 $F_2$？","solution_method":"由 $F_1 \\times L_1 = F_2 \\times L_2$ 得 $F_2 = F_1 \\times L_1 \\div L_2 = 20 \\times 30 \\div 60 = 10$ 牛。力臂更长时更省力。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"电路连接与通路判断","content":"一个简单电路由哪四部分组成？要使小灯泡亮起来，电路必须处于（ ）（填“闭合”或“断开”）状态。","solution_method":"电源（电池）、导线、用电器（小灯泡）、开关；闭合。形成闭合回路，电流才能流过灯泡使灯亮。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"电路连接与通路判断","content":"用一节电池、一根导线、一个小灯泡连接电路时，如果把导线直接连在电池的正极和负极上，会发生（ ），这种现象叫（ ），它会（ ）（填“损坏电池”或“使灯更亮”）。","solution_method":"短路；短路；损坏电池。短路时电流过大，会迅速发热，损坏电池甚至引发危险，连接电路时绝对要避免。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-3","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"电路故障分析与开关作用","content":"连接好电路后小灯泡不亮，可能的原因有哪些？请写出三种，并说明对应的检查方法。","solution_method":"①电池没电——换新电池试试；②灯泡灯丝断了——换新灯泡试试；③接触不良或开关断开——重新连接并检查开关；④导线断了——检查并更换导线。（写出三种合理即可）","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"磁铁的性质辨识","content":"下列物体中能被磁铁吸引的是（ ）：A.铜钥匙 B.铁钉 C.塑料尺 D.木块。磁铁磁性最强的部位叫（ ），磁铁有（ ）个磁极。","solution_method":"B；磁极；两。磁铁能吸引铁、钴、镍等物质，磁极磁性最强，有南极（S）和北极（N）两个磁极。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"磁极相互作用判断","content":"把条形磁铁的 N 极靠近另一个磁铁的 N 极，两个磁铁会（ ）；N 极靠近 S 极，会（ ）。把磁铁悬挂起来，静止时指南的一端是（ ）极。","solution_method":"相互排斥；相互吸引；南（S）。同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引；指南针就是利用磁铁能指示南北方向制成的。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"设计制作流程排序","content":"将制作“简易小水钟”的过程排序：A.测试并记录 B.明确问题（制作一个能计时 10 分钟的小水钟）C.设计方案 D.制作并进行改进。正确的顺序是（ ）。","solution_method":"B→C→D→A。技术与工程的一般流程是：明确问题→设计方案→制作→测试与改进→展示评估。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"技术与工程案例分析与改进","content":"小明设计的雨伞架总是容易被风吹倒，请你从“改进设计”的角度提出两条改进建议，并说明理由。","solution_method":"①增加底座质量或加宽底座、降低重心，使伞架更稳，不易被吹倒；②在伞架上增加挂钩或配重，并在不同风力下反复测试改进。答案合理即可。","difficulty":"难"}]},{"subject":"小学道德与法治","metadata":{"subject":"小学道德与法治","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"自我成长与习惯养成","book":"一年级上册～二年级上册（人教部编版）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"良好生活习惯（作息/饮食/卫生）","key_content":"早睡早起、均衡饮食、讲究个人卫生；按时作息、不挑食偏食、勤洗手刷牙，养成健康的生活方式。","question_types":[{"type":"良好生活习惯辨析"},{"type":"合理饮食与营养健康"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"防拐防骗与防溺水","key_content":"不跟陌生人走、不吃陌生人给的东西、牢记家庭信息；不私自下水游泳、不到无安全设施水域玩耍，牢记防溺水'六不'要求。","question_types":[{"type":"自我安全保护（防拐防溺水）"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"居家与消防安全","key_content":"不玩火、不乱动电器插座；牢记火警 $119$、急救 $120$、报警 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$119$，要说清楚起火地点（详细地址）、火势情况、有无人员被困、自己的姓名和联系电话，并到路口迎接消防车；未成年人发现火灾不要自行扑救，应迅速撤离到安全处并报警求助（急救 $120$、报警 $110$ 同理要讲清地点和情况）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"情绪识别与调节","content":"小华考试没考好，心里很难过，回家对妈妈发脾气。请评价小华的做法，并告诉他调节情绪的合理方法。","solution_method":"有难过情绪是正常的，但向家人乱发脾气不对。应学会识别和接纳自己的情绪，通过向家人朋友倾诉、做运动、听音乐、画画等合理方式宣泄；也可以和父母一起分析没考好的原因、制定改进计划。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"自信与自我悦纳","content":"小丽觉得自己唱歌不好听，跑步也慢，总觉得自己不如别人。你想对小丽说些什么？","solution_method":"每个人都有自己的优点和不足，要正确认识自己、悦纳自我。帮助小丽发现自己的闪光点（如细心、善良、爱帮助人），多鼓励自己，扬长避短，树立自信心。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"学习习惯辨析","content":"小刚上课时总是和同桌说话、做小动作，回家作业拖到很晚才写。请你指出他的问题并提出改正建议。","solution_method":"小刚上课不专心、作业拖拉都是不良学习习惯。上课应认真听讲、积极思考、做好笔记；作业应尽早完成，先复习再作业，养成'今日事今日毕'的好习惯。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"珍惜时间与合理安排","content":"请你为周末的一天做一个时间安排表，并说说为什么要珍惜时间。","solution_method":"合理安排应劳逸结合：按时起床洗漱、先完成作业、坚持体育锻炼、安排阅读和兴趣活动、帮助做家务、保证充足休息。时间是宝贵的，一寸光阴一寸金，合理安排时间能提高效率、养成自律的好习惯。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"家庭责任与感恩（家务劳动）","content":"妈妈下班很累，还要做饭。请你列举两件你能为家里做的事，并说说为什么做家务也是爱的表现。","solution_method":"可以帮忙择菜洗菜、摆碗筷、扫地、整理房间、给妈妈倒水捶背等。做力所能及的家务能减轻家人负担，表达对家人的关爱与感恩，也是承担家庭责任、锻炼自理能力的表现。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"孝亲敬长与家庭沟通","content":"爷爷年纪大了，总是重复讲过去的事情，小明有点不耐烦。请你评价小明，并说说怎样做才是孝敬长辈。","solution_method":"小明不耐烦的态度不对。孝敬长辈要耐心倾听、多陪伴、尊重他们的生活习惯；主动问候关心、帮长辈做事、体谅他们的辛苦；孝敬长辈重在行动和日常小事。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"同学交往与友谊","content":"同桌小芳忘记带文具盒，马上要上课了。你会怎么做？","solution_method":"主动把自己的文具借给她，帮助同学解决困难。同学之间要互相帮助、团结友爱、真诚相待，友谊就在互相帮助中建立和加深。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"诚实守信行为判断","content":"小明答应周日和小刚一起去图书馆，但那天他约了别人踢球。请评价小明的做法，并说说诚信的重要性。","solution_method":"小明不守信用，失信于人。答应别人的事情要做到，诚实守信是中华民族的传统美德，也是人际交往的基本准则；若确实无法赴约应提前说明并道歉，取得对方谅解。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"尊敬师长与集体荣誉","content":"学校要举行广播操比赛，班级里有同学不认真练习。请你劝说大家，并说明怎样为集体争光。","solution_method":"应动员大家认真练习、团结协作。集体荣誉需要每个成员共同努力，认真对待每一次训练、做好每个动作就是爱集体的表现；个人表现直接影响集体成绩，每个人都应为集体增光添彩。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"遵守校规校纪辨析","content":"小明觉得'上课铃响了再慢慢走进教室没关系'。请你评价，并说说为什么要遵守校规校纪。","solution_method":"不对。按时进教室、不迟到是校规校纪的要求，遵守纪律是尊重老师和同学的表现；规则保障了学习秩序和大家的安全，人人都应自觉遵守。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"遵守公共秩序","content":"在图书馆里，小强大声说话、跑来跑去。请评价，并说明在公共场所应怎样做。","solution_method":"小强的做法错误。在图书馆等公共场所应保持安静、有序，不影响他人；遵守公共秩序是文明素养的体现，人人遵守秩序，社会才能和谐有序。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"公共场所礼仪","content":"公交车到站了，大家一拥而上，小明被挤在最后面。你对此有什么看法？乘车时应怎样做？","solution_method":"争先恐后、拥挤上车不文明也不安全。乘车应自觉排队、先下后上、主动给老弱病残孕让座，不大声喧哗；文明礼让既体现个人素质，也保障出行安全。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"爱护公物与环境","content":"小明在公园的长椅上用小刀刻字'小明到此一游'。请评价，并说说为什么要爱护公物。","solution_method":"在公物上刻画是错误行为。公共设施是大家的共同财产，破坏公物既影响他人使用，也损害公共利益；爱护公物是每个公民的社会公德，发现破坏行为要及时劝阻或报告。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"公共设施保护常识","content":"小区里有人把健身器材当'玩具'使劲摇晃。你看到后会怎么做？","solution_method":"应上前劝阻，说明破坏公共设施会影响大家使用并可能造成安全隐患；若劝阻无效可告知社区工作人员或家长；保护公共设施人人有责，要像爱护自己的东西一样爱护公共设施。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"交通安全常识","content":"小明过马路时，绿灯还没亮就想冲过去。请评价，并说出过马路的正确做法。","solution_method":"闯红灯非常危险。过马路要走斑马线、看红绿灯，做到'红灯停、绿灯行'；先左右观察确认安全再通过，不追逐打闹、不翻越护栏。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"文明出行行为判断","content":"爸爸开车送小丽上学，小丽把头和手伸出车窗。你会怎么劝她？","solution_method":"劝小丽立即收回，说明乘车时把头手伸出窗外容易被过往车辆刮伤，十分危险；乘车要系好安全带，不干扰驾驶员，做文明乘车的小乘客。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"社会公德辨析（友善礼让）","content":"地铁上，一位老奶奶站着，旁边坐着的小伙子低头玩手机假装没看见。请评价，并说明应怎样做。","solution_method":"小伙子的行为缺乏社会公德。尊老爱幼、主动让座是中华民族的传统美德，也是文明社会的要求；在公共场合要关心照顾老弱病残孕，主动提供帮助。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"宪法小常识（根本法）","content":"为什么说宪法是国家的根本法？它与普通法律有什么关系？","solution_method":"宪法规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是治国安邦的总章程，具有最高的法律地位、法律权威和法律效力；普通法律是依据宪法制定的，不得与宪法相抵触，宪法是其他法律的'母法'。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-3","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"宪法小常识（根本法）","content":"有人说'宪法离我们小学生很远，和我们没关系'。你同意这种说法吗？请说明理由。","solution_method":"不同意。宪法规定公民的基本权利和义务，与每个人的生活息息相关，如受教育权、人身自由权等；我们每天上学读书、受到法律保护都源于宪法。宪法是根本法，人人都应学习宪法、尊崇宪法。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_p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$110$ 求助；还可及时告诉老师和家长，向学校、社区求助，必要时由法定代理人代为向有关部门投诉或向法院起诉；平时要增强防范意识，学习法律知识，用法律武器保护自己。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"违法行为辨析","content":"判断下列行为分别属于违法行为、违反纪律还是违反道德：①偷拿同学的手机；②上课大声说话；③公交车上不给老人让座。","solution_method":"①偷拿他人财物侵犯他人财产权，属于违法行为（盗窃），情节严重的要承担法律责任；②上课大声说话违反学校纪律；③不给老人让座是缺乏社会公德的行为，属于道德范畴。要区分违法、违纪与失德，增强法治观念。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"依法维权与规则意识","content":"小明网购的文具质量有问题，商家拒绝退货。小明应该怎样依法维护自己的权利？","solution_method":"可依据《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》等法律规定，先与商家协商；协商不成可向消费者协会投诉，或请求市场监管部门处理；未成年人维权时可请家长协助，依法理性维权。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"国旗国歌国徽常识","content":"请说出五星红旗的设计含义：大五角星和小五角星分别代表什么？为什么说国旗是庄严神圣的？","solution_method":"国旗的红色象征革命，旗上的五颗五角星及其相互关系象征中国共产党领导下的革命人民大团结，大星代表中国共产党，四颗小星代表广大人民群众；国旗是国家的象征和标志，每个公民都应尊重和爱护国旗。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"升国旗礼仪","content":"升国旗时，小明嬉笑打闹，还把手插在口袋里。请评价，并说出升国旗时应遵守的礼仪。","solution_method":"小明的做法不尊重国旗。升国旗时要立正站好、行注目礼（少先队员行队礼并佩戴红领巾），神态庄重肃穆，跟着唱国歌；升旗仪式是严肃的爱国主义教育活动，要表达对祖国的热爱与尊敬。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"传统节日习俗","content":"春节有哪些传统习俗？请写出至少三个，并说说这些习俗寄托了人们怎样的愿望。","solution_method":"春节习俗有贴春联、贴窗花、守岁、拜年、吃年夜饭、发压岁钱等（燃放鞭炮须遵守当地禁放规定）；寄托了人们辞旧迎新、团圆幸福、祈求平安吉祥的美好愿望。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"传统节日习俗","content":"端午节为什么要吃粽子、赛龙舟？这个节日纪念的是哪位历史人物？","solution_method":"端午节是为了纪念伟大的爱国诗人屈原；吃粽子、赛龙舟等习俗源于百姓投粽子入江、划船打捞屈原的传说，体现了对爱国精神的崇敬和纪念；端午节还寄托了祛病防疫、祈求健康的美好愿望。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"二十四节气与民俗","content":"农谚'清明前后，种瓜点豆'体现了什么道理？二十四节气对人们的生活有什么作用？","solution_method":"农谚说明节气与农业生产密切相关，清明时节气温回升、雨水增多，适合播种；二十四节气是古人观察自然总结出的智慧，指导着农业生产和日常生活，已被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"传统美德辨析（诚信孝亲勤俭）","content":"小丽把家里的旧玩具、旧衣物收拾好，说'还能用就接着用'。请从传统美德的角度评价小丽的做法。","solution_method":"小丽的做法体现了勤俭节约的传统美德。勤俭节约、物尽其用是中华民族的优良传统；日常生活中做到不攀比、不浪费，珍惜劳动成果，就是践行传统美德。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"民族团结常识","content":"我国有多少个民族？各民族之间的关系是怎样的？请举一个民族团结互助的例子。","solution_method":"我国有56个民族，各民族一律平等；我国是统一的多民族国家，各民族和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展，共同建设祖国；如'三个离不开'（汉族离不开少数民族，少数民族离不开汉族，各少数民族之间也相互离不开）、各地对口支援民族地区、各族小朋友同班学习等，都是民族团结的体现。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"祖国山河与名胜古迹","content":"请写出我国三个著名的自然景观或名胜古迹，并说说我们为什么要保护它们。","solution_method":"如长城、故宫、桂林山水、黄山、西湖、长江三峡等。它们是中华民族悠久历史和灿烂文化的见证，是祖国壮丽山河的缩影；保护文化遗产和自然景观，就是爱护祖国、传承文化，人人有责。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"节约用水用电辨析","content":"小明洗手时把水龙头开到最大，洗完也不关紧；离开房间不关灯。请指出问题，并说明节约资源的意义。","solution_method":"浪费水电是不对的。水资源和能源都是宝贵的，我国人均资源并不丰富；随手关紧水龙头、人走灯灭、一水多用等小举动，累积起来就是巨大的节约；节约资源是每个公民的责任，也是可持续发展的要求。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"珍惜粮食与节约用纸","content":"学校食堂里，小明打了很多饭菜却只吃了几口就倒掉。请评价，并说说'光盘行动'的意义。","solution_method":"浪费粮食是错误的，'谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦'，粮食凝结着劳动者的汗水；'光盘行动'倡导按需取餐、不剩饭剩菜，是珍惜劳动成果、节约资源的文明行为；节约粮食要从每一餐做起。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"垃圾分类常识","content":"请把下列垃圾分到正确的类别：废电池、剩饭、旧报纸、塑料瓶、果皮、过期药品。","solution_method":"废电池、过期药品属于有害垃圾；剩饭、果皮属于厨余垃圾；旧报纸、塑料瓶属于可回收物。分类投放垃圾有利于资源回收利用、减少环境污染，是绿色生活方式的重要内容。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"垃圾分类常识","content":"小区垃圾站旁有四类垃圾桶：可回收物、有害垃圾、厨余垃圾、其他垃圾。请把'旧电池、菜叶、矿泉水瓶、用过的餐巾纸'分别放入对应垃圾桶。","solution_method":"旧电池属于有害垃圾；菜叶属于厨余垃圾；矿泉水瓶属于可回收物；用过的餐巾纸属于其他垃圾。准确分类投放有利于资源循环利用、减少污染，是保护环境的具体行动。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"低碳生活行动判断","content":"下列行为哪些属于低碳生活？①步行上学；②随手关灯；③购物使用塑料袋；④少用一次性筷子。","solution_method":"①②④属于低碳生活：步行上学减少碳排放，随手关灯节约用电，少用一次性筷子减少木材浪费；③使用塑料袋会增加白色污染，应尽量自带环保购物袋；低碳生活人人可为，要从日常小事做起。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"保护动植物辨析","content":"有人在河边用网捕抓青蛙拿到市场卖。这一行为对吗？为什么？","solution_method":"不对。青蛙是益虫，能捕食害虫、维护生态平衡；滥捕野生动物会破坏生物链和生态环境，也是违法行为（相关野生动物保护法律有明确规定）；保护动植物就是保护我们共同的家园，发现违法行为可向有关部门举报。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"人与自然和谐相处","content":"学校要组织植树活动，有人说'植树是大人干的事，和我们小孩没关系'。你同意吗？为什么？","solution_method":"不同意。植树造林、保护环境人人有责，少年儿童也能为环保出力；参加植树能增加绿化、改善空气质量、防止水土流失，是人与自然和谐相处的具体行动；我们还可以从小事做起，如爱护花草树木、不随意采摘等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"劳动教育价值辨析","content":"小明说'我只要把学习搞好就行，扫地、洗碗这些家务活不用我干'。请评价这一说法。","solution_method":"这一说法错误。劳动不分贵贱，劳动创造美好生活；参加劳动能锻炼动手能力、培养责任感、学会珍惜劳动成果，促进全面发展；学习与劳动并不矛盾，德智体美劳全面发展是新时代对少年儿童的要求。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"家务劳动与生活技能","content":"请你写出两种你掌握的劳动技能，并说说学做家务劳动给你带来了哪些收获。","solution_method":"如叠被子、整理书包、扫地拖地、洗袜子、择菜等。做家务让我学会独立自理、体会到父母的辛苦、增强了家庭责任感，还养成了爱劳动的好习惯；自己的事情自己做，家里的事情帮着做。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"志愿服务与社会参与","content":"社区要组织'垃圾分类宣传'志愿活动，需要小志愿者。你会参加吗？为什么？","solution_method":"会参加。参与志愿服务能帮助他人、服务社区、传播文明，是承担社会责任、践行社会主义核心价值观的表现；在活动中还能学到知识、锻炼能力、收获快乐，赠人玫瑰，手有余香。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"网络文明与合理上网","content":"小华沉迷网络游戏，常常玩到深夜，作业也不写。请评价，并给出合理上网的建议。","solution_method":"沉迷网络游戏危害大，影响学习、视力和身体健康。应控制上网时间、不沉迷游戏，上网以学习知识为主；多参加户外活动和现实交往，做到文明上网、健康上网、适度上网。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"个人信息保护与网络安全","content":"网上有个'好友'问小丽的家庭住址和父母电话，还约她见面。小丽该怎么办？","solution_method":"不能透露个人信息，更不能私自见网友。网络信息真伪难辨，要提高警惕、保护隐私；应及时告诉家长和老师，不轻信网友；《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》设有网络保护专章，未成年人上网要增强自我保护意识。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中语文","metadata":{"subject":"初中语文","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"现代文阅读·记叙文","book":"七~九年级 现代文阅读","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"记叙文六要素与线索","key_content":"六要素：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果。线索是贯穿全文、串联材料的脉络，可为人物、事物、情感或时间。","question_types":[{"type":"概括记叙文主要内容"},{"type":"分析记叙线索"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"记叙顺序","key_content":"常见顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙。插叙是在叙述中暂时中断，插入另一段相关内容的叙述，起补充、铺垫作用。","question_types":[{"type":"判断记叙顺序及作用"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"人物形象分析","key_content":"通过人物的语言、动作、神态、心理及典型事件概括性格与品质；描写方法分外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理描写。","question_types":[{"type":"分析人物形象"},{"type":"人物描写方法辨析"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"词句赏析","key_content":"赏析角度：词语（动词、形容词、副词）的语境义与表达效果；句子可从修辞、描写方法、句式等入手。","question_types":[{"type":"赏析词语表达效果"},{"type":"赏析句子（修辞/描写）"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"标题含义与作用","key_content":"标题含义=表层义+深层义（比喻、象征、双关）；作用常含线索、概括内容、揭示主题、设置悬念等。","question_types":[{"type":"分析标题含义"},{"type":"分析标题作用"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"现代文阅读·说明文","book":"八~九年级 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抓关键词句 $\\rightarrow$ 由物及人/由事及理 $\\rightarrow$ 确立立意，忌脱离材料。","question_types":[{"type":"材料作文审题立意"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"命题与半命题作文","key_content":"命题作文抓题眼、明限制；半命题补题要具体、有新意，避免空泛与雷同。","question_types":[{"type":"命题作文审题"},{"type":"半命题作文补题"}]},{"id":"M07-K05","name":"写作技法","key_content":"细节描写以微见情；开头可开门见山、设疑、引用、描景，结尾可点题、抒情、照应、留白。","question_types":[{"type":"细节描写运用"},{"type":"开头结尾技法"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"名著阅读","book":"七~九年级 名著导读","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"名著情节","key_content":"把握原著主要情节脉络，能按起因、经过、结果简述经典回目或章节内容。","question_types":[{"type":"名著情节梳理"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"名著人物","key_content":"结合具体情节概括人物性格，注意人物形象的复杂性与发展变化。","question_types":[{"type":"名著人物形象分析"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"名著主题","key_content":"透过人物命运与社会环境，探究作品的思想主旨与时代意义。","question_types":[{"type":"名著主题探究"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"阅读方法","key_content":"不同体裁读法不同：纪实作品重事实与立场，小说重人物与主题，可辅以摘抄、批注、思维导图。","question_types":[{"type":"名著阅读方法辨析"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"基础知识与运用","book":"七~九年级 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综合性学习","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"活动设计","key_content":"活动方案含主题、目的、形式、步骤；形式须具体可行，如主题班会、手抄报、志愿服务。","question_types":[{"type":"设计活动方案"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"材料探究","key_content":"多则材料求同存异，抓关键句与数据趋势，用‘由……可知’概括探究结论。","question_types":[{"type":"探究材料信息"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"口语交际","key_content":"表达须得体、简明、有礼貌；常用‘称呼+目的+时间地点+恳请/致谢’的结构。","question_types":[{"type":"口语交际表达"}]},{"id":"M10-K04","name":"图表转述","key_content":"读图表先看标题、图例，再比数据趋势，用‘最多/最少/呈上升’等词客观转述信息。","question_types":[{"type":"图表信息提取与转述"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"概括记叙文主要内容","content":"阅读《背影》车站送别选段，请用简洁的语言概括选段的主要内容。","solution_method":"答题模板：谁+在什么情况下+做了什么+结果如何。本文写父亲在车站穿过铁道、爬月台为‘我’买橘子的情形，表现了父亲对儿子的深爱与不舍。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"概括记叙文主要内容","content":"请用一句话概括《散步》全文的主要内容。","solution_method":"抓主要人物与事件：一家四口在初春田野散步，面对走大路还是小路的分歧，最终‘我’背母亲、妻背儿子，体现亲情与责任。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"分析记叙线索","content":"《羚羊木雕》一文以什么为线索展开情节？请简要分析。","solution_method":"找线索方法：看贯穿全文的事物、人物或情感。本文以‘羚羊木雕’这一物品为线索，串联起赠送、索要、回忆等情节，使结构紧凑。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"判断记叙顺序及作用","content":"选文第三段运用了哪种记叙顺序？有何作用？","solution_method":"常见顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙。插叙作用模板：补充交代……，使情节更完整，丰富人物形象，为下文……作铺垫（或形成对比、设置悬念）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"分析人物形象","content":"结合全文，分析文中‘父亲’这一人物形象。","solution_method":"方法：从人物的语言、动作、神态、心理及典型事件中概括。格式：人物是一个……（性格/品质）的人，如……（文中依据）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"人物描写方法辨析","content":"‘他蹒跚地走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去’一句运用了什么描写方法？","solution_method":"描写方法分外貌、语言、动作、神态、心理。此句为动作描写，生动表现父亲行动的艰难与对儿子的关爱。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"赏析词语表达效果","content":"说说‘母亲就悄悄地躲出去，在我看不见的地方偷偷地听着我的动静’中‘悄悄’‘偷偷’的表达效果。","solution_method":"答题思路：解词+语境义+写出了……+表达情感。两词写出母亲的小心翼翼与克制，表现对‘我’的理解、呵护与无声的关爱。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"赏析句子（修辞/描写）","content":"赏析‘那棵树被台风连根拔起，像一头受伤的巨兽瘫在地上’的表达效果。","solution_method":"先判断手法（比喻），再分析：把……比作……，生动形象地写出了……，表达了……情感（或烘托……氛围）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"分析标题含义","content":"《爸爸的花儿落了》标题有何含义？","solution_method":"标题含义=表层义+深层义（比喻/象征/双关）。表层写夹竹桃凋落，深层象征父亲离世以及‘我’在丧父中走向成熟。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"分析标题作用","content":"文章以‘走一步，再走一步’为题有什么作用？","solution_method":"作用：作为线索贯穿全文；概括主要内容；揭示/暗示主题；设置悬念吸引读者；运用反复修辞，强化主旨。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"概括说明对象及特征","content":"阅读《苏州园林》，说说本文的说明对象及其总体特征。","solution_method":"方法：看题目、开头、总起句。说明对象：苏州园林；总体特征：务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"判断说明顺序","content":"《中国石拱桥》运用了怎样的说明顺序？","solution_method":"顺序类型：时间、空间、逻辑。本文先说一般石拱桥，再说中国石拱桥，由概括到具体、由一般到特殊，属逻辑顺序。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"辨析说明方法并分析作用","content":"‘赵州桥非常雄伟，全长50.82米，两端宽9.6米’运用了什么说明方法？有何作用？","solution_method":"说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较等。此处列数字，准确具体地说明了赵州桥的规模，增强说服力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"分析说明文语言准确性（加点词能否删）","content":"‘我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有’中‘几乎’能否删去？为什么？","solution_method":"模板：不能+解词+句意+删去后……+体现准确性。‘几乎’表程度（接近全部），删去后过于绝对，与原意不符，体现说明文语言准确严密。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"说明文语言风格赏析","content":"《大自然的语言》语言有何特点？请举例说明。","solution_method":"风格分平实说明与生动说明。本文兼用，如用‘传语’‘暗示’‘唱歌’等拟人化词语，生动形象地介绍物候现象。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"提炼中心论点","content":"阅读《谈骨气》，找出本文的中心论点。","solution_method":"方法：看标题、开头、结尾、过渡句。中心论点：我们中国人是有骨气的。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"辨析论据类型","content":"‘文天祥拒不降元’属于事实论据还是道理论据？","solution_method":"事实论据：事例、数据；道理论据：名言、格言、定理。此为事实论据，用以支撑‘中国人有骨气’的论点。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"补写论据","content":"请为‘勤能补拙’这一观点补写一个事实论据。","solution_method":"模板：人物+事件+结果，紧扣观点。如：王羲之临池学书，池水尽墨，终成书圣，可见勤奋可弥补天资不足。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"辨析论证方法及作用","content":"‘像这样的人，古往今来，数不胜数’运用了什么论证方法？","solution_method":"方法：举例、道理、对比、比喻论证。此处举例论证，以典型事例具体有力地证明论点，增强说服力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"分析论证思路","content":"请简要分析《敬业与乐业》第②段的论证思路。","solution_method":"模板：先提出……观点，接着用……（论据/论证方法）论证，然后……，最后得出结论。按‘引论 $\\rightarrow$ 本论 $\\rightarrow$ 结论’梳理层次。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"分析议论文语言严密性","content":"‘不尽责任，受良心责备’中‘尽’字能否换成‘做’？","solution_method":"不能。‘尽’强调完全、彻底地承担，表意更准确严密，体现议论文语言的逻辑性与分寸感。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"梳理小说情节","content":"请用简洁的语言梳理《孔乙己》的主要情节。","solution_method":"方法：按开端 $\\rightarrow$ 发展 $\\rightarrow$ 高潮 $\\rightarrow$ 结局概括。孔乙己到店喝酒、遭众人嘲笑、教‘我’写字、被丁举人打折腿、最终默默消失。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"分析环境描写作用","content":"《故乡》开头‘苍黄的天底下，远近横着几个萧索的荒村’有何作用？","solution_method":"作用：交代时间地点与衰败背景；渲染萧瑟、悲凉的气氛；烘托‘我’悲凉的心情；暗示社会凋敝的主题。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"分析小说人物形象","content":"结合《变色龙》，分析奥楚蔑洛夫的形象特点。","solution_method":"从其对狗主人态度反复变化（语言、动作）中概括：趋炎附势、见风使舵、欺下媚上的沙皇走狗形象。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"探究小说主旨","content":"《我的叔叔于勒》揭示了怎样的社会主题？","solution_method":"结合菲利普夫妇对于勒前恭后倨的态度，揭露资本主义社会人与人之间赤裸裸的金钱关系。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"文言实词解释","content":"解释‘肉食者谋之，又何间焉’中‘间’的意思。","solution_method":"间：参与。结合语境与课下注释，本句意为‘你又何必参与呢’，注意不是‘中间’义。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"文言实词解释","content":"解释‘小惠未徧，民弗从也’中‘徧’的意思。","solution_method":"徧：通‘遍’，遍及、普遍。句意为小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，百姓不会听从，须据通假规律判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"一词多义辨析","content":"辨析‘之’在‘肉食者谋之’与‘小大之狱’中的不同用法。","solution_method":"前者为代词，代指‘迎战齐国’这件事；后者为结构助词‘的’。结合语法位置与句意判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"文言虚词用法辨析","content":"指出‘以’在‘何以战’中的用法及意义。","solution_method":"‘以’为介词，凭、靠。‘何以战’即‘以何战’（宾语前置），意为‘凭什么作战’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"文言断句","content":"用‘/’给‘忠之属也可以一战’断句。","solution_method":"断句：忠之属也/可以一战。依据句末语气词‘也’及句意（这是尽本职的事，可凭此一战）断开。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"文言句子翻译","content":"翻译‘小惠未徧，民弗从也’。","solution_method":"翻译原则：信达雅，直译为主。句意：小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，百姓是不会听从您的。落实‘徧’‘弗’‘从’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"文言文内容理解概括","content":"《曹刿论战》中曹刿认为作战取胜的先决条件是什么？","solution_method":"取信于民（‘小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情’）。把握文章关键句，联系‘忠之属也，可以一战’作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"鉴赏诗歌形象","content":"《天净沙·秋思》中运用了哪些意象？营造了怎样的氛围？","solution_method":"意象：枯藤、老树、昏鸦、古道、西风、瘦马、夕阳等。氛围：萧瑟、凄凉、孤寂的秋日羁旅之愁。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"描绘意境画面","content":"发挥想象，描绘‘大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆’的画面。","solution_method":"步骤：抓意象+扩写+加修饰语。描绘出黄沙无垠、烽烟笔直、黄河蜿蜒、落日浑圆，边塞辽阔雄奇的落日景象。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"赏析炼字","content":"‘春风又绿江南岸’中‘绿’字好在哪里？","solution_method":"炼字模板：释字义+描画面+析效果+表情感。‘绿’本为形容词，此处作动词，化静为动，生动写出春意之浓与生机。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"赏析炼字","content":"‘采菊东篱下，悠然见南山’中‘见’字妙在何处？","solution_method":"‘见’是无意间瞥见，而非‘望’之刻意，传神写出诗人闲适自在、物我两忘的心境，富有自然之趣。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"赏析诗句语言","content":"赏析‘海日生残夜，江春入旧年’的语言妙处。","solution_method":"对偶工整，炼字精当（‘生’‘入’拟人化）；景中寓理：新旧交替、时序流转，蕴含新生与希望。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"辨析表现手法","content":"《泊船瓜洲》运用了什么表现手法抒情？","solution_method":"手法：借景抒情、直抒胸臆、托物言志、衬托等。本文借‘春风又绿江南岸’之景，抒发浓浓的思乡之情。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"分析修辞手法","content":"‘飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天’运用了什么修辞？","solution_method":"夸张（‘三千尺’）兼比喻（‘银河’），极言瀑布之长、气势之磅礴，表达诗人惊叹与赞美之情。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"概括诗歌情感","content":"《闻王昌龄左迁龙标遥有此寄》表达了诗人怎样的情感？","solution_method":"借‘愁心’‘明月’寄情，表达对友人被贬谪的同情、牵挂与慰藉，情谊真挚深沉。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"记叙文立意选材","content":"以‘那一刻，我长大了’为题，谈谈如何立意选材。","solution_method":"立意要真、新、深；选材从小处着眼，选亲身经历的典型细节（如一次担当），以小见大，避免空泛。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"记叙文结构布局","content":"记叙文常用的结构方式有哪些？","solution_method":"线索式、总分总、倒叙悬念、片段组合（小标题）。注意首尾呼应、过渡自然、详略得当。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"议论文论点确立","content":"以‘坚持’为话题，如何确立一个明确的中心论点？","solution_method":"论点应明确、简洁、可议论。如‘坚持是通向成功的阶梯’，置于开头显处，避免含糊与论题混淆。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"议论文论据运用","content":"议论文中怎样使论据更有说服力？","solution_method":"论据要典型、真实、新鲜；叙例要简明，分析要透彻，做到‘摆事实，讲道理’，避免堆砌材料。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"材料作文审题立意","content":"面对‘一只断翅的蝴蝶仍努力飞翔’的寓言材料，该如何审题立意？","solution_method":"步骤：读材料 $\\rightarrow$ 抓关键词（断翅、努力）$\\rightarrow$ 由物及人 $\\rightarrow$ 确立‘逆境中不屈、生命当自强’的立意。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"材料作文审题立意","content":"材料：‘竹杖芒鞋轻胜马，谁怕？一蓑烟雨任平生。’据此立意。","solution_method":"抓关键词‘轻胜马’‘谁怕’‘任平生’，由诗句及人，可立意为‘豁达乐观面对人生风雨’，须紧扣材料。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"命题作文审题","content":"命题作文‘见证’该如何审题？","solution_method":"抓题眼‘见证’，明确谁见证、见证什么，限制范围（人/物/时代），避免偏题与泛泛而谈。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"半命题作文补题","content":"‘______ 的味道’半命题如何补题？","solution_method":"补题要具体、有新意，如‘妈妈的味道’‘失败的味道’‘春天的味道’，避免空泛与雷同。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"细节描写运用","content":"如何在作文中运用细节描写增强感染力？","solution_method":"选取典型动作、神态、语言细描，如‘母亲用手背蹭了蹭围裙’，以微见情，使人物真实可感。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"开头结尾技法","content":"请列举几种作文开头与结尾的技法。","solution_method":"开头：开门见山、设置悬念、引用名言、描写环境；结尾：点明题旨、抒情升华、首尾照应、留白余味。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"名著情节梳理","content":"简述《西游记》‘三打白骨精’的主要情节。","solution_method":"按起因经过结果概括：白骨精三次变化诱骗唐僧，悟空识破并打死妖精，唐僧误责，悟空被逐回花果山。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"名著人物形象分析","content":"分析《水浒传》中鲁智深的人物形象。","solution_method":"结合‘拳打镇关西’‘大闹野猪林’等情节，概括其疾恶如仇、粗中有细、重情重义的性格。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"名著主题探究","content":"《骆驼祥子》揭示了怎样的社会主题？","solution_method":"通过祥子三起三落最终堕落，揭示旧社会不让好人有出路的黑暗现实，控诉压迫人的社会制度。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"名著阅读方法辨析","content":"阅读《红星照耀中国》这类纪实作品应注意什么？","solution_method":"把握事实与作者立场，借助目录与序言，做摘抄与批注，辨析客观报道与作者倾向，勿与虚构混淆。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"字音辨析","content":"下列加点字注音完全正确的一项：A. 静谧(mì) B. 锲(qì)而不舍 C. 倔(juè)强 D. 炽(zhì)热","solution_method":"选A。B锲qiè；C倔jué；D炽chì。注意多音字与易错声母、韵母。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"字形辨析","content":"找出没有错别字的一项：A. 慰籍 B. 鞠躬尽粹 C. 锋芒毕露 D. 眼花瞭乱","solution_method":"选C。A应为‘藉’；B应为‘瘁’；D应为‘缭’。辨析形近字与同音字。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"词语（成语）运用","content":"下列成语使用恰当的一项：A. 同学们津津乐道地谈论春游。 B. 他办事雷厉风行。","solution_method":"选B。A‘津津乐道’本身含‘谈论’义，与后文‘谈论’语义重复；B使用正确，形容办事果断迅速。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"病句辨析","content":"指出‘通过阅读，使我的视野开阔了’的语病。","solution_method":"成分残缺（缺主语），‘通过’与‘使’连用淹没了主语。删‘通过’或删‘使’即可。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"病句修改","content":"修改病句：‘能否刻苦学习，是取得好成绩的关键。’","solution_method":"两面对一面，前后不一致。改法：删‘能否’，或改为‘能否刻苦学习，是能否取得好成绩的关键’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-3","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"病句修改","content":"修改病句：‘我们要认真克服并善于发现学习上的缺点。’","solution_method":"语序不当，应先‘发现’后‘克服’。改为‘我们要善于发现并认真克服学习上的缺点’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"标点符号辨析","content":"提示语在不同位置时，引号内外标点如何使用？","solution_method":"提示语在前用冒号（他说：‘……’）；在中间用逗号（‘……，’他说，‘……’）；在后用句号（‘……。’他说。）","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K05-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K05","question_type":"修辞手法辨析","content":"‘春天像个害羞的小姑娘’运用了什么修辞？","solution_method":"比喻（明喻），本体‘春天’、喻体‘小姑娘’、喻词‘像’，生动形象地写出春天的娇美与生机。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K05-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K05","question_type":"仿写句子","content":"仿写：‘书籍是阶梯，帮助人们登上理想的高峰。’","solution_method":"句式一致、修辞相同、话题相关。如：‘书籍是灯塔，指引人们驶向知识的彼岸。’","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K06-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K06","question_type":"句子排序","content":"将‘①因此要勤学 ②学海无涯 ③古人云学无止境’排序。","solution_method":"逻辑：③引出观点—②阐释—①得出结论，即③②①。抓首尾句与关联词‘因此’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K06-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K06","question_type":"衔接补写","content":"在语段横线处补写一句话，使语意连贯。","solution_method":"看上下文话题、句式与逻辑，补写承上启下或总结句，保持主语一致、衔接自然。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"设计活动方案","content":"班级开展‘孝亲敬老’活动，请设计两个活动形式。","solution_method":"形式须具体可操作，如：召开‘感恩父母’主题班会、制作敬老手抄报、到敬老院开展志愿服务。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"探究材料信息","content":"阅读两则关于‘全民阅读’的材料，写出你的探究结果。","solution_method":"方法：找共性、比异同、抓关键句，用‘由……可知/调查显示’概括结论，避免照抄原文。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"口语交际表达","content":"邀请语文老师参加读书会，你该怎么说？","solution_method":"结构：称呼+自我介绍+目的+时间地点+恳请。语言得体、简明、有礼貌，如‘王老师，您好！我们班周五下午举办读书会，恳请您指导。’","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K04-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K04","question_type":"图表信息提取与转述","content":"根据‘中学生课外阅读类型’柱状图，写出主要信息。","solution_method":"先看标题、图例，再比数据：如‘小说类阅读最多，科普类最少，文学类呈上升趋势’，客观转述。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中数学","metadata":{"subject":"初中数学","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"数与代数·有理数","book":"七年级上册 第二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"有理数的概念","key_content":"整数（正整数、$0$、负整数）与分数（正分数、负分数）统称有理数，记作 $\\mathbb{Q}$；有理数都可以化为有限小数或无限循环小数。","question_types":[{"type":"判断一个数是否为有理数"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"数轴","key_content":"规定了原点、正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴；实数与数轴上的点一一对应，右边的点表示的数总比左边的大。","question_types":[{"type":"利用数轴表示有理数"},{"type":"利用数轴比较有理数大小"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"相反数与绝对值","key_content":"只有符号不同的两个数互为相反数；$a$ 的相反数是 $-a$；绝对值 $|a|$ 表示数轴上点 $a$ 到原点的距离，满足 $|a|\\ge 0$。","question_types":[{"type":"求一个数的绝对值"},{"type":"利用绝对值非负性求值"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"有理数加法","key_content":"同号两数相加取相同符号并把绝对值相加；异号两数相加取绝对值较大数的符号，并用较大绝对值减较小绝对值；互为相反数之和为 $0$。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数加法运算"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"有理数减法","key_content":"减去一个数等于加上这个数的相反数，即 $a-b=a+(-b)$。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数减法运算"}]},{"id":"M01-K06","name":"有理数乘法","key_content":"两数相乘，同号得正、异号得负，并把绝对值相乘；任何数与 $0$ 相乘得 $0$；多个非零因数相乘时，负因数个数为偶数则积为正，为奇数则积为负。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数乘法运算"}]},{"id":"M01-K07","name":"有理数除法","key_content":"除以一个不等于 $0$ 的数等于乘这个数的倒数，即 $a\\div b=a\\times\\dfrac{1}{b}\\ (b\\ne 0)$。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数除法运算"}]},{"id":"M01-K08","name":"有理数乘方","key_content":"求 $n$ 个相同因数的积的运算叫乘方，$a^n$ 中 $a$ 是底数、$n$ 是指数；负数的奇次幂为负、偶次幂为正。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数乘方运算"}]},{"id":"M01-K09","name":"科学记数法","key_content":"把一个绝对值较大的数写成 $a\\times 10^n$ 的形式，其中 $1\\le |a|<10$，$n$ 为整数。","question_types":[{"type":"用科学记数法表示数"}]},{"id":"M01-K10","name":"有理数混合运算","key_content":"有理数混合运算遵循先乘方、再乘除、后加减，有括号先算括号内，同级运算从左到右的顺序。","question_types":[{"type":"有理数混合运算"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"数与代数·实数","book":"七年级下册 第六章 / 八年级上册 第十一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"平方根与算术平方根","key_content":"若 $x^2=a\\ (a\\ge 0)$，则 $x$ 是 $a$ 的平方根，记作 $\\pm\\sqrt{a}$；其中非负的平方根叫算术平方根，记作 $\\sqrt{a}$。","question_types":[{"type":"求一个数的平方根"},{"type":"求一个数的算术平方根"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"立方根","key_content":"若 $x^3=a$，则 $x$ 是 $a$ 的立方根，记作 $\\sqrt[3]{a}$；正数的立方根为正，负数的立方根为负，$0$ 的立方根为 $0$。","question_types":[{"type":"求一个数的立方根"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"无理数与实数","key_content":"无限不循环小数叫无理数（如 $\\sqrt{2}$、$\\pi$）；有理数与无理数统称实数，实数与数轴上的点一一对应。","question_types":[{"type":"判断无理数"},{"type":"实数大小比较"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"实数的运算","key_content":"实数范围内可进行加、减、乘、除、乘方、开方运算，运算顺序与有理数一致，并满足相应运算律。","question_types":[{"type":"实数混合运算"}]},{"id":"M02-K05","name":"实数的估算","key_content":"通过比较相邻完全平方（或立方）数，估计无理数的整数部分与小数部分。","question_types":[{"type":"估算无理数的范围"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"数与代数·代数式","book":"七年级上册 第三章 / 八年级上册 第十四、十五章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"代数式与整式","key_content":"用运算符号连接数和字母的式子叫代数式；单项式与多项式统称整式；同类项所含字母相同且相同字母的指数也相同。","question_types":[{"type":"列代数式"},{"type":"代数式求值"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"整式的加减","key_content":"合并同类项时系数相加、字母及指数不变；去括号时括号前为负号则各项变号。","question_types":[{"type":"合并同类项"},{"type":"去括号化简"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"幂的运算","key_content":"同底数幂相乘 $a^m\\cdot a^n=a^{m+n}$；相除 $a^m\\div a^n=a^{m-n}$；幂的乘方 $(a^m)^n=a^{mn}$；积的乘方 $(ab)^n=a^n b^n$。","question_types":[{"type":"幂的运算"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"乘法公式","key_content":"平方差公式 $(a+b)(a-b)=a^2-b^2$；完全平方公式 $(a\\pm b)^2=a^2\\pm 2ab+b^2$。","question_types":[{"type":"平方差公式应用"}]},{"id":"M03-K05","name":"因式分解","key_content":"把多项式化为几个整式乘积的形式叫因式分解；常用方法有提公因式法与公式法（平方差、完全平方）。","question_types":[{"type":"提公因式法因式分解"},{"type":"公式法因式分解"}]},{"id":"M03-K06","name":"分式","key_content":"形如 $\\dfrac{A}{B}$（$B$ 含字母且 $B\\ne 0$）的式子叫分式；分式有意义要求分母不为 $0$。","question_types":[{"type":"分式有意义的条件"},{"type":"分式化简求值"}]},{"id":"M03-K07","name":"二次根式","key_content":"形如 $\\sqrt{a}\\ (a\\ge 0)$ 的式子叫二次根式，具有性质 $\\sqrt{a^2}=|a|$、$(\\sqrt{a})^2=a$；可进行乘除与加减（合并同类二次根式）运算。","question_types":[{"type":"二次根式的性质"},{"type":"二次根式的乘除"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"数与代数·方程与不等式","book":"七年级下册 第八章 / 八年级上册 第十二章 / 九年级上册 第二十一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"一元一次方程","key_content":"只含一个未知数且未知数的最高次数为 $1$ 的整式方程叫一元一次方程，一般形式为 $ax+b=0\\ (a\\ne 0)$；解为使等式成立的未知数的值。","question_types":[{"type":"解一元一次方程"},{"type":"一元一次方程应用"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"二元一次方程组","key_content":"含两个未知数且每个未知数次数为 $1$ 的方程组叫二元一次方程组；常用代入消元法或加减消元法求解。","question_types":[{"type":"解二元一次方程组"},{"type":"二元一次方程组应用"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"一元一次不等式","key_content":"含一个未知数且未知数次数为 $1$ 的不等式叫一元一次不等式；两边乘（除）以负数时不等号方向改变。","question_types":[{"type":"解一元一次不等式"},{"type":"不等式解集的数轴表示"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"一元一次不等式组","key_content":"由几个一元一次不等式组成的不等式组，其解集是各不等式解集的公共部分，可用数轴求交集。","question_types":[{"type":"解一元一次不等式组"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"一元二次方程","key_content":"只含一个未知数且最高次数为 $2$ 的整式方程叫一元二次方程，一般形式 $ax^2+bx+c=0\\ (a\\ne 0)$；可用配方法、公式法、因式分解法求解。","question_types":[{"type":"一元二次方程的解法"},{"type":"一元二次方程根的判别式"},{"type":"一元二次方程根与系数关系"},{"type":"一元二次方程应用"}]},{"id":"M04-K06","name":"分式方程","key_content":"分母中含有未知数的方程叫分式方程；解法是化为整式方程求解，并必须检验分母不为 $0$。","question_types":[{"type":"解分式方程"},{"type":"分式方程应用"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"数与代数·函数","book":"八年级下册 第十九章 / 九年级下册 第二十六章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"平面直角坐标系","key_content":"在平面内两条互相垂直且有公共原点的数轴构成直角坐标系；点 $(x,y)$ 中 $x$ 为横坐标、$y$ 为纵坐标；各象限符号特征为 $(+,+)$、$(-,+)$、$(-,-)$、$(+,-)$。","question_types":[{"type":"点的坐标特征"},{"type":"坐标系内的对称"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"函数及其表示","key_content":"在一个变化过程中，若两个变量 $x,y$ 对于 $x$ 的每一个确定值 $y$ 都有唯一确定值与之对应，则称 $y$ 是 $x$ 的函数；自变量的取值要使解析式有意义。","question_types":[{"type":"函数自变量取值范围"},{"type":"求函数值"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"一次函数","key_content":"形如 $y=kx+b\\ (k\\ne 0)$ 的函数叫一次函数；图象为直线，$k$ 决定增减性，$b$ 为 $y$ 轴截距。","question_types":[{"type":"一次函数图象与性质"},{"type":"待定系数法求解析式"},{"type":"一次函数应用"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"反比例函数","key_content":"形如 $y=\\dfrac{k}{x}\\ (k\\ne 0)$ 的函数叫反比例函数，图象为双曲线，$k>0$ 时图象位于一、三象限。","question_types":[{"type":"反比例函数图象与性质"},{"type":"反比例函数系数 $k$ 的几何意义"},{"type":"反比例函数应用"}]},{"id":"M05-K05","name":"二次函数","key_content":"形如 $y=ax^2+bx+c\\ (a\\ne 0)$ 的函数叫二次函数；图象为抛物线，对称轴为 $x=-\\dfrac{b}{2a}$，顶点为 $\\left(-\\dfrac{b}{2a},\\dfrac{4ac-b^2}{4a}\\right)$。","question_types":[{"type":"二次函数图象与性质"},{"type":"求二次函数解析式"},{"type":"二次函数最值应用"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"图形与几何·相交线与平行线","book":"七年级下册 第五章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"相交线","key_content":"两条直线相交形成对顶角（相等）与邻补角（互补）；当夹角为 $90^\\circ$ 时两直线互相垂直，垂线段最短。","question_types":[{"type":"对顶角与邻补角"},{"type":"垂线性质"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"平行线","key_content":"在同一平面内不相交的两条直线叫平行线；判定有同位角相等、内错角相等、同旁内角互补；性质为两直线平行则同位角、内错角相等，同旁内角互补。","question_types":[{"type":"平行线判定"},{"type":"平行线性质"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"命题与平移","key_content":"判断一件事情的语句叫命题，由题设和结论组成；平移是图形沿某一方向移动且不改变形状大小的变换。","question_types":[{"type":"命题真假判断"},{"type":"平移作图"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"图形与几何·三角形","book":"八年级上册 第十一章 / 八年级下册 第十七章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"三角形基本概念","key_content":"由三条线段首尾顺次相接围成的图形叫三角形；三边关系为两边之和大于第三边；内角和等于 $180^\\circ$。","question_types":[{"type":"三角形三边关系"},{"type":"三角形内角和"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"全等三角形","key_content":"能够完全重合的两个三角形全等；判定方法有 SSS、SAS、ASA、AAS、HL（直角三角形）；全等三角形对应边、对应角相等。","question_types":[{"type":"全等三角形判定"},{"type":"全等三角形性质应用"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"等腰三角形","key_content":"有两边相等的三角形叫等腰三角形；性质为“等边对等角”、三线合一；判定为“等角对等边”。","question_types":[{"type":"等腰三角形性质"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"直角三角形","key_content":"有一个角为 $90^\\circ$ 的三角形叫直角三角形；勾股定理 $a^2+b^2=c^2$；勾股定理逆定理用于判定直角三角形。","question_types":[{"type":"勾股定理"},{"type":"勾股定理逆定理"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"图形与几何·四边形","book":"八年级下册 第十八章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"平行四边形","key_content":"两组对边分别平行的四边形叫平行四边形；性质为对边平行且相等、对角相等、对角线互相平分；判定有两组对边平行、对边相等、对角线互相平分等。","question_types":[{"type":"平行四边形性质"},{"type":"平行四边形判定"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"矩形","key_content":"有一个角是直角的平行四边形叫矩形；性质为四个角均为直角、对角线相等；判定有一个直角的平行四边形或对角线相等的平行四边形。","question_types":[{"type":"矩形性质"},{"type":"矩形判定"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"菱形","key_content":"有一组邻边相等的平行四边形叫菱形；性质为四边相等、对角线互相垂直平分且平分内角；面积 $S=\\dfrac{1}{2}mn$（$m,n$ 为对角线）。","question_types":[{"type":"菱形性质"},{"type":"菱形面积"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"正方形","key_content":"既是矩形又是菱形的四边形叫正方形；具有矩形与菱形的所有性质，四边相等、四角为直角、对角线相等且垂直平分。","question_types":[{"type":"正方形性质与判定"}]},{"id":"M08-K05","name":"梯形","key_content":"一组对边平行而另一组对边不平行的四边形叫梯形；等腰梯形两腰相等、同一底上两底角相等；梯形中位线平行于两底且等于两底和的一半。","question_types":[{"type":"梯形中位线"},{"type":"等腰梯形性质"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"图形与几何·圆","book":"九年级上册 第二十四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"圆的基本性质","key_content":"圆是到定点距离等于定长的点的集合；圆是轴对称图形（任意直径所在直线为对称轴）也是中心对称图形；在同圆或等圆中，弧、弦、圆心角关系定理成立。","question_types":[{"type":"圆的对称性"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"垂径定理","key_content":"垂直于弦的直径平分这条弦并且平分弦所对的两条弧，即“垂径定理”。","question_types":[{"type":"垂径定理应用"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"与圆有关的位置关系","key_content":"直线与圆有相离、相切、相交三种位置关系；经过半径外端且垂直于半径的直线是圆的切线（切线判定）；切线垂直于过切点的半径（切线性质）；切线长定理指从圆外一点引两条切线长度相等。","question_types":[{"type":"切线判定"},{"type":"切线性质"},{"type":"切线长定理"}]},{"id":"M09-K04","name":"与圆有关的计算","key_content":"弧长公式 $l=\\dfrac{n\\pi r}{180}$；扇形面积 $S=\\dfrac{n\\pi r^2}{180}=\\dfrac{1}{2}lr$；圆锥侧面积 $S_{\\text{侧}}=\\pi r l$（$r$ 底面半径、$l$ 母线长）。","question_types":[{"type":"弧长与扇形面积"},{"type":"圆锥侧面积"}]}]},{"id":"M10","name":"图形与几何·图形变换与相似","book":"八年级下册 第二十七章 / 九年级下册 第二十七章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"轴对称与中心对称","key_content":"沿某直线对折后能重合的图形是轴对称图形；绕某点旋转 $180^\\circ$ 后能与原图重合的图形是中心对称图形。","question_types":[{"type":"轴对称图形识别"},{"type":"中心对称图形识别"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"旋转与平移","key_content":"图形绕某定点按一定方向转动一定角度的变换叫旋转，旋转前后图形全等；平移是图形沿直线移动且全等。","question_types":[{"type":"旋转作图"},{"type":"旋转性质"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"相似图形","key_content":"形状相同、大小不一定相同的图形相似；相似三角形对应边成比例、对应角相等；判定有 AA、SAS、SSS。","question_types":[{"type":"相似三角形判定"},{"type":"相似三角形性质"}]},{"id":"M10-K04","name":"相似的应用","key_content":"利用相似三角形对应线段成比例，可进行不能直接测量的物体高度、宽度等实际测量。","question_types":[{"type":"利用相似测量"}]}]},{"id":"M11","name":"图形与几何·解直角三角形","book":"九年级下册 第二十八章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M11-K01","name":"锐角三角函数","key_content":"在直角 $\\triangle ABC$ 中，$\\angle C=90^\\circ$，则 $\\sin A=\\dfrac{a}{c},\\ \\cos A=\\dfrac{b}{c},\\ \\tan A=\\dfrac{a}{b}$；特殊角 $30^\\circ,45^\\circ,60^\\circ$ 的三角函数值为固定值。","question_types":[{"type":"锐角三角函数定义"},{"type":"特殊角三角函数"}]},{"id":"M11-K02","name":"解直角三角形","key_content":"由直角三角形已知元素求其余元素叫解直角三角形；实际中常用坡度 $i=\\tan\\alpha$、仰角与俯角进行测量计算。","question_types":[{"type":"解直角三角形"},{"type":"坡度、仰角俯角应用"}]}]},{"id":"M12","name":"统计与概率·统计","book":"七年级下册 第十章 / 八年级下册 第二十章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M12-K01","name":"统计图表","key_content":"常用统计图有条形图（比较数量多少）、折线图（反映变化趋势）、扇形图（显示各部分占比）；扇形圆心角为 $360^\\circ\\times$ 百分比。","question_types":[{"type":"条形统计图"},{"type":"扇形统计图"}]},{"id":"M12-K02","name":"数据的集中趋势","key_content":"平均数 $\\bar{x}=\\dfrac{x_1+\\cdots+x_n}{n}$；中位数是排序后中间位置的数；众数是出现次数最多的数。","question_types":[{"type":"平均数"},{"type":"中位数"},{"type":"众数"}]},{"id":"M12-K03","name":"数据的波动与分布","key_content":"方差 $s^2=\\dfrac{1}{n}\\sum (x_i-\\bar{x})^2$ 反映数据波动，方差越小越稳定；频数分布直方图展示数据分组分布情况。","question_types":[{"type":"方差"},{"type":"频数分布直方图"}]}]},{"id":"M13","name":"统计与概率·概率","book":"九年级上册 第二十五章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M13-K01","name":"随机事件与概率","key_content":"在一定条件下必然发生、必然不发生、可能发生也可能不发生的事件分别叫必然事件、不可能事件、随机事件；事件 $A$ 的概率 $P(A)=\\dfrac{m}{n}$。","question_types":[{"type":"事件类型判断"},{"type":"简单概率计算"}]},{"id":"M13-K02","name":"频率与列举法","key_content":"大量重复试验中频率稳定于概率，可用频率估计概率；求较复杂事件概率可用列表法或树状图列举所有可能。","question_types":[{"type":"列举法求概率"}]},{"id":"M13-K03","name":"概率综合","key_content":"几何概型中概率等于目标区域面积与总区域面积之比；通过概率可判断游戏规则是否公平（双方获胜概率相等则公平）。","question_types":[{"type":"几何概率"},{"type":"游戏公平性"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"判断一个数是否为有理数","content":"下列各数中，哪些是有理数：$-2,\\ \\dfrac{1}{3},\\ \\sqrt{2},\\ 0,\\ \\pi$。","solution_method":"有理数是整数与分数的统称；$\\sqrt{2}$、$\\pi$ 为无限不循环小数，属于无理数；答案为 $-2,\\ \\dfrac{1}{3},\\ 0$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"利用数轴表示有理数","content":"在数轴上表示出 $-1.5,\\ 0,\\ 2,\\ -\\dfrac{1}{2}$ 这四个数，并用“$<$”连接。","solution_method":"先确定原点与单位长度，分别标出各点；由实际大小比较得 $-1.5<-\\dfrac{1}{2}<0<2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"利用数轴比较有理数大小","content":"已知 $a$、$b$ 在数轴上的位置满足 $a<0<b$ 且 $|a|>|b|$，比较 $a$、$-a$、$b$ 的大小。","solution_method":"由 $|a|>|b|$ 且 $a<0$ 得 $-a>b>0$，又 $a<0$，故 $a<b<-a$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"求一个数的绝对值","content":"计算 $|-7|$、$|0|$、$\\left|\\dfrac{-3}{4}\\right|$ 的值。","solution_method":"绝对值等于数轴上对应点到原点的距离：$|-7|=7$，$|0|=0$，$\\left|\\dfrac{-3}{4}\\right|=\\dfrac{3}{4}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"利用绝对值非负性求值","content":"若 $|x-2|+|y+3|=0$，求 $x+y$ 的值。","solution_method":"由绝对值非负性，两个非负数之和为 $0$ 则各自为 $0$，故 $x-2=0$ 且 $y+3=0$，得 $x=2,\\ y=-3$，所以 $x+y=-1$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"有理数加法运算","content":"计算 $(-12)+(+7)$ 与 $(-3)+(-5)$。","solution_method":"$(-12)+(+7)=-(12-7)=-5$；$(-3)+(-5)=-(3+5)=-8$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"有理数减法运算","content":"计算 $5-(-8)$ 与 $(-4)-(-9)$。","solution_method":"$5-(-8)=5+8=13$；$(-4)-(-9)=-4+9=5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K06-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K06","question_type":"有理数乘法运算","content":"计算 $(-3)\\times(-4)\\times(-2)$ 与 $6\\times\\left(-\\dfrac{1}{2}\\right)$。","solution_method":"$(-3)\\times(-4)\\times(-2)=12\\times(-2)=-24$；$6\\times\\left(-\\dfrac{1}{2}\\right)=-3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K07-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K07","question_type":"有理数除法运算","content":"计算 $(-18)\\div(-3)$ 与 $0\\div(-5)$。","solution_method":"$(-18)\\div(-3)=6$；$0\\div(-5)=0$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K08-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K08","question_type":"有理数乘方运算","content":"计算 $(-2)^3$、$(-2)^4$、$-2^2$。","solution_method":"$(-2)^3=-8$；$(-2)^4=16$；$-2^2=-4$（注意底数仅为 $2$）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K09-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K09","question_type":"用科学记数法表示数","content":"用科学记数法表示 $384000000$ 与 $-0.000052$。","solution_method":"$384000000=3.84\\times 10^8$；$-0.000052=-5.2\\times 10^{-5}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K10-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K10","question_type":"有理数混合运算","content":"计算 $-1^4+\\left(\\dfrac{1}{2}-\\dfrac{2}{3}\\right)\\div\\dfrac{1}{6}-|-3|$。","solution_method":"原式 $=-1+\\left(-\\dfrac{1}{6}\\right)\\times 6-3=-1-1-3=-5$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"求一个数的平方根","content":"求 $16$ 的平方根与 $0.04$ 的平方根。","solution_method":"$\\pm\\sqrt{16}=\\pm 4$；$\\pm\\sqrt{0.04}=\\pm 0.2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"求一个数的算术平方根","content":"求 $\\sqrt{81}$ 与 $\\sqrt{\\dfrac{9}{25}}$ 的值。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{81}=9$；$\\sqrt{\\dfrac{9}{25}}=\\dfrac{3}{5}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"求一个数的立方根","content":"求 $\\sqrt[3]{-8}$ 与 $\\sqrt[3]{0.027}$ 的值。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt[3]{-8}=-2$；$\\sqrt[3]{0.027}=0.3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"判断无理数","content":"在 $\\sqrt{4}$、$0.1010010001\\cdots$、$-\\dfrac{2}{3}$、$\\pi$ 中，哪些是无理数？","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{4}=2$ 为有理数，$-\\dfrac{2}{3}$ 为有理数；无限不循环小数 $0.1010010001\\cdots$ 与 $\\pi$ 是无理数。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"实数大小比较","content":"比较 $\\sqrt{3}$ 与 $1.7$ 的大小。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{3}\\approx 1.732>1.7$，故 $\\sqrt{3}>1.7$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"实数混合运算","content":"计算 $\\sqrt{12}-\\sqrt{3}+\\sqrt[3]{8}$。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{12}=2\\sqrt{3}$，原式 $=2\\sqrt{3}-\\sqrt{3}+2=\\sqrt{3}+2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K05-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K05","question_type":"估算无理数的范围","content":"估计 $\\sqrt{20}$ 介于哪两个连续整数之间，并求其整数部分。","solution_method":"因为 $16<20<25$，故 $4<\\sqrt{20}<5$，整数部分为 $4$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"列代数式","content":"比 $a$ 的 $3$ 倍小 $5$ 的数用代数式如何表示？","solution_method":"先表示 $a$ 的 $3$ 倍为 $3a$，再小 $5$ 得 $3a-5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"代数式求值","content":"当 $x=2,\\ y=-1$ 时，求 $2x^2-3y+1$ 的值。","solution_method":"代入得 $2\\times 2^2-3\\times(-1)+1=8+3+1=12$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"合并同类项","content":"合并 $3a^2b-2ab^2+5a^2b-ab^2$。","solution_method":"$(3+5)a^2b+(-2-1)ab^2=8a^2b-3ab^2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"去括号化简","content":"化简 $2(x-3y)-(4x+y)$。","solution_method":"$=2x-6y-4x-y=-2x-7y$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"幂的运算","content":"计算 $a^3\\cdot a^4$、$(a^2)^5$、$(2x)^3$。","solution_method":"$a^3\\cdot a^4=a^7$；$(a^2)^5=a^{10}$；$(2x)^3=8x^3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"平方差公式应用","content":"计算 $103\\times 97$。","solution_method":"写成 $(100+3)(100-3)=100^2-3^2=10000-9=9991$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"提公因式法因式分解","content":"分解因式 $6xy-9x^2y$。","solution_method":"公因式为 $3xy$，得 $3xy(2-3x)$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"公式法因式分解","content":"分解因式 $x^2-9$ 与 $x^2+4x+4$。","solution_method":"$x^2-9=(x+3)(x-3)$；$x^2+4x+4=(x+2)^2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K06-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K06","question_type":"分式有意义的条件","content":"当 $x$ 取何值时，分式 $\\dfrac{x+1}{x-2}$ 有意义？","solution_method":"分母不为 $0$，即 $x-2\\ne 0$，得 $x\\ne 2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K06-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K06","question_type":"分式化简求值","content":"先化简 $\\dfrac{x^2-1}{x}\\div\\dfrac{x+1}{x}$，再代入 $x=3$ 求值。","solution_method":"原式 $=\\dfrac{(x-1)(x+1)}{x}\\cdot\\dfrac{x}{x+1}=x-1$；当 $x=3$ 时值为 $2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K07-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K07","question_type":"二次根式的性质","content":"化简 $\\sqrt{(-5)^2}$ 与 $(\\sqrt{7})^2$。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{(-5)^2}=|-5|=5$；$(\\sqrt{7})^2=7$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K07-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K07","question_type":"二次根式的乘除","content":"计算 $\\sqrt{8}\\times\\sqrt{2}$ 与 $\\dfrac{\\sqrt{18}}{\\sqrt{2}}$。","solution_method":"$\\sqrt{8}\\times\\sqrt{2}=\\sqrt{16}=4$；$\\dfrac{\\sqrt{18}}{\\sqrt{2}}=\\sqrt{9}=3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"解一元一次方程","content":"解方程 $3x-7=2x+5$。","solution_method":"移项得 $3x-2x=5+7$，合并得 $x=12$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"一元一次方程应用","content":"某数加上 $5$ 等于它的 $3$ 倍减去 $1$，求这个数。","solution_method":"设这个数为 $x$，列方程 $x+5=3x-1$，解得 $2x=6$，$x=3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"解二元一次方程组","content":"解方程组：$x+y=5$ 且 $x-y=1$。","solution_method":"两式相加得 $2x=6$，即 $x=3$；代入 $x+y=5$ 得 $y=2$，故解为 $x=3,\\ y=2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"二元一次方程组应用","content":"买 $3$ 支笔和 $2$ 个本共 $19$ 元，买 $2$ 支笔和 $3$ 个本共 $21$ 元，求笔和本的单价。","solution_method":"设笔 $x$ 元、本 $y$ 元，得 $3x+2y=19$ 与 $2x+3y=21$，解得 $x=3,\\ y=5$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"解一元一次不等式","content":"解不等式 $2x-3<5x+6$。","solution_method":"移项合并得 $-3x<9$，两边除以 $-3$ 变号得 $x>-3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"不等式解集的数轴表示","content":"将不等式 $x\\ge 2$ 的解集在数轴上表示出来。","solution_method":"在数轴上 $2$ 处画实心圆点并向右延伸，表示所有不小于 $2$ 的实数。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"解一元一次不等式组","content":"解不等式组：$2x-1>3$ 且 $x+2\\le 5$。","solution_method":"由 $2x-1>3$ 得 $x>2$；由 $x+2\\le 5$ 得 $x\\le 3$；公共部分为 $2<x\\le 3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"一元二次方程的解法","content":"解方程 $x^2-5x+6=0$。","solution_method":"因式分解得 $(x-2)(x-3)=0$，故 $x=2$ 或 $x=3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"一元二次方程根的判别式","content":"不解方程，判断 $2x^2-3x+4=0$ 的根的情况。","solution_method":"$\\Delta=b^2-4ac=(-3)^2-4\\times 2\\times 4=9-32=-23<0$，故方程无实数根。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-3","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"一元二次方程根与系数关系","content":"若方程 $x^2-4x+1=0$ 的两根为 $x_1,x_2$，求 $x_1+x_2$ 与 $x_1x_2$。","solution_method":"由韦达定理，$x_1+x_2=-\\dfrac{b}{a}=4$，$x_1x_2=\\dfrac{c}{a}=1$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-4","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"一元二次方程应用","content":"矩形场地长比宽多 $2$ m，面积为 $24$ m²，求宽。","solution_method":"设宽为 $x$ m，则长为 $x+2$，列方程 $x(x+2)=24$，即 $x^2+2x-24=0$，解得 $x=4$（舍去负值）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"解分式方程","content":"解方程 $\\dfrac{2}{x}=\\dfrac{3}{x+1}$。","solution_method":"两边同乘 $x(x+1)$ 得 $2(x+1)=3x$，解得 $x=2$；经检验 $x=2$ 不为增根，是原方程解。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"分式方程应用","content":"甲比乙每小时多加工 $5$ 个零件，甲做 $60$ 个与乙做 $40$ 个所用时间相同，求甲的速度。","solution_method":"设甲每小时做 $x$ 个，则乙做 $x-5$ 个；由 $\\dfrac{60}{x}=\\dfrac{40}{x-5}$ 解得 $x=15$，经检验成立，甲速度为 $15$ 个/时。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"点的坐标特征","content":"点 $P(-3,2)$ 在第几象限？点 $Q(4,-5)$ 呢？","solution_method":"$P(-3,2)$ 横坐标为负、纵坐标为正，在第二象限；$Q(4,-5)$ 横坐标为正、纵坐标为负，在第四象限。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"坐标系内的对称","content":"点 $A(2,-3)$ 关于 $x$ 轴、$y$ 轴、原点对称的点的坐标分别是什么？","solution_method":"关于 $x$ 轴对称为 $(2,3)$，关于 $y$ 轴对称为 $(-2,-3)$，关于原点对称为 $(-2,3)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"函数自变量取值范围","content":"求函数 $y=\\dfrac{\\sqrt{x-1}}{x-2}$ 的自变量 $x$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"需满足 $x-1\\ge 0$ 且 $x-2\\ne 0$，即 $x\\ge 1$ 且 $x\\ne 2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"求函数值","content":"已知 $y=2x-1$，当 $x=5$ 时的函数值是多少？","solution_method":"代入 $x=5$ 得 $y=2\\times 5-1=9$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"一次函数图象与性质","content":"一次函数 $y=-2x+3$ 的图象经过哪些象限？$y$ 随 $x$ 如何变化？","solution_method":"$k=-2<0$ 且 $b=3>0$，图象过一、二、四象限；$y$ 随 $x$ 增大而减小。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"待定系数法求解析式","content":"已知一次函数的图象过点 $(1,2)$ 与 $(3,6)$，求其解析式。","solution_method":"设 $y=kx+b$，代入两点得 $k+b=2$ 与 $3k+b=6$，相减得 $2k=4$ 故 $k=2$，代入得 $b=0$，解析式为 $y=2x$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"一次函数应用","content":"出租车起步价 $8$ 元（$3$ km 内），超出后每千米 $2$ 元，写出费用 $y$ 与里程 $x\\ (x>3)$ 的函数关系并求 $10$ km 费用。","solution_method":"$y=8+2(x-3)=2x+2$；当 $x=10$ 时 $y=22$ 元。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"反比例函数图象与性质","content":"反比例函数 $y=-\\dfrac{4}{x}$ 的图象分布在哪些象限？$y$ 随 $x$ 如何变化？","solution_method":"$k=-4<0$，图象在二、四象限；在每个象限内 $y$ 随 $x$ 增大而增大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"反比例函数系数 $k$ 的几何意义","content":"若反比例函数 $y=\\dfrac{k}{x}$ 图象上一点 $P$ 向坐标轴作垂线形成矩形，其面积为 $6$，求 $k$。","solution_method":"由 $k$ 的几何意义，矩形面积等于 $|k|$，故 $|k|=6$；若图象在一、三象限则 $k=6$，在二、四象限则 $k=-6$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"反比例函数应用","content":"某矩形面积为 $24$，长 $y$ 与宽 $x$ 成反比例，写出函数关系并求 $x=4$ 时的 $y$。","solution_method":"$xy=24$ 即 $y=\\dfrac{24}{x}$；当 $x=4$ 时 $y=6$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"二次函数图象与性质","content":"求抛物线 $y=x^2-2x-3$ 的对称轴、顶点坐标及开口方向。","solution_method":"配方得 $y=(x-1)^2-4$，对称轴 $x=1$，顶点 $(1,-4)$，$a=1>0$ 开口向上。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"求二次函数解析式","content":"已知抛物线过 $(0,1)$、$(1,0)$、$(2,1)$ 三点，求解析式。","solution_method":"设 $y=ax^2+bx+c$，代入得 $c=1$、$a+b+1=0$、$4a+2b+1=1$，解得 $a=1,b=-2,c=1$，故 $y=x^2-2x+1$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"二次函数最值应用","content":"用 $20$ m 篱笆围矩形菜地（一边靠墙），怎样围面积最大？最大多少？","solution_method":"设宽为 $x$，长为 $20-2x$，面积 $S=x(20-2x)=-2x^2+20x$，当 $x=5$ 时最大，$S_{\\max}=50$ m²。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"对顶角与邻补角","content":"直线 $AB$、$CD$ 相交于点 $O$，若 $\\angle AOC=40^\\circ$，求 $\\angle BOD$ 与 $\\angle AOD$。","solution_method":"对顶角 $\\angle BOD=\\angle AOC=40^\\circ$；邻补角 $\\angle AOD=180^\\circ-40^\\circ=140^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"垂线性质","content":"从直线 $l$ 外一点 $P$ 向 $l$ 作垂线，垂足为 $H$，比较 $PH$ 与其它斜线段的长短。","solution_method":"由垂线段最短，$PH$ 是点 $P$ 到直线 $l$ 的最短距离，小于任一条斜线段。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"平行线判定","content":"如图，若 $\\angle 1=\\angle 2$（同位角），能判定哪两条直线平行？","solution_method":"同位角相等，两直线平行，故可判定被这两条截线所截的两条直线平行。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"平行线性质","content":"已知 $a\\parallel b$，直线 $c$ 截之，$\\angle 1=110^\\circ$（同位角），求另一直线上的同位角。","solution_method":"两直线平行，同位角相等，故对应的同位角也为 $110^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"命题真假判断","content":"判断命题“相等的角是对顶角”的真假，并说明原因。","solution_method":"假命题；例如两直线平行时的同位角相等，但它们不是对顶角。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"平移作图","content":"将线段 $AB$ 向右平移 $3$ 个单位，说明作图要点。","solution_method":"分别将点 $A,B$ 向右平移 $3$ 个单位得 $A',B'$，连接 $A'B'$ 即得平移后的线段。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"三角形三边关系","content":"下列长度能否组成三角形：$3,4,8$ 与 $5,6,7$。","solution_method":"$3+4<8$ 不能组成；$5+6>7$ 且两边之差小于第三边，能组成。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"三角形内角和","content":"在 $\\triangle ABC$ 中，$\\angle A=50^\\circ,\\ \\angle B=60^\\circ$，求 $\\angle C$。","solution_method":"$\\angle C=180^\\circ-\\angle A-\\angle B=180^\\circ-50^\\circ-60^\\circ=70^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"全等三角形判定","content":"已知 $\\triangle ABC$ 与 $\\triangle DEF$ 中 $AB=DE,\\ BC=EF,\\ AC=DF$，能否判定全等？","solution_method":"三边对应相等，根据 SSS 可判定 $\\triangle ABC\\cong\\triangle DEF$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"全等三角形性质应用","content":"若 $\\triangle ABC\\cong\\triangle DEF$，且 $\\angle A=40^\\circ,\\ AB=5$，求 $\\angle D$ 与 $DE$。","solution_method":"全等三角形对应角相等、对应边相等，故 $\\angle D=\\angle A=40^\\circ$，$DE=AB=5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"等腰三角形性质","content":"等腰三角形顶角 $80^\\circ$，求底角度数。","solution_method":"底角相等，每个底角 $=(180^\\circ-80^\\circ)\\div 2=50^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"勾股定理","content":"直角三角形两直角边为 $3$ 和 $4$，求斜边。","solution_method":"由 $c^2=3^2+4^2=25$ 得斜边 $c=5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"勾股定理逆定理","content":"三角形三边为 $6,8,10$，判断是否为直角三角形。","solution_method":"$6^2+8^2=36+64=100=10^2$，满足逆定理，是直角三角形。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"平行四边形性质","content":"平行四边形 $ABCD$ 中，$AB=6,\\ \\angle A=50^\\circ$，求其对边与对角。","solution_method":"对边相等故 $CD=AB=6$；对角相等且邻角互补，$\\angle C=50^\\circ,\\ \\angle B=\\angle D=130^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"平行四边形判定","content":"四边形 $ABCD$ 中 $AB\\parallel CD$ 且 $AB=CD$，能否判定为平行四边形？","solution_method":"一组对边平行且相等的四边形是平行四边形，故可判定。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"矩形性质","content":"矩形对角线长为 $10$，求其一半及相邻两边关系。","solution_method":"矩形对角线相等且互相平分，半对角线长为 $5$；相邻两边与对角线构成直角三角形。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"矩形判定","content":"平行四边形 $ABCD$ 的对角线 $AC=BD$，能否判定为矩形？","solution_method":"对角线相等的平行四边形是矩形，故可判定。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"菱形性质","content":"菱形边长为 $5$，一条对角线为 $8$，求另一条对角线的一半。","solution_method":"菱形对角线互相垂直平分，半条对角线与边构成直角三角形：$(\\dfrac{8}{2})^2+(\\dfrac{n}{2})^2=5^2$，得 $\\dfrac{n}{2}=3$，即另一对角线一半为 $3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"菱形面积","content":"菱形两对角线分别为 $6$ 和 $8$，求面积。","solution_method":"$S=\\dfrac{1}{2}\\times 6\\times 8=24$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"正方形性质与判定","content":"四边形既是矩形又是菱形，说明它是什么图形及其对角线特征。","solution_method":"既是矩形又是菱形的四边形是正方形；其对角线相等、互相垂直平分且平分内角。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K05-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K05","question_type":"梯形中位线","content":"梯形两底分别为 $4$ 和 $10$，求中位线长。","solution_method":"中位线 $=\\dfrac{4+10}{2}=7$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K05-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K05","question_type":"等腰梯形性质","content":"等腰梯形同一底上的两个底角有什么关系？","solution_method":"等腰梯形同一底上的两个底角相等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"圆的对称性","content":"已知 $\\odot O$ 中弦 $AB$ 与 $CD$ 相等，对应的圆心角有何关系？","solution_method":"在同圆中，等弦对等圆心角，故 $\\angle AOB=\\angle COD$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"垂径定理应用","content":"$\\odot O$ 半径为 $5$，弦 $AB$ 长为 $8$，求圆心到弦 $AB$ 的距离。","solution_method":"由垂径定理，半弦为 $4$，半径、半弦与弦心距构成直角三角形，弦心距 $=\\sqrt{5^2-4^2}=3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"切线判定","content":"直线 $l$ 过半径 $OA$ 的外端点 $A$ 且 $l\\perp OA$，说明 $l$ 与 $\\odot O$ 的位置关系。","solution_method":"经过半径外端且垂直于半径的直线是圆的切线，故 $l$ 是 $\\odot O$ 的切线。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"切线性质","content":"直线 $l$ 切 $\\odot O$ 于 $A$，连接圆心 $O$ 与 $A$，说明 $OA$ 与 $l$ 的关系。","solution_method":"圆的切线垂直于过切点的半径，故 $OA\\perp l$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-3","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"切线长定理","content":"从圆外一点 $P$ 引 $\\odot O$ 的两条切线 $PA,PB$，说明 $PA$ 与 $PB$ 的关系。","solution_method":"切线长定理：从圆外一点引的两条切线长相等，故 $PA=PB$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"弧长与扇形面积","content":"半径为 $6$、圆心角为 $60^\\circ$ 的扇形，求弧长与面积。","solution_method":"弧长 $l=\\dfrac{60\\pi\\times 6}{180}=2\\pi$；面积 $S=\\dfrac{60\\pi\\times 6^2}{360}=6\\pi$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"圆锥侧面积","content":"圆锥底面半径 $3$，母线长 $5$，求侧面积。","solution_method":"$S_{\\text{侧}}=\\pi r l=\\pi\\times 3\\times 5=15\\pi$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"轴对称图形识别","content":"下列图形中哪些是轴对称图形：线段、平行四边形、圆、等腰三角形？","solution_method":"线段、圆、等腰三角形是轴对称图形；一般平行四边形不是轴对称图形。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"中心对称图形识别","content":"下列图形中哪些是中心对称图形：平行四边形、等边三角形、圆？","solution_method":"平行四边形与圆是中心对称图形；等边三角形不是中心对称图形。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"旋转作图","content":"将 $\\triangle ABC$ 绕点 $O$ 顺时针旋转 $90^\\circ$，说明作图步骤。","solution_method":"分别将点 $A,B,C$ 绕 $O$ 顺时针转 $90^\\circ$ 得对应点，再顺次连接即得旋转后的三角形。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"旋转性质","content":"图形旋转后，对应点到旋转中心的距离及对应角如何变化？","solution_method":"旋转前后图形全等，对应点到旋转中心的距离相等，对应角相等，仅位置改变。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"相似三角形判定","content":"$\\triangle ABC$ 与 $\\triangle DEF$ 中 $\\angle A=\\angle D,\\ \\angle B=\\angle E$，能否判定相似？","solution_method":"两角对应相等的两个三角形相似（AA），故可判定 $\\triangle ABC\\sim\\triangle DEF$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"相似三角形性质","content":"若 $\\triangle ABC\\sim\\triangle DEF$ 且相似比为 $2:3$，求面积比。","solution_method":"相似三角形面积比等于相似比的平方，故面积比为 $4:9$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K04-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K04","question_type":"利用相似测量","content":"身高 $1.6$ m 的人影长 $2$ m，同时一棵树影长 $10$ m，求树高。","solution_method":"同一时刻物高与影长成比例：$\\dfrac{h}{10}=\\dfrac{1.6}{2}$，得 $h=8$ m。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"锐角三角函数定义","content":"直角 $\\triangle ABC$ 中 $\\angle C=90^\\circ$，$a=3,\\ c=5$，求 $\\sin A$ 与 $\\cos A$。","solution_method":"$\\sin A=\\dfrac{a}{c}=\\dfrac{3}{5}$；先求 $b=\\sqrt{5^2-3^2}=4$，故 $\\cos A=\\dfrac{b}{c}=\\dfrac{4}{5}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"特殊角三角函数","content":"求 $\\sin 30^\\circ,\\ \\cos 45^\\circ,\\ \\tan 60^\\circ$ 的值。","solution_method":"$\\sin 30^\\circ=\\dfrac{1}{2}$，$\\cos 45^\\circ=\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}$，$\\tan 60^\\circ=\\sqrt{3}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"解直角三角形","content":"直角 $\\triangle ABC$ 中 $\\angle C=90^\\circ,\\ \\angle A=30^\\circ,\\ c=10$，求 $a,b$ 与 $\\angle B$。","solution_method":"$\\angle B=60^\\circ$；$a=c\\sin A=10\\times\\dfrac{1}{2}=5$；$b=c\\cos A=10\\times\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}=5\\sqrt{3}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"坡度、仰角俯角应用","content":"坡度为 $1:\\sqrt{3}$ 的斜坡，求坡角大小。","solution_method":"坡度 $i=\\tan\\alpha=\\dfrac{1}{\\sqrt{3}}$，故坡角 $\\alpha=30^\\circ$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"条形统计图","content":"条形统计图中如何比较两组数据的多少？","solution_method":"直接比较对应条形的高度，条形越高表示数量越大。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"扇形统计图","content":"某部分占总体的 $25\\%$，在扇形统计图中对应圆心角是多少？","solution_method":"圆心角 $=360^\\circ\\times 25\\%=90^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"平均数","content":"数据 $2,4,6,8$ 的平均数是多少？","solution_method":"$\\bar{x}=\\dfrac{2+4+6+8}{4}=5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"中位数","content":"求数据 $3,1,4,1,5,9,2$ 的中位数。","solution_method":"排序为 $1,1,2,3,4,5,9$，共 $7$ 个数，中位数为第 $4$ 个即 $3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-3","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"众数","content":"数据 $2,3,3,5,3,4$ 的众数是多少？","solution_method":"$3$ 出现次数最多（共 $3$ 次），众数为 $3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"方差","content":"两组数据 $A:5,5,5$ 与 $B:4,5,6$，比较哪组更稳定。","solution_method":"$A$ 的方差为 $0$，$B$ 的方差为 $\\dfrac{(4-5)^2+(5-5)^2+(6-5)^2}{3}=\\dfrac{2}{3}$；方差越小越稳定，故 $A$ 更稳定。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"频数分布直方图","content":"频数分布直方图各小长方形面积之和表示什么？","solution_method":"各小长方形面积（或高度，等距分组时为频数）之和等于数据总个数。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"事件类型判断","content":"下列事件中哪个是必然事件：“太阳从东方升起”“掷骰子得 $7$ 点”“明天会下雨”？","solution_method":"“太阳从东方升起”是必然事件；“掷骰子得 $7$ 点”是不可能事件；“明天会下雨”是随机事件。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"简单概率计算","content":"袋中有 $3$ 红 $2$ 白共 $5$ 球，随机摸一球为红球的概率是多少？","solution_method":"$P(\\text{红})=\\dfrac{3}{5}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"列举法求概率","content":"同时掷两枚均匀骰子，求点数和为 $7$ 的概率。","solution_method":"共有 $36$ 种等可能结果，点数和为 $7$ 的有 $6$ 种，故 $P=\\dfrac{6}{36}=\\dfrac{1}{6}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K03-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K03","question_type":"几何概率","content":"在边长 $2$ 的正方形内随机取一点，落在内切圆内的概率是多少（取 $\\pi$）？","solution_method":"正方形面积 $4$，内切圆面积 $\\pi$，概率 $=\\dfrac{\\pi}{4}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M13-K03-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K03","question_type":"游戏公平性","content":"转盘被等分为红、蓝两区，甲胜当指针红、乙胜当蓝，判断游戏是否公平。","solution_method":"两区面积相等，双方获胜概率均为 $\\dfrac{1}{2}$，概率相等，游戏公平。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中英语","metadata":{"subject":"初中英语","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"语音","book":"七年级上册 语音入门","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"元音与辅音发音","key_content":"英语共有 20 个元音音素与 28 个辅音音素；元音字母 a/e/i/o/u 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leaf→leaves）。","question_types":[{"type":"可数不可数判断"},{"type":"复数变化"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"冠词用法","key_content":"a/an 表泛指（an 用于元音音素前），the 表特指，三餐、学科、球类等用零冠词。","question_types":[{"type":"不定冠词选择"},{"type":"定冠词选择"},{"type":"零冠词判断"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"语法·代词与数词","book":"七年级 代词与数词","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"人称代词与物主代词","key_content":"人称代词分主格（作主语）与宾格（作宾语）；物主代词分形容词性（后接名词）与名词性（独立使用）。","question_types":[{"type":"主宾格选择"},{"type":"物主代词选择"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"不定代词","key_content":"some 用于肯定句与委婉疑问，any 用于否定与疑问；both/either/neither 分别表两者都/任一/都不。","question_types":[{"type":"some与any辨析"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"数词","key_content":"基数词表数量，序数词表顺序（first, second）；分数分子用基数、分母用序数，分子大于 1 时分母加 s。","question_types":[{"type":"基数序数转换"},{"type":"分数表达"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"语法·形容词与副词","book":"七~八年级 形容词副词","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"形容词副词比较等级","key_content":"原级 as+adj/adv+as；比较级 +than；最高级 the+最高级（三者及以上），修饰用 much/far 等。","question_types":[{"type":"原级比较"},{"type":"比较级选择"},{"type":"最高级选择"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"形容词副词辨析","key_content":"-ing 形容词修饰事物（interesting），-ed 形容词修饰人（interested）；修饰动词用副词。","question_types":[{"type":"ed与ing形容词辨析"},{"type":"形副误用改正"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"语法·时态","book":"七~九年级 动词时态","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"一般现在时","key_content":"表习惯、真理；主语第三人称单数谓语加 -s/-es；常与 always/usually/often 等频率副词连用。","question_types":[{"type":"第三人称单数"},{"type":"频率副词搭配"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"现在进行时","key_content":"结构 am/is/are + 现在分词（v-ing）；表此刻或现阶段正在发生的动作，常与 now/look 连用。","question_types":[{"type":"进行时结构"},{"type":"现在分词变化"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"一般过去时","key_content":"表过去动作；规则动词加 -ed（stop→stopped），不规则需单独记忆（go→went, see→saw）。","question_types":[{"type":"规则动词过去式"},{"type":"不规则动词过去式"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"一般将来时","key_content":"will + 动词原形表意愿/预测；be going to + 动词原形表计划或有迹象的预测。","question_types":[{"type":"will与be going to辨析"}]},{"id":"M06-K05","name":"现在完成时","key_content":"结构 have/has + 过去分词；since 接时间点、for 接时间段，强调过去动作对现在的影响或持续。","question_types":[{"type":"现在完成时结构"},{"type":"含since与for用法"}]},{"id":"M06-K06","name":"时态综合辨析","key_content":"依据时间状语与语境区分时态：usually/now/yesterday/already/twice 等是关键信号词。","question_types":[{"type":"一般现在与现在进行辨析"},{"type":"过去与现在完成辨析"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"语法·语态","book":"八年级 被动语态","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"被动语态构成","key_content":"结构：be + 过去分词（+by 短语）；时态由 be 动词体现，如一般现在 is done、一般过去 was done。","question_types":[{"type":"被动语态转换"},{"type":"时态被动结构"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"被动语态应用","key_content":"含情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + 过去分词；sell/write 等词可用主动形式表被动意义。","question_types":[{"type":"含情态动词被动"},{"type":"主动表被动"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"语法·从句","book":"八~九年级 三大从句","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"宾语从句","key_content":"作宾语的从句用陈述语序；引导词 that/what/whether 等；主现从任、主过从过。","question_types":[{"type":"引导词选择"},{"type":"语序与时态一致"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"定语从句","key_content":"修饰名词的从句；先行词指人用 who/whom/that，指物用 which/that，表地点/时间/原因用 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阅读技能","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"细节理解","key_content":"在文中定位具体信息，可直接查找事实，或依据数字进行简单计算。","question_types":[{"type":"事实细节查找"},{"type":"数字计算"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"推理判断","key_content":"依据字里行间推断作者态度或隐含意义，区分字面义与习语义。","question_types":[{"type":"推理作者态度"},{"type":"推断隐含意义"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"主旨大意","key_content":"概括段落或全文中心，选择最能涵盖主题的标题。","question_types":[{"type":"标题选择"},{"type":"段落主旨"}]}]},{"id":"M11","name":"完形填空","book":"七~九年级 完形技能","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M11-K01","name":"词汇辨析完形","key_content":"依据词性、近义差异及上下文复现线索选择词汇。","question_types":[{"type":"近义词完形"},{"type":"上下文词汇复现"}]},{"id":"M11-K02","name":"逻辑完形","key_content":"依据因果、转折、并列等逻辑关系选择连词，或推理事件结果。","question_types":[{"type":"逻辑连词选择"},{"type":"逻辑推理"}]}]},{"id":"M12","name":"书面表达","book":"七~九年级 写作技能","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M12-K01","name":"应用文写作","key_content":"书信含称呼、正文、结尾敬语与署名；通知含时间、地点、事项、落款四要素。","question_types":[{"type":"书信格式"},{"type":"通知写作"}]},{"id":"M12-K02","name":"提纲构思","key_content":"采用三段式（引入—展开—总结），逐一覆盖题目提示要点，避免遗漏。","question_types":[{"type":"三段式结构"},{"type":"要点覆盖"}]},{"id":"M12-K03","name":"语言提升","key_content":"运用强调句、从句等高级句型，借助连接词使行文连贯、层次分明。","question_types":[{"type":"高级句型运用"},{"type":"连接词使用"}]}]},{"id":"M13","name":"听力与情景交际","book":"七~九年级 听说技能","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M13-K01","name":"听力理解","key_content":"听前预测，听中捕捉关键数字、时间、地点等具体信息。","question_types":[{"type":"关键信息捕捉"}]},{"id":"M13-K02","name":"情景交际","key_content":"掌握日常交际应答（感谢、道歉）及委婉请求与建议表达（Would you mind...?）。","question_types":[{"type":"日常交际应答"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"音标辨音","content":"选出单词 cat 中字母 a 的正确发音：A. /eɪ/  B. /æ/  C. /ɑː/","solution_method":"cat 中 a 发短元音 /æ/，故选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"元音字母发音规则","content":"找出下列单词中元音字母 e 发音不同的词：he, she, bed, me。","solution_method":"he/she/me 中 e 发 /iː/，bed 中 e 发 /e/，故不同者为 bed。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"单词重音判断","content":"判断单词 photo 的重音位置：A. 第一音节  B. 第二音节。","solution_method":"pho·to 重音在第一个音节，选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"句子语调判断","content":"判断一般疑问句 'Are you a student?' 的句末语调：升调还是降调？","solution_method":"一般疑问句句末用升调，故为升调。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"前缀后缀辨析","content":"给出 happy 加前缀 un- 后的词及含义。","solution_method":"un- 表否定，unhappy 意为'不高兴的'，仍为形容词。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"同根词转换","content":"将名词 care 依次转换为形容词与副词。","solution_method":"加 -ful 成形容词 careful（小心的），再加 -ly 成副词 carefully（小心地）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"同义词替换","content":"选出与 big 同义的词：A. large  B. small  C. little。","solution_method":"big 与 large 均表'大的'，属同义词，选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"动词短语辨析","content":"选择正确短语：Please ___ your coat（穿上）。A. put on  B. take off  C. put off","solution_method":"put on 意为'穿上'，符合语境，选 A。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"介词搭配选择","content":"填空：He is good ___ math. (at/in/for)","solution_method":"be good at 为固定搭配，意为'擅长'，填 at。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"可数不可数判断","content":"判断 water, book, information 中哪些是不可数名词。","solution_method":"water 与 information 不可数，book 可数。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"复数变化","content":"写出 child, box, leaf 的复数形式。","solution_method":"child→children, box→boxes, leaf→leaves（变 f 为 v 加 es）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"不定冠词选择","content":"填空：She is ___ honest girl. (a/an)","solution_method":"honest 以元音音素 /ɒ/ 开头，用 an。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"定冠词选择","content":"填空：___ sun rises in the east. (The/A/不填)","solution_method":"特指独一无二的事物用 the，填 The。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"零冠词判断","content":"判断：go to school 表'上学'时 school 前是否用冠词。","solution_method":"go to school 为固定用法，零冠词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"主宾格选择","content":"填空：___ (He/Him) helps ___ (I/me) every day.","solution_method":"作主语用主格 He，作宾语用宾格 me。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"物主代词选择","content":"填空：This is ___ (my/mine) book. That book is ___. (your/yours)","solution_method":"后接名词用形容词性物主代词 my；独立使用用名词性物主代词 yours。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"some与any辨析","content":"填空：Would you like ___ (some/any) coffee?","solution_method":"表委婉邀请的疑问句用 some，填 some。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"基数序数转换","content":"写出：three → 序数词；twelfth → 基数词。","solution_method":"three 序数词 third；twelfth 基数词 twelve。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"分数表达","content":"表达'三分之二'：___ of the students are girls.","solution_method":"分数分子基数分母序数，two thirds（三分之二）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"原级比较","content":"完成：Tom is ___ (as tall as/taller than) his brother.","solution_method":"as+原级+as 表'和…一样'，填 as tall as。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"比较级选择","content":"填空：This box is ___ (heavy/heavier) than that one.","solution_method":"than 提示用比较级 heavier。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"最高级选择","content":"填空：He is ___ (tall/tallest) boy in our class.","solution_method":"三者及以上用最高级 the tallest。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"ed与ing形容词辨析","content":"填空：The story is ___ (interested/interesting).","solution_method":"-ing 形容事物'令人…的'，填 interesting（令人感兴趣的）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"形副误用改正","content":"改错：He runs quick. → He runs ___ (quick/quickly).","solution_method":"修饰动词 run 用副词 quickly。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"第三人称单数","content":"填空：He ___ (like/likes) reading books.","solution_method":"第三人称单数主语用 likes。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"频率副词搭配","content":"将 always, usually, often, sometimes 按频率由高到低排序。","solution_method":"always > usually > often > sometimes。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"进行时结构","content":"填空：Look! The boy ___ (is playing/plays) football.","solution_method":"Look 提示此刻正在进行，用 is playing。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"现在分词变化","content":"写出 run, make, swim 的现在分词。","solution_method":"running, making（去 e 加 ing）, swimming（双写 m 加 ing）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"规则动词过去式","content":"写出 want, stop 的过去式。","solution_method":"wanted（加 ed）, stopped（双写 p 加 ed）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"不规则动词过去式","content":"写出 go, see, eat 的过去式。","solution_method":"went, saw, ate。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"will与be going to辨析","content":"选择：Look at the cloud! It ___ (will rain/is going to rain).","solution_method":"有迹象预示用 be going to，填 is going to rain。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"现在完成时结构","content":"填空：I ___ (have finished/finished) my homework already.","solution_method":"already 提示用现在完成时 have finished。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"含since与for用法","content":"填空：He has lived here ___ (since/for) 2010.","solution_method":"since 接时间点，for 接时间段；2010 为点，用 since。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K06-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K06","question_type":"一般现在与现在进行辨析","content":"填空：He usually ___ (reads/is reading) in the morning, but now he ___ (reads/is reading) TV news.","solution_method":"usually 用一般现在 reads；now 用现在进行 is reading。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K06-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K06","question_type":"过去与现在完成辨析","content":"填空：I ___ (saw/have seen) the film yesterday. / I ___ (saw/have seen) it twice.","solution_method":"yesterday 用过去 saw；twice 强调经历用现在完成 have seen。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"被动语态转换","content":"将 'They built the bridge in 1990.' 改为被动语态。","solution_method":"The bridge was built (by them) in 1990. 结构：主语+be+过去分词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"时态被动结构","content":"填空：The room ___ (cleans/is cleaned) every day.","solution_method":"被动一般现在用 is cleaned。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"含情态动词被动","content":"改被动：We must finish the work. → The work ___ (must finish/must be finished).","solution_method":"情态动词被动：must be + 过去分词，填 must be finished。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"主动表被动","content":"填空：The book sells ___ (good/well).（主动表被动）","solution_method":"sell 等系动词用主动表被动，修饰用副词 well。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"引导词选择","content":"填空：I don't know ___ (what/that) he wants.","solution_method":"缺少宾语意义用 what 引导，填 what。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"语序与时态一致","content":"改错：Could you tell me where is the bank? → where ___ (the bank is/is the bank).","solution_method":"宾语从句用陈述语序 the bank is。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"关系代词选择","content":"填空：The girl ___ (who/which) is singing is my sister.","solution_method":"先行词指人用 who。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"关系副词选择","content":"填空：This is the school ___ (where/which) I studied.","solution_method":"先行词表地点且从句缺状语用 where。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"时间状语从句","content":"填空：___ (When/While) I was young, I lived in the country.","solution_method":"表示'当…时候'用 When/While，此处用 When。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"条件状语从句","content":"填空：If it ___ (rains/will rain) tomorrow, we will stay home.","solution_method":"主将从现，从句用一般现在 rains。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"不定式作宾语","content":"填空：I want ___ (to go/go) home now.","solution_method":"want 后接不定式 to go。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"不定式作目的状语","content":"改写：He went to the shop. He bought a pen. → He went to the shop ___ (to buy/buying) a pen.","solution_method":"不定式表目的 to buy。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"动名词作主语","content":"填空：___ (Read/Reading) is a good habit.","solution_method":"动名词作主语 Reading。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"固定搭配后接动名词","content":"填空：He practices ___ (speak/speaking) English daily.","solution_method":"practice 后接动名词 speaking。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"现在分词作定语","content":"填空：The ___ (sleeping/slept) baby is cute.","solution_method":"现在分词表主动进行，sleeping baby（睡着的宝宝）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"过去分词作定语","content":"填空：The ___ (broken/broke) window was repaired.","solution_method":"过去分词表被动完成，broken window（破的窗户）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"事实细节查找","content":"阅读：Tom gets up at 6:00. 题：What time does Tom get up? A.5:00 B.6:00 C.7:00","solution_method":"原文直接给出 6:00，选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"数字计算","content":"阅读：A pen costs 5 yuan, how much do two pens cost?","solution_method":"5×2=10 元。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"推理作者态度","content":"阅读短文后判断作者对环保的态度是支持还是反对（positive/negative）。","solution_method":"依据文中褒义表述推断为 positive（支持）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"推断隐含意义","content":"阅读：'It's raining cats and dogs.' 推断真实含义。","solution_method":"习语意为'倾盆大雨'，非字面义。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"标题选择","content":"为关于保护熊猫的短文选最佳标题。A. Pandas B. How to Cook C. My School","solution_method":"主题围绕熊猫，选 A。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"段落主旨","content":"概括段落主旨：段落讲述垃圾分类的好处。","solution_method":"主旨：垃圾分类对环境有益。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"近义词完形","content":"完形：He looked ___ (careful/carefully) at the map. 选词。","solution_method":"修饰 looked 用副词 carefully。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"上下文词汇复现","content":"完形：Tom is a good student. The ___ (student/teacher) studies hard. 依据前文选词。","solution_method":"前文复现 student，选 student。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"逻辑连词选择","content":"完形：It was late, ___ (so/but) we went home. 选因果连词。","solution_method":"因果关系用 so。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"逻辑推理","content":"完形：He forgot his umbrella, ___ he got wet. 推理结果。","solution_method":"由'忘带伞'推得'淋湿'，填 so/therefore。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"书信格式","content":"指出英文书信开头与结尾的规范格式。","solution_method":"开头 Dear + 称呼，结尾 Yours sincerely 等加署名。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"通知写作","content":"写一则关于运动会的简短通知要点。","solution_method":"含时间、地点、事项、落款四要素。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"三段式结构","content":"为'My Hobby'设计三段式提纲。","solution_method":"首段引入爱好，中段描述内容，末段总结感受。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"要点覆盖","content":"书面表达要求写三点，检查提纲是否全部覆盖。","solution_method":"逐一对应提示要点，避免遗漏。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"高级句型运用","content":"将 'I think it is important.' 升级为强调句。","solution_method":"可写为 It is important that... 或 I do think... 以强调。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"连接词使用","content":"在作文中用 first, besides, in a word 连接三段。","solution_method":"用连接词使行文连贯、层次分明。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"关键信息捕捉","content":"听句：'The meeting is at 3 p.m.' 提取会议时间。","solution_method":"捕捉关键数字 3 p.m.。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"日常交际应答","content":"—Thank you very much. —___ (You're welcome/That's right)","solution_method":"回应感谢用 You're welcome。","difficulty":"易"}]},{"subject":"初中物理","metadata":{"subject":"初中物理","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"声学","book":"八年级上册 第二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"声音的产生与传播","key_content":"声音是由物体\\underline{振动}产生的；声音的传播需要\\underline{介质}（固体、液体、气体），真空不能传声；15℃时空气中的声速约为 $v=340\\ \\text{m/s}$。回声是声波遇到障碍物反射回来的现象。","question_types":[{"type":"声音产生条件的判断"},{"type":"声速与回声计算"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"声音的特性","key_content":"音调由发声体振动的\\underline{频率}决定（频率越高音调越高）；响度由\\underline{振幅}决定，还与距声源远近有关；音色由发声体的材料、结构决定，用于辨别声源。","question_types":[{"type":"音调与频率关系判断"},{"type":"音调响度音色辨析"},{"type":"超声波应用判断"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"噪声的危害和控制","key_content":"从物理学角度，噪声是发声体做\\underline{无规则}振动发出的声音；控制噪声的三条途径：在\\underline{声源处}减弱、在\\underline{传播过程中}减弱、在\\underline{人耳处}减弱。","question_types":[{"type":"噪声控制途径判断"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"光学·光的直线传播与反射","book":"八年级上册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"光的直线传播","key_content":"光在\\underline{同种均匀介质}中沿直线传播；典型现象：影子、日食月食、小孔成像；光在真空中的速度 $c=3.0\\times10^8\\ \\text{m/s}$。","question_types":[{"type":"光沿直线传播现象判断"},{"type":"小孔成像特点"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"光的反射定律","key_content":"反射定律：反射光线、入射光线和法线在\\underline{同一平面}内；反射光线和入射光线分居法线\\underline{两侧}；\\underline{反射角等于入射角}（$\\angle r=\\angle i$）。","question_types":[{"type":"光的反射定律作图"},{"type":"反射角计算"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"平面镜成像","key_content":"平面镜成像特点：像与物\\underline{大小相等}、到镜面\\underline{距离相等}、连线与镜面\\underline{垂直}，成的是\\underline{正立、等大、虚像}。","question_types":[{"type":"平面镜成像特点应用"},{"type":"平面镜成像作图"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"光学·光的折射与透镜","book":"八年级上册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"光的折射","key_content":"光从一种介质\\underline{斜射}入另一种介质时，传播方向发生\\underline{偏折}，叫光的折射；折射光线、入射光线、法线在同一平面内。","question_types":[{"type":"光的折射现象判断"},{"type":"折射光路作图"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"透镜对光线的作用","key_content":"凸透镜对光线有\\underline{会聚}作用，凹透镜对光线有\\underline{发散}作用；凸透镜三条特殊光线：平行主光轴 $\\to$ 过焦点；过焦点 $\\to$ 平行主光轴；过光心 $\\to$ 方向不变。","question_types":[{"type":"透镜作图(三条特殊光线)"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"凸透镜成像规律","key_content":"凸透镜成像规律：当 $u>2f$ 成倒立缩小实像（$f<v<2f$，照相机）；当 $f<u<2f$ 成倒立放大实像（$v>2f$，投影仪）；当 $u<f$ 成正立放大虚像（放大镜）。","question_types":[{"type":"凸透镜成像规律应用"},{"type":"物距像距计算"},{"type":"照相机投影仪放大镜判断"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"物态变化","book":"八年级上册 第三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"温度","key_content":"温度是表示物体\\underline{冷热程度}的物理量；常用温度计根据液体\\underline{热胀冷缩}原理制成，摄氏温度规定：冰水混合物为 $0^\\circ\\text{C}$，标准大气压下沸水的温度为 $100^\\circ\\text{C}$。","question_types":[{"type":"温度计读数"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"熔化和凝固","key_content":"物质从固态变为液态叫\\underline{熔化}（吸热），液态变固态叫\\underline{凝固}（放热）；晶体有固定熔点（如冰、海波），非晶体没有固定熔点（如蜡、玻璃）。","question_types":[{"type":"熔化凝固图像分析"},{"type":"晶体非晶体判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"汽化和液化","key_content":"汽化（液态 $\\to$ 气态，吸热）包括\\underline{蒸发}（任何温度、缓慢）和\\underline{沸腾}（一定温度、剧烈）；液化（气态 $\\to$ 液态，放热）方法有降温和压缩体积。","question_types":[{"type":"蒸发沸腾辨析"},{"type":"沸腾条件与图像"},{"type":"液化现象判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"升华和凝华","key_content":"升华是物质由\\underline{固态直接变为气态}（吸热），如樟脑丸变小、冬天结冰的衣服变干；凝华是由\\underline{气态直接变为固态}（放热），如霜、雪、雾凇的形成。","question_types":[{"type":"升华凝华现象判断"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"内能、比热容与热机","book":"九年级 第十三、十四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"分子热运动与内能","key_content":"扩散现象说明分子在\\underline{不停地做无规则运动}；物体内部所有分子热运动的\\underline{动能}与\\underline{分子势能}的总和叫内能；改变内能的两种方式是\\underline{做功}和\\underline{热传递}。","question_types":[{"type":"扩散现象判断"},{"type":"内能改变方式判断"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"比热容与热量计算","key_content":"比热容 $c$ 是物质的一种特性，表示单位质量的物质温度升高 $1^\\circ\\text{C}$ 吸收的热量；吸收热量公式 $Q=cm\\Delta t$。水的比热容 $c_水=4.2\\times10^3\\ \\text{J/(kg·℃)}$。","question_types":[{"type":"比热容概念判断"},{"type":"热量计算"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"热机与热值","key_content":"燃料的\\underline{热值} $q$ 表示 $1\\ \\text{kg}$（或 $1\\ \\text{m}^3$）燃料完全燃烧放出的热量，公式 $Q=mq$（固体/液体）或 $Q=Vq$（气体）；四冲程内燃机包括吸气、压缩、做功、排气，其中\\underline{做功}冲程将内能转化为机械能。","question_types":[{"type":"热值计算"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"机械运动","book":"八年级上册 第一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"长度和时间的测量","key_content":"长度的常用测量工具是刻度尺，读数时要估读到\\underline{分度值的下一位}；测量值与真实值之间的差异叫\\underline{误差}（不可消除，可减小），错误是应该避免的。","question_types":[{"type":"刻度尺读数"},{"type":"误差与错误辨析"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"运动的描述","key_content":"研究物体运动时被选作标准的物体叫\\underline{参照物}；物体的运动或静止是\\underline{相对}的，取决于所选参照物。","question_types":[{"type":"参照物选择判断"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"速度与平均速度","key_content":"速度是表示物体运动\\underline{快慢}的物理量，公式 $v=\\dfrac{s}{t}$；匀速直线运动速度不变，变速运动用平均速度描述。","question_types":[{"type":"速度公式计算"},{"type":"速度图像分析"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"质量与密度","book":"八年级上册 第六章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"质量","key_content":"物体所含\\underline{物质的多少}叫质量，符号 $m$，单位 kg；质量是物体的\\underline{属性}，不随形状、状态、位置、温度而改变。","question_types":[{"type":"质量属性判断"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"密度","key_content":"某种物质组成的物体，其质量与体积之比叫\\underline{密度}，公式 $\\rho=\\dfrac{m}{V}$；密度是物质特性，与质量和体积无关。","question_types":[{"type":"密度概念与图像"},{"type":"密度公式计算"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"密度测量实验","key_content":"测固体密度：用天平测质量 $m$，用量筒\\underline{排水法}测体积 $V$，则 $\\rho=\\dfrac{m}{V}$；测液体密度需先测烧杯和液体总质量，倒出部分后再测剩余质量。","question_types":[{"type":"密度测量实验(天平和量筒)"},{"type":"特殊方法测密度"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"力与运动","book":"八年级下册 第七章、第八章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"力","key_content":"力是物体对物体的\\underline{作用}，物体间力的作用是\\underline{相互}的；力的三要素：大小、方向、作用点；力的作用效果：改变物体形状或改变运动状态。","question_types":[{"type":"力的示意图作图"},{"type":"力的相互作用判断"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"弹力与重力","key_content":"物体由于发生\\underline{弹性形变}而产生的力叫弹力；重力是由于\\underline{地球吸引}而使物体受到的力，方向\\underline{竖直向下}，大小 $G=mg$（$g\\approx9.8\\ \\text{N/kg}$）。","question_types":[{"type":"重力计算"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"摩擦力","key_content":"两个相互接触的物体发生相对运动或有相对运动趋势时，在接触面产生的阻碍相对运动的力叫摩擦力；滑动摩擦力大小与\\underline{压力}和\\underline{接触面粗糙程度}有关。","question_types":[{"type":"摩擦力大小与方向判断"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"二力平衡与牛顿第一定律","key_content":"二力平衡条件：作用在同一物体上的两个力，大小\\underline{相等}、方向\\underline{相反}、作用在\\underline{同一直线}上；牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：一切物体在没有受外力作用时，总保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。","question_types":[{"type":"二力平衡条件应用"},{"type":"惯性现象判断"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"压强","book":"八年级下册 第九章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"固体压强","key_content":"物体所受压力与受力面积之比叫压强，公式 $p=\\dfrac{F}{S}$；增大压强可增大压力或减小受力面积，减小压强反之。","question_types":[{"type":"压强公式计算"},{"type":"增大减小压强方法"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"液体压强","key_content":"液体内部向各个方向都有压强，随深度增加而\\underline{增大}；同一深度向各方向压强相等；公式 $p=\\rho gh$（仅与液体密度和深度有关）。","question_types":[{"type":"液体压强公式计算"},{"type":"液体压强特点"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"大气压强","key_content":"大气对浸在其中的物体有压强，叫\\underline{大气压}；马德堡半球实验证明大气压存在，托里拆利实验测出 $1\\ \\text{atm}\\approx1.013\\times10^5\\ \\text{Pa}$；大气压随高度升高而减小。","question_types":[{"type":"大气压现象判断"}]},{"id":"M09-K04","name":"流体压强与流速","key_content":"流体（气体、液体）流速越大的位置压强越\\underline{小}；飞机升力、火车站安全线均基于此原理。","question_types":[{"type":"流体压强与流速关系应用"}]}]},{"id":"M10","name":"浮力","book":"八年级下册 第十章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"浮力与阿基米德原理","key_content":"浸在液体中的物体受到液体向上托的力叫浮力，方向\\underline{竖直向上}；阿基米德原理：浮力大小等于物体排开液体所受重力，$F_浮=G_排=\\rho_液 g V_排$。","question_types":[{"type":"浮力产生原因"},{"type":"阿基米德原理计算"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"物体的浮沉条件","key_content":"浸没时：若 $F_浮>G$ 则上浮，最终漂浮（$F_浮=G$）；若 $F_浮=G$ 悬浮；若 $F_浮<G$ 下沉。密度关系：$\\rho_物<\\rho_液$ 漂浮，$\\rho_物=\\rho_液$ 悬浮，$\\rho_物>\\rho_液$ 下沉。","question_types":[{"type":"浮沉条件判断"},{"type":"浮沉条件应用"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"浮力的计算与实验","key_content":"称重法测浮力：$F_浮=G-F_示$（$F_示$ 为物体浸在液体中时弹簧测力计示数）；结合阿基米德原理可求液体密度或物体体积。","question_types":[{"type":"浮力综合计算(称重法)"}]}]},{"id":"M11","name":"简单机械","book":"九年级 第十二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M11-K01","name":"杠杆","key_content":"能绕固定点转动的硬棒叫杠杆；杠杆平衡条件（杠杆原理）：$F_1 l_1 = F_2 l_2$；力臂是支点到力的作用线的垂直距离。","question_types":[{"type":"杠杆平衡条件计算"},{"type":"杠杆作图(力臂)"},{"type":"杠杆分类判断"}]},{"id":"M11-K02","name":"滑轮与滑轮组","key_content":"定滑轮不省力但改变力的方向；动滑轮省一半力（$F=\\dfrac{G}{2}$）但不改变方向；滑轮组拉力 $F=\\dfrac{G}{n}$（$n$ 为承担物重的绳子段数，忽略摩擦和动滑轮重）。","question_types":[{"type":"滑轮组受力分析"},{"type":"滑轮组绕线作图"}]},{"id":"M11-K03","name":"机械效率","key_content":"有用功与总功的比值叫机械效率，$\\eta=\\dfrac{W_有}{W_总}\\times100\\%$；滑轮组 $\\eta=\\dfrac{Gh}{Fs}=\\dfrac{G}{nF}$（忽略绳重摩擦）。机械效率总小于 1。","question_types":[{"type":"机械效率计算"}]}]},{"id":"M12","name":"功和机械能","book":"九年级 第十一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M12-K01","name":"功","key_content":"有力作用在物体上且物体在力的方向上移动距离，就说力做了功；公式 $W=Fs$；做功两必要因素：作用在物体上的力、在力的方向上通过的距离。","question_types":[{"type":"功的计算"},{"type":"做功条件判断"}]},{"id":"M12-K02","name":"功率","key_content":"单位时间内完成的功叫功率，表示做功\\underline{快慢}，公式 $P=\\dfrac{W}{t}$；匀速时推导 $P=Fv$。","question_types":[{"type":"功率计算"},{"type":"功率与速度"}]},{"id":"M12-K03","name":"机械能及其转化","key_content":"动能与物体\\underline{质量}、\\underline{速度}有关；重力势能与\\underline{质量}、\\underline{高度}有关；机械能 $=$ 动能 $+$ 势能；若只有动能势能相互转化，机械能守恒。","question_types":[{"type":"动能势能影响因素"},{"type":"机械能守恒判断"}]}]},{"id":"M13","name":"电路、欧姆定律","book":"九年级 第十五章、第十六章、第十七章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M13-K01","name":"电荷与电路","key_content":"自然界只有两种电荷：正电荷、负电荷；同种电荷相互\\underline{排斥}，异种电荷相互\\underline{吸引}；电路由电源、用电器、开关、导线组成，有通路、开路、短路三种状态。","question_types":[{"type":"电荷间相互作用"},{"type":"电路连接判断(串并联)"}]},{"id":"M13-K02","name":"电流电压电阻","key_content":"电流表\\underline{串联}在电路中，电压表\\underline{并联}在待测元件两端；串联电路电流处处相等（$I=I_1=I_2$），总电压等于各部分电压之和（$U=U_1+U_2$）；并联电路各支路电压相等（$U=U_1=U_2$），干路电流等于各支路电流之和（$I=I_1+I_2$）。","question_types":[{"type":"电流表电压表使用"},{"type":"串并联电流电压规律"}]},{"id":"M13-K03","name":"电阻与变阻器","key_content":"电阻表示导体对电流的\\underline{阻碍}作用，符号 $R$，单位 $\\Omega$；滑动变阻器靠改变接入电路的\\underline{电阻丝长度}来改变电阻，接线要'一上一下'。","question_types":[{"type":"滑动变阻器接法"}]},{"id":"M13-K04","name":"欧姆定律","key_content":"导体中的电流与导体两端电压成\\underline{正比}，与电阻成\\underline{反比}，即 $I=\\dfrac{U}{R}$；伏安法测电阻：用电压表和电流表测 $U$、$I$，由 $R=\\dfrac{U}{I}$ 求电阻。","question_types":[{"type":"欧姆定律计算"},{"type":"欧姆定律综合计算(动态电路)"},{"type":"伏安法测电阻"}]}]},{"id":"M14","name":"电功率与磁学","book":"九年级 第十八章、第十九章、第二十章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M14-K01","name":"电功与电功率","key_content":"电流所做的功叫电功，$W=UIt$；电功率表示电流做功\\underline{快慢}，$P=\\dfrac{W}{t}=UI$；用电器\\underline{额定}功率是用电器在额定电压下的功率，实际功率随实际电压变化。","question_types":[{"type":"电功率计算"},{"type":"额定与实际功率"},{"type":"电能表读数"}]},{"id":"M14-K02","name":"焦耳定律","key_content":"电流通过导体产生的热量与电流的平方、导体电阻和通电时间成正比，即 $Q=I^2Rt$（纯电阻电路中 $Q=W$）。","question_types":[{"type":"焦耳定律计算"},{"type":"电热计算"}]},{"id":"M14-K03","name":"家庭电路","key_content":"家庭电路电压 $220\\ \\text{V}$；电能表、总开关、保险装置在干路；开关与用电器\\underline{串联}且接在\\underline{火线}上；灯泡螺旋接零线、开关接火线；三脚插头接地线防漏电。","question_types":[{"type":"家庭电路连接"}]},{"id":"M14-K04","name":"磁现象与电磁感应","key_content":"磁体周围存在\\underline{磁场}，用磁感线描述；安培定则判定通电螺线管极性；电磁感应：\\underline{闭合}电路的一部分导体在磁场中做切割磁感线运动时产生感应电流（发电机原理）。","question_types":[{"type":"安培定则"},{"type":"电磁感应现象判断"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"声音产生条件的判断","content":"下列做法中，能证明'声音是由物体振动产生'的是（  ）：A. 发声扬声器上的纸屑跳动；B. 月球上宇航员用无线电交流；C. 鼓响时用手按住鼓面，声音消失。","solution_method":"纸屑跳动显示扬声器在振动（转换法）；按住鼓面使其停止振动，声音消失，说明振动停止发声停止。均能证明。选 A、C。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"声速与回声计算","content":"人对着距离 $s=170\\ \\text{m}$ 的峭壁喊话，声速 $v=340\\ \\text{m/s}$，从发声到听到回声需多少时间？","solution_method":"回声经过的路程为 $2s=340\\ \\text{m}$，由 $t=\\dfrac{2s}{v}=\\dfrac{340}{340}=1\\ \\text{s}$ 得时间为 $1\\ \\text{s}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"音调与频率关系判断","content":"用相同力度拨动伸出桌面长度不同的钢尺，钢尺伸出越长，振动越慢，发出声音的（  ）越低。","solution_method":"伸出越长 $\\to$ 振动频率越低 $\\to$ 音调越低。填'音调'。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"音调响度音色辨析","content":"小明能听出是钢琴而非小提琴在演奏，他依据的是声音的（  ）。","solution_method":"不同乐器材料、结构不同，音色不同，据此辨别。填'音色'。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"超声波应用判断","content":"下列应用中利用超声波的是（  ）：A. 蝙蝠定位；B. 医院B超；C. 预报地震。","solution_method":"蝙蝠回声定位、B超利用超声波；地震波是次声波。选 A、B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"噪声控制途径判断","content":"高考考场附近禁止鸣笛，这是在（  ）减弱噪声。","solution_method":"禁止鸣笛从根本不让声源发声，属于在声源处减弱。填'声源处'。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"光沿直线传播现象判断","content":"下列现象中由光沿直线传播形成的是（  ）：A. 水中倒影；B. 日食；C. 海市蜃楼。","solution_method":"日食是月球挡住太阳光形成的，属于光的直线传播；A 属光的反射，C 属光的折射。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"小孔成像特点","content":"蜡烛通过小孔在光屏上成倒立的像，若蜡烛靠近小孔，屏上像的大小将（  ）。","solution_method":"小孔成像中，物距减小 $\\to$ 像变大。填'变大'。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"光的反射定律作图","content":"如图所示，入射光线 AO 射到平面镜上，已知入射角 $i=40^\\circ$，请画出反射光线并标出反射角。","solution_method":"先过入射点作垂直镜面的法线，反射光线在法线另一侧，使反射角 $\\angle r=\\angle i=40^\\circ$，与法线夹角为 $40^\\circ$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"反射角计算","content":"一束光射向平面镜，入射光线与镜面夹角为 $30^\\circ$，则反射角为（  ）。","solution_method":"入射角 $=90^\\circ-30^\\circ=60^\\circ$，由反射定律反射角 $=$ 入射角 $=60^\\circ$。填 $60^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"平面镜成像特点应用","content":"人站在平面镜前 $1.5\\ \\text{m}$ 处，他在镜中的像离他（  ）m；若人后退 $0.5\\ \\text{m}$，像的大小（  ）。","solution_method":"像距 $=$ 物距 $=1.5\\ \\text{m}$，像离人 $1.5+1.5=3\\ \\text{m}$；平面镜成等大像，后退后像大小不变。填 3、不变。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"平面镜成像作图","content":"根据平面镜成像特点，画出点光源 S 经平面镜所成的像 S'，并完成一条光线的光路。","solution_method":"过 S 作镜面垂线并等距取 S' 即得像点；连接 S' 与入射点并延长到镜前，即为反射光线反向延长线。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"光的折射现象判断","content":"下列现象由光的折射形成的是（  ）：A. 筷子在水中'折断'；B. 黑板反光；C. 池水变浅。","solution_method":"筷子折断、池水变浅都是光折射造成的；B 是镜面反射。选 A、C。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"折射光路作图","content":"请画出光从空气斜射入水中的折射光线（已知入射角，空气 $\\to$ 水，折射角小于入射角）。","solution_method":"折射光线向法线偏折，折射角 $\\angle r<\\angle i$，且折射光线、入射光线分居法线两侧。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"透镜作图(三条特殊光线)","content":"画出平行于主光轴的光线经凸透镜后的折射光线。","solution_method":"平行于主光轴的光线经凸透镜折射后通过另一侧焦点 F。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"凸透镜成像规律应用","content":"用焦距 $f=10\\ \\text{cm}$ 的凸透镜做照相机镜头，物体应放在（  ）。","solution_method":"照相机成缩小实像需 $u>2f=20\\ \\text{cm}$，物体应放在距透镜大于 $20\\ \\text{cm}$ 处。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"物距像距计算","content":"物体距凸透镜 $u=30\\ \\text{cm}$，焦距 $f=10\\ \\text{cm}$，求像距范围及像的性质。","solution_method":"$u=30\\ \\text{cm}>2f$，成倒立缩小实像，像距 $f<v<2f$，即 $10\\ \\text{cm}<v<20\\ \\text{cm}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"照相机投影仪放大镜判断","content":"放大镜是利用凸透镜当 $u$ 满足（  ）时成正立放大虚像。","solution_method":"放大镜成正立放大虚像需物距小于焦距，即 $u<f$。填 $u<f$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"温度计读数","content":"如图所示温度计示数，液柱在 $0^\\circ\\text{C}$ 以上第 3 小格（每格 $1^\\circ\\text{C}$），读数为（  ）。","solution_method":"零上刻度从 0 向上数，第 3 格即 $3^\\circ\\text{C}$。填 $3^\\circ\\text{C}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"熔化凝固图像分析","content":"某物质熔化图像中有一段温度不变的水平段，该物质是（  ）（晶体/非晶体），该段对应（  ）过程。","solution_method":"有水平段说明熔化时温度不变，有固定熔点，是晶体；水平段对应熔化过程。填 晶体、熔化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"晶体非晶体判断","content":"下列物质中属于晶体的是（  ）：A. 冰；B. 玻璃；C. 蜡。","solution_method":"冰有固定熔点属晶体；玻璃、蜡是非晶体。选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"蒸发沸腾辨析","content":"下列现象属于蒸发的是（  ）：A. 水烧开冒'白气'；B. 湿衣服晾干；C. 沸腾。","solution_method":"湿衣服晾干是水在任何温度下缓慢汽化，属蒸发；A 是液化，C 是沸腾。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"沸腾条件与图像","content":"水沸腾的条件是（  ）和（  ）；沸腾时温度（  ）。","solution_method":"沸腾需达到沸点并继续吸热；沸腾时温度保持不变。填 达到沸点、继续吸热、不变。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-3","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"液化现象判断","content":"夏天从冰箱拿出的饮料瓶外壁'出汗'，这是（  ）现象（填物态变化名称）。","solution_method":"空气中的水蒸气遇冷瓶壁液化成小水珠，属液化。填 液化。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"升华凝华现象判断","content":"下列现象中属于凝华的是（  ）：A. 霜的形成；B. 樟脑丸变小；C. 冰化成水。","solution_method":"霜是水蒸气直接变成固态，属凝华；B 是升华，C 是熔化。选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"扩散现象判断","content":"下列现象能说明分子在做无规则运动的是（  ）：A. 扫地时灰尘飞扬；B. 闻到花香；C. 雪花飘落。","solution_method":"闻到花香是香气分子扩散，说明分子无规则运动；A、C 是宏观物体机械运动。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"内能改变方式判断","content":"反复弯折铁丝，弯折处发热，这是通过（  ）改变内能的。","solution_method":"弯折时对铁丝做功，机械能转化为内能，属做功改变内能。填 做功。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"比热容概念判断","content":"关于比热容，下列说法正确的是（  ）：A. 物体吸收热量越多比热容越大；B. 比热容是物质特性，与质量无关。","solution_method":"比热容是物质本身的特性，与吸收热量、质量无关。选 B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"热量计算","content":"质量为 $m=2\\ \\text{kg}$ 的水，温度从 $20^\\circ\\text{C}$ 升高到 $70^\\circ\\text{C}$，吸收多少热量？（$c_水=4.2\\times10^3\\ \\text{J/(kg·℃)}$）","solution_method":"$\\Delta t=70-20=50^\\circ\\text{C}$，$Q=cm\\Delta t=4.2\\times10^3\\times2\\times50=4.2\\times10^5\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"热值计算","content":"完全燃烧 $m=0.5\\ \\text{kg}$ 的酒精（热值 $q=3.0\\times10^7\\ \\text{J/kg}$）放出多少热量？","solution_method":"$Q=mq=0.5\\times3.0\\times10^7=1.5\\times10^7\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"刻度尺读数","content":"用分度值 $1\\ \\text{mm}$ 的刻度尺测一物体长度，测量结果应估读到（  ）。","solution_method":"读数需估读到分度值下一位，即 $0.1\\ \\text{mm}$ 位。填 0.1 mm（分度值下一位）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"误差与错误辨析","content":"下列有关误差的说法正确的是（  ）：A. 误差就是错误；B. 选用精密仪器可减小误差。","solution_method":"误差不是错误，不能消除但可减小；精密仪器能减小误差。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"参照物选择判断","content":"坐在行驶汽车里的人说自己是静止的，他是以（  ）为参照物的。","solution_method":"人与汽车相对位置不变，以汽车（或座椅）为参照物时人是静止的。填 汽车。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"速度公式计算","content":"小明骑车以 $v=5\\ \\text{m/s}$ 匀速行驶 $t=10\\ \\text{min}$，通过的路程是多少？","solution_method":"$t=10\\ \\text{min}=600\\ \\text{s}$，$s=vt=5\\times600=3000\\ \\text{m}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"速度图像分析","content":"在 $s-t$ 图像中，一条过原点的倾斜直线表示物体做（  ）运动，其斜率表示（  ）。","solution_method":"倾斜直线说明路程随时间均匀增加，是匀速直线运动；斜率表示速度。填 匀速直线、速度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"质量属性判断","content":"一块冰熔化成水，其质量（  ）（变大/变小/不变）。","solution_method":"质量是物体的属性，与状态无关，冰化成水质量不变。填 不变。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"密度概念与图像","content":"由 $m-V$ 图像可知，图像越陡说明物质密度越（  ）。","solution_method":"$\\rho=\\dfrac{m}{V}$ 为图像斜率，越陡斜率越大，密度越大。填 大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"密度公式计算","content":"一个体积为 $V=20\\ \\text{cm}^3$、质量为 $m=54\\ \\text{g}$ 的铝块，其密度是多少？判断是否为铝（$\\rho_铝=2.7\\ \\text{g/cm}^3$）。","solution_method":"$\\rho=\\dfrac{m}{V}=\\dfrac{54}{20}=2.7\\ \\text{g/cm}^3=\\rho_铝$，是铝。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"密度测量实验(天平和量筒)","content":"测小石块密度时，先测质量 $m$，再用量筒测体积 $V$，密度表达式及实验中应先测（  ）以减小误差。","solution_method":"$\\rho=\\dfrac{m}{V}$；应先测石块质量，避免沾水后质量偏大。填 质量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"特殊方法测密度","content":"只有天平没有量筒，利用水测石块密度：①测石块质量 $m_1$；②烧杯装满水测总质量 $m_2$；③将石块浸没入烧杯（水溢出）后擦干，测总质量 $m_3$。推导密度表达式。","solution_method":"溢出水的质量 $m_水=m_1+m_2-m_3$，石块体积 $V=\\dfrac{m_水}{\\rho_水}=\\dfrac{m_1+m_2-m_3}{\\rho_水}$，故 $\\rho_石=\\dfrac{m_1}{V}=\\dfrac{m_1\\rho_水}{m_1+m_2-m_3}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"力的示意图作图","content":"画出静止在水平桌面上重为 $G$ 的木块所受重力 G 和支持力 F 的示意图。","solution_method":"重力 G 竖直向下，作用点在重心；支持力 F 竖直向上，作用点在接触面中心；二力等大反向。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"力的相互作用判断","content":"人游泳时向后划水却能前进，说明（  ）。","solution_method":"人对水施加向后的力，水对人施加向前的反作用力，说明力的作用是相互的。填 力的作用是相互的。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"重力计算","content":"一个质量为 $m=5\\ \\text{kg}$ 的物体，所受重力是多少？（$g=10\\ \\text{N/kg}$）","solution_method":"$G=mg=5\\times10=50\\ \\text{N}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"摩擦力大小与方向判断","content":"沿水平方向用 $F=10\\ \\text{N}$ 的力推静止木块未推动，此时木块受到的摩擦力为（  ）N，方向（  ）。","solution_method":"未推动 $\\to$ 静止 $\\to$ 受力平衡，静摩擦力等于推力 $10\\ \\text{N}$，方向与相对运动趋势相反即水平向左。填 10、水平向左。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"二力平衡条件应用","content":"悬挂的吊灯受重力 $G$ 和拉力 $F$，灯静止，则 $F$ 与 $G$ 的关系是（  ）。","solution_method":"灯静止 $\\to$ 二力平衡 $\\to$ $F$ 与 $G$ 等大反向共线，即 $F=G$。填 大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一直线。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"惯性现象判断","content":"行驶中的汽车急刹车时，乘客会向前倾倒，这是因为乘客具有（  ）。","solution_method":"乘客原来随车运动，刹车时身体下部受力减速而上部由于惯性保持原运动状态，故前倾。填 惯性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"压强公式计算","content":"质量为 $m=60\\ \\text{kg}$ 的人双脚站立，每只鞋底面积 $S_0=200\\ \\text{cm}^2$，求他对地面的压强（$g=10\\ \\text{N/kg}$）。","solution_method":"$F=G=mg=600\\ \\text{N}$，$S=2S_0=400\\ \\text{cm}^2=0.04\\ \\text{m}^2$，$p=\\dfrac{F}{S}=\\dfrac{600}{0.04}=1.5\\times10^4\\ \\text{Pa}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"增大减小压强方法","content":"下列实例中通过减小受力面积增大压强的是（  ）：A. 坦克装履带；B. 菜刀磨得很薄；C. 书包带很宽。","solution_method":"菜刀磨薄减小受力面积以增大压强；A、C 是增大面积减小压强。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"液体压强公式计算","content":"潜水艇在海水下 $h=10\\ \\text{m}$ 处，求受到的压强（$\\rho_海=1.0\\times10^3\\ \\text{kg/m}^3$，$g=10\\ \\text{N/kg}$）。","solution_method":"$p=\\rho gh=1.0\\times10^3\\times10\\times10=1.0\\times10^5\\ \\text{Pa}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"液体压强特点","content":"关于液体压强，下列说法正确的是（  ）：A. 液体只对容器底有压强；B. 深度越大压强越大；C. 与容器形状有关。","solution_method":"液体内部向各方向都有压强，随深度增大而增大，与容器形状无关。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"大气压现象判断","content":"下列现象能证明大气压存在的是（  ）：A. 用吸管吸饮料；B. 水往低处流；C. 两船并行易相撞。","solution_method":"用吸管吸饮料靠大气压将饮料压入嘴中，证明大气压存在；B 是重力，C 是流体压强。选 A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"流体压强与流速关系应用","content":"火车站台设安全线，是因为列车驶过时附近空气流速大、压强（  ），人若靠近易被'压'向列车。","solution_method":"流速大 $\\to$ 压强小，人背后压强大将人推向列车。填 小。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"浮力产生原因","content":"浸没在水中的正方体上下表面存在压力差，浮力产生的原因是（  ）。","solution_method":"液体对物体上下表面的压强差产生向上的压力差，即浮力。填 上下表面的压力差（向上）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"阿基米德原理计算","content":"体积为 $V_排=2\\times10^{-3}\\ \\text{m}^3$ 的物体浸没水中，受到的浮力是多少？（$\\rho_水=1.0\\times10^3\\ \\text{kg/m}^3$，$g=10\\ \\text{N/kg}$）","solution_method":"$F_浮=\\rho_水 g V_排=1.0\\times10^3\\times10\\times2\\times10^{-3}=20\\ \\text{N}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"浮沉条件判断","content":"质量相同的实心铝球和铁球放入水中，铝球上浮而铁球下沉，说明（  ）（填 '铝球'/'铁球'）的密度小于水。","solution_method":"上浮说明 $\\rho_物<\\rho_液$，铝球上浮故其密度小于水。填 铝球。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"浮沉条件应用","content":"轮船从河里驶入海里，所受浮力（  ），船身将（  ）（上浮/下沉）一些。","solution_method":"轮船漂浮 $F_浮=G$ 不变；海水密度大于河水，由 $V_排=\\dfrac{F_浮}{\\rho_液 g}$ 知 $V_排$ 减小，船身上浮。填 不变、上浮。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"浮力综合计算(称重法)","content":"一石块重 $G=4\\ \\text{N}$，浸没水中时弹簧测力计示数 $F_示=2.5\\ \\text{N}$，求石块受到的浮力及体积。","solution_method":"$F_浮=G-F_示=4-2.5=1.5\\ \\text{N}$；浸没 $V=V_排=\\dfrac{F_浮}{\\rho_水 g}=\\dfrac{1.5}{1.0\\times10^3\\times10}=1.5\\times10^{-4}\\ \\text{m}^3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"杠杆平衡条件计算","content":"杠杆平衡时，动力 $F_1=20\\ \\text{N}$、动力臂 $l_1=0.3\\ \\text{m}$，阻力臂 $l_2=0.6\\ \\text{m}$，求阻力 $F_2$。","solution_method":"由 $F_1 l_1=F_2 l_2$，$F_2=\\dfrac{F_1 l_1}{l_2}=\\dfrac{20\\times0.3}{0.6}=10\\ \\text{N}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"杠杆作图(力臂)","content":"画出图中作用在杠杆上的力 F 的力臂 l（支点为 O）。","solution_method":"过支点 O 作力 F 作用线的垂线，垂线段长度即为力臂 l。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-3","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"杠杆分类判断","content":"下列工具中属于省力杠杆的是（  ）：A. 镊子；B. 羊角锤；C. 筷子。","solution_method":"羊角锤动力臂大于阻力臂，省力；镊子、筷子费力。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"滑轮组受力分析","content":"用滑轮组匀速提升重物，承担物重的绳子段数 $n=3$，忽略动滑轮重和摩擦，拉力 $F$ 与物重 $G$ 关系是（  ）。","solution_method":"滑轮组 $F=\\dfrac{G}{n}=\\dfrac{G}{3}$。填 $F=\\dfrac{G}{3}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"滑轮组绕线作图","content":"请用笔画线将滑轮组绕成 $n=3$ 的绕法（要求向下拉绳子提升重物）。","solution_method":"从定滑轮或动滑轮开始绕，使最终有 3 段绳子承担物重，且绳端向下。常见：绳固定在定滑轮钩上，依次绕过动、定滑轮。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K03-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K03","question_type":"机械效率计算","content":"用滑轮组将 $G=600\\ \\text{N}$ 重物提升 $h=2\\ \\text{m}$，拉力 $F=250\\ \\text{N}$，绳端移动 $s=6\\ \\text{m}$，求机械效率。","solution_method":"$W_有=Gh=600\\times2=1200\\ \\text{J}$，$W_总=Fs=250\\times6=1500\\ \\text{J}$，$\\eta=\\dfrac{1200}{1500}\\times100\\%=80\\%$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"功的计算","content":"用 $F=50\\ \\text{N}$ 的水平力将物体推动 $s=4\\ \\text{m}$，求做的功。","solution_method":"$W=Fs=50\\times4=200\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"做功条件判断","content":"下列情况中人对物体做功的是（  ）：A. 举着杠铃不动；B. 将水桶从地面提起；C. 推墙墙未动。","solution_method":"做功需力与在力方向上有距离；B 提桶上升有距离做功；A、C 无距离不做功。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"功率计算","content":"起重机将 $G=2\\times10^4\\ \\text{N}$ 货物匀速提升 $h=5\\ \\text{m}$ 用时 $t=10\\ \\text{s}$，求功率。","solution_method":"$W=Gh=2\\times10^4\\times5=1\\times10^5\\ \\text{J}$，$P=\\dfrac{W}{t}=\\dfrac{1\\times10^5}{10}=1\\times10^4\\ \\text{W}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"功率与速度","content":"汽车以恒定功率 $P$ 爬坡时需减速，是因为 $P=Fv$，速度减小则牵引力（  ）。","solution_method":"功率一定时 $F=\\dfrac{P}{v}$，速度减小牵引力增大。填 增大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"动能势能影响因素","content":"同一辆汽车，速度越大动能越（  ）；举得越高的重物重力势能越（  ）。","solution_method":"动能随速度增大而增大；重力势能随高度增大而增大。填 大、大。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"机械能守恒判断","content":"不计空气阻力，小球从高处自由下落过程中，机械能（  ）（守恒/不守恒）。","solution_method":"只有重力做功，动能增加、重力势能减少，总量不变，机械能守恒。填 守恒。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"电荷间相互作用","content":"用毛皮摩擦过的橡胶棒靠近轻小纸屑，纸屑被吸引，说明（  ）。","solution_method":"带电体能够吸引轻小物体，说明橡胶棒带了电。填 橡胶棒带了电（能吸引轻小物体）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"电路连接判断(串并联)","content":"两盏灯互不影响，一盏熄灭另一盏仍亮，这两盏灯是（  ）联的。","solution_method":"各用电器互不影响是并联特征。填 并。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"电流表电压表使用","content":"要测量小灯泡两端电压，电压表应与灯泡（  ）联，且电流从（  ）接线柱流入。","solution_method":"测电压需并联；电压表正接线柱接电流流入端（正进负出）。填 并、正。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"串并联电流电压规律","content":"两电阻串联，总电压 $U=12\\ \\text{V}$，$R_1$ 两端 $U_1=4\\ \\text{V}$，则 $R_2$ 两端电压 $U_2=$（  ）V。","solution_method":"串联 $U=U_1+U_2$，$U_2=12-4=8\\ \\text{V}$。填 8。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K03-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K03","question_type":"滑动变阻器接法","content":"使用滑动变阻器调节灯泡亮度，接线应采用（  ）（填 '一上一下'/'两上'/'两下'）方式。","solution_method":"必须'一上一下'接入才能改变电阻；两上相当于导线，两下相当于定值电阻。填 一上一下。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"欧姆定律计算","content":"电阻 $R=10\\ \\Omega$ 两端加 $U=6\\ \\text{V}$ 电压，通过它的电流是多少？","solution_method":"由 $I=\\dfrac{U}{R}=\\dfrac{6}{10}=0.6\\ \\text{A}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"欧姆定律综合计算(动态电路)","content":"如图，电源电压 $U=6\\ \\text{V}$ 不变，$R_1=10\\ \\Omega$ 与滑动变阻器 $R_2$ 串联，当 $R_2$ 接入 $20\\ \\Omega$ 时，电流表示数是多少？","solution_method":"串联总电阻 $R=R_1+R_2=30\\ \\Omega$，$I=\\dfrac{U}{R}=\\dfrac{6}{30}=0.2\\ \\text{A}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-3","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"伏安法测电阻","content":"伏安法测小灯泡电阻时，某次测得 $U=2.5\\ \\text{V}$、$I=0.25\\ \\text{A}$，该次电阻是多少？","solution_method":"由 $R=\\dfrac{U}{I}=\\dfrac{2.5}{0.25}=10\\ \\Omega$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K01-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K01","question_type":"电功率计算","content":"一盏灯两端电压 $U=220\\ \\text{V}$，电流 $I=0.2\\ \\text{A}$，它的电功率是多少？","solution_method":"$P=UI=220\\times0.2=44\\ \\text{W}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K01-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K01","question_type":"额定与实际功率","content":"灯泡标有'220V 40W'，其电阻约多少？若实际电压为 $110\\ \\text{V}$，实际功率约为多少？（忽略温度影响）","solution_method":"$R=\\dfrac{U_额^2}{P_额}=\\dfrac{220^2}{40}=1210\\ \\Omega$；$P_实=\\dfrac{U_实^2}{R}=\\dfrac{110^2}{1210}=10\\ \\text{W}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K01-3","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K01","question_type":"电能表读数","content":"电能表表盘标有 $3000\\ \\text{r/(kW\\cdot h)}$，某用电器工作使转盘转 30 圈，消耗多少电能？","solution_method":"消耗电能 $W=\\dfrac{30}{3000}=0.01\\ \\text{kW\\cdot h}=3.6\\times10^4\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K02-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K02","question_type":"焦耳定律计算","content":"电阻 $R=10\\ \\Omega$ 通过 $I=2\\ \\text{A}$ 电流，通电 $t=10\\ \\text{s}$ 产生多少热量？","solution_method":"$Q=I^2Rt=2^2\\times10\\times10=400\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K02-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K02","question_type":"电热计算","content":"电热水器电阻 $R=40\\ \\Omega$，接 $U=220\\ \\text{V}$，工作 $t=5\\ \\text{min}$ 产生热量多少？","solution_method":"$I=\\dfrac{U}{R}=\\dfrac{220}{40}=5.5\\ \\text{A}$，$Q=I^2Rt=5.5^2\\times40\\times300=3.63\\times10^5\\ \\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K03-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K03","question_type":"家庭电路连接","content":"家庭电路中，开关应接在灯泡与（  ）线之间，且（  ）（串联/并联）连接。","solution_method":"开关接在火线与灯泡之间并串联，断开时灯泡不带电更安全。填 火、串联。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K04-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K04","question_type":"安培定则","content":"用右手握住通电螺线管，四指指向电流方向，则大拇指所指一端是螺线管的（  ）极。","solution_method":"安培定则：大拇指指向螺线管 N 极。填 N。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K04-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K04","question_type":"电磁感应现象判断","content":"下列装置中利用电磁感应原理工作的是（  ）：A. 发电机；B. 电动机；C. 电磁铁。","solution_method":"发电机利用电磁感应；电动机利用通电导体在磁场受力；电磁铁利用电流的磁效应。选 A。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中化学","metadata":{"subject":"初中化学","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"物质构成的奥秘","book":"九年级上册 第三单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"物质组成的分类","key_content":"物质分为混合物与纯净物；纯净物分为单质（同种元素组成）与化合物；化合物中由两种元素组成且一种是氧元素的为氧化物。如 $H_2O$ 是氧化物，$NaCl$ 是化合物。","question_types":[{"type":"物质的分类判断"},{"type":"混合物与纯净物的区分"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"分子、原子、离子","key_content":"分子、原子、离子是构成物质的三种微粒。分子是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子；原子是化学变化中的最小粒子；带电的原子或原子团叫离子，如 $Na^+$、$Cl^-$。","question_types":[{"type":"用微粒观点解释宏观现象"},{"type":"离子符号的书写与意义"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"原子的构成","key_content":"原子由原子核（质子、中子）与核外电子构成。核电荷数=质子数=核外电子数；相对原子质量≈质子数+中子数。","question_types":[{"type":"原子中质子数中子数电子数关系"},{"type":"相对原子质量的理解"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"元素与元素周期表","key_content":"元素是具有相同质子数的一类原子的总称。元素符号书写：一大二小。元素周期表中每一格含原子序数、元素符号、相对原子质量等信息。","question_types":[{"type":"元素符号的书写与意义"},{"type":"元素周期表单元格信息提取"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"化合价","key_content":"化合价表示原子间化合时的数目。常见：氧 $-2$、氢 $+1$、金属多显正价。化合物中正负化合价代数和为 $0$。","question_types":[{"type":"常见元素化合价的推断"},{"type":"化学式与化合价的互推"}]},{"id":"M01-K06","name":"化学式","key_content":"化学式用元素符号和数字表示物质组成，如 $H_2O$、$CO_2$。写法：金属左、非金属右、氧化物氧在后。","question_types":[{"type":"化学式的书写"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"空气与氧气","book":"九年级上册 第二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"空气的成分","key_content":"空气主要由氮气（约 $78\\%$）和氧气（约 $21\\%$）组成，还有稀有气体、二氧化碳等。污染物主要有 $SO_2$、$NO_2$、可吸入颗粒物。","question_types":[{"type":"空气中各成分体积分数"},{"type":"空气污染的防治"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"氧气的性质","key_content":"氧气物理性质：无色无味、不易溶于水、密度比空气略大。化学性质活泼，能支持燃烧，如 $C+O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}CO_2$。","question_types":[{"type":"氧气的化学性质与反应现象"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"氧气的制取","key_content":"实验室用高锰酸钾或过氧化氢分解制氧：$2H_2O_2\\xrightarrow{MnO_2}2H_2O+O_2\\uparrow$；$2KMnO_4\\xrightarrow{\\triangle}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\\uparrow$。催化剂能改变反应速率而本身不变。","question_types":[{"type":"实验室制取氧气的原理与装置"},{"type":"催化剂与催化作用"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"化学反应类型","key_content":"化合反应：多变一；分解反应：一变多；氧化反应：物质与氧发生的反应；缓慢氧化如铁生锈、食物腐败。","question_types":[{"type":"化合反应与分解反应判断"},{"type":"氧化反应与缓慢氧化辨析"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"碳和碳的氧化物","book":"九年级上册 第六单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"碳的单质","key_content":"金刚石、石墨、$C_{60}$ 都由碳元素组成，因原子排列方式不同而性质差异大。碳常温下稳定，可燃、有还原性：$C+O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}CO_2$。","question_types":[{"type":"碳单质的物理性质与用途"},{"type":"碳单质的化学性质"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"二氧化碳的制取","key_content":"实验室用大理石与稀盐酸反应：$CaCO_3+2HCl=CaCl_2+H_2O+CO_2\\uparrow$。用向上排空气法收集。","question_types":[{"type":"实验室制取二氧化碳的原理与装置"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"二氧化碳的性质","key_content":"$CO_2$ 密度比空气大、能溶于水，与水生成碳酸 $CO_2+H_2O=H_2CO_3$，与碱反应 $CO_2+2NaOH=Na_2CO_3+H_2O$。大气中 $CO_2$ 过多会导致温室效应。","question_types":[{"type":"二氧化碳的化学性质"},{"type":"二氧化碳对环境的影响"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"一氧化碳","key_content":"$CO$ 有毒（与血红蛋白结合），有可燃性 $2CO+O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}2CO_2$ 和还原性 $CO+CuO\\xrightarrow{\\triangle}Cu+CO_2$。","question_types":[{"type":"一氧化碳的还原性与毒性"},{"type":"一氧化碳与二氧化碳的鉴别与除杂"}]},{"id":"M03-K05","name":"碳及其化合物相互转化推断","key_content":"碳及其化合物存在转化关系：$C\\to CO/CO_2$，$CO_2\\xrightarrow{H_2O}H_2CO_3$，$CO_2\\xrightarrow{碱}碳酸盐$ 等，常用于框图推断。","question_types":[{"type":"碳及其化合物相互转化推断"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"水和溶液","book":"九年级上册 第四单元/第九单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"水的组成","key_content":"电解水：$2H_2O\\xrightarrow{\\text{通电}}2H_2\\uparrow+O_2\\uparrow$，正氧负氢、体积比 $1:2$，说明水由氢氧元素组成。","question_types":[{"type":"水的电解实验"},{"type":"水的组成与化学式"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"水的净化","key_content":"净水方法：沉淀、过滤、吸附、蒸馏。硬水含较多 $Ca^{2+}$、$Mg^{2+}$，可用肥皂水区分，煮沸或蒸馏软化。","question_types":[{"type":"水的净化方法"},{"type":"硬水与软水的区分"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"溶液的形成","key_content":"溶液是均一、稳定的混合物，由溶质和溶剂组成。溶解时可能吸热（如 $NH_4NO_3$）或放热（如 $NaOH$）。","question_types":[{"type":"溶液的特征与组成"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"溶解度","key_content":"固体溶解度指一定温度 $100g$ 溶剂中达饱和所溶解的质量（单位 $g$）。溶解度曲线反映溶解度随温度变化。","question_types":[{"type":"溶解度概念与计算"},{"type":"溶解度曲线分析"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"溶质质量分数","key_content":"溶质质量分数 $w=\\dfrac{m_{质}}{m_{液}}\\times100\\%$。配制步骤：计算、称量、量取、溶解。","question_types":[{"type":"溶质质量分数的计算"},{"type":"一定溶质质量分数溶液的配制"}]},{"id":"M04-K06","name":"饱和溶液与不饱和溶液","key_content":"一定温度、一定量溶剂中不能再溶解某溶质的溶液叫饱和溶液；升温或增加溶剂可转化为不饱和溶液。","question_types":[{"type":"饱和与不饱和溶液的判断与转化"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"金属与金属材料","book":"九年级下册 第八单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"金属材料的物理性质","key_content":"金属共性：有金属光泽、导电导热、有延展性。用途由性质决定，如铜作导线、铝制箔。","question_types":[{"type":"金属的物理特性与用途"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"金属的化学性质","key_content":"金属能与氧气、酸反应。金属活动性顺序：$K\\,Ca\\,Na\\,Mg\\,Al\\,Zn\\,Fe\\,Sn\\,Pb\\,(H)\\,Cu\\,Hg\\,Ag\\,Pt\\,Au$；排在氢前能与酸反应，前换后。","question_types":[{"type":"金属与氧气及酸反应"},{"type":"金属活动性顺序应用"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"金属的冶炼与锈蚀","key_content":"炼铁原理：$Fe_2O_3+3CO\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}2Fe+3CO_2$。铁锈蚀需水与氧气并存，涂油、刷漆可防护。","question_types":[{"type":"铁的冶炼原理"},{"type":"金属的锈蚀条件与防护"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"金属资源的利用","key_content":"含杂质的运算须先折算纯物质质量：纯物质质量=含杂质物质质量×纯度。","question_types":[{"type":"含杂质化学反应计算"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"酸碱盐","book":"九年级下册 第十、十一单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"酸","key_content":"常见酸：盐酸 $HCl$、硫酸 $H_2SO_4$。酸的通性：与指示剂、活泼金属、金属氧化物、碱、盐反应。","question_types":[{"type":"常见酸的物理性质"},{"type":"酸的化学性质（通性）"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"碱","key_content":"常见碱：氢氧化钠 $NaOH$、氢氧化钙 $Ca(OH)_2$。碱的通性：与指示剂、非金属氧化物、酸、盐反应。","question_types":[{"type":"常见碱的物理性质"},{"type":"碱的化学性质（通性）"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"中和反应","key_content":"酸与碱作用生成盐和水的反应叫中和反应，如 $HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H_2O$。用 $pH$ 试纸测酸碱度，$pH<7$ 显酸性。","question_types":[{"type":"中和反应原理与应用"},{"type":"溶液酸碱度pH的测定"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"盐","key_content":"常见盐：氯化钠、碳酸钠 $Na_2CO_3$、碳酸钙 $CaCO_3$。复分解反应发生条件：生成沉淀、气体或水。","question_types":[{"type":"常见盐的性质与用途"},{"type":"复分解反应条件判断"}]},{"id":"M06-K05","name":"酸碱盐的鉴别与推断","key_content":"检验 $CO_3^{2-}$ 用稀盐酸+澄清石灰水；检验 $SO_4^{2-}$ 用 $Ba^{2+}$+稀硝酸；推断常据特征反应与颜色。","question_types":[{"type":"常见离子的检验"},{"type":"物质推断（框图推断）"}]},{"id":"M06-K06","name":"化学肥料","key_content":"氮肥、磷肥、钾肥及复合肥。铵态氮肥与碱混合放出 $NH_3$，不可与碱性物质混用。","question_types":[{"type":"化肥的鉴别与合理使用"}]},{"id":"M06-K07","name":"粗盐提纯","key_content":"步骤：溶解、过滤、蒸发、计算产率。过滤操作用‘一贴二低三靠’。","question_types":[{"type":"粗盐提纯的步骤与操作"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"化学实验与探究","book":"跨单元（实验探究）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"基本实验操作","key_content":"常用仪器：试管、烧杯、量筒、酒精灯、漏斗等。基本操作：药品的取用、加热、过滤、仪器连接。","question_types":[{"type":"常见仪器识别与使用"},{"type":"基本实验操作正误判断"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"气体的制取与收集","key_content":"发生装置据反应物状态与条件选（固固加热/固液不加热）；收集装置据密度、溶解性选（排水/向上或向下排空气）。","question_types":[{"type":"气体发生与收集装置选择"},{"type":"气体制取的综合设计"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"物质的检验鉴别与除杂","key_content":"检验 $O_2$ 用带火星木条；检验 $CO_2$ 用澄清石灰水。除杂原则：不增、不减、易分离。","question_types":[{"type":"常见气体的检验"},{"type":"物质的除杂与分离"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"实验探究题","key_content":"探究实验需控制变量、设对照。据现象推导结论，注意‘现象—结论’对应。","question_types":[{"type":"变量控制与对照实验设计"},{"type":"实验现象与结论的分析"}]},{"id":"M07-K05","name":"实验安全与评价","key_content":"误差分析：称量、量取、操作偏差对结果的影响；评价方案的可行性、安全性、环保性。","question_types":[{"type":"实验误差分析与评价"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"化学计算","book":"跨单元（计算专题）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"化学式的计算","key_content":"相对分子质量=各原子相对原子质量之和；元素质量分数 $=\\dfrac{Ar\\times n}{Mr}\\times100\\%$。","question_types":[{"type":"相对分子质量计算"},{"type":"元素质量分数计算"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"化学方程式的计算","key_content":"化学方程式须配平使两边原子数相等。据方程式计算质量比，列比例式求解。含杂质先折算纯量。","question_types":[{"type":"化学方程式配平"},{"type":"根据化学方程式的质量计算"},{"type":"含杂质物质的质量计算"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"溶液相关计算","key_content":"将化学方程式与溶质质量分数结合：先求溶质质量，再算溶液质量分数。","question_types":[{"type":"溶质质量分数与化学方程式综合计算"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"质量守恒定律","key_content":"质量守恒：参加反应各物质质量总和=生成物质量总和，实质是反应前后原子种类、数目、质量不变。","question_types":[{"type":"质量守恒定律的理解与验证"},{"type":"质量守恒定律应用（推断组成与系数）"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"化学与生活","book":"九年级下册 第十二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"人类重要的营养物质","key_content":"六大营养素：蛋白质、糖类、油脂、维生素、无机盐、水。","question_types":[{"type":"六大营养素的识别"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"化学元素与人体健康","key_content":"常量元素（如 $Ca$）与微量元素（如 $Fe$、$Zn$、$I$、$Se$），缺铁贫血、缺碘甲状腺肿。","question_types":[{"type":"常量元素与微量元素的判断"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"有机合成材料","key_content":"三大合成材料：塑料、合成纤维、合成橡胶。区分天然纤维与合成纤维可用灼烧法。","question_types":[{"type":"有机合成材料的识别"}]},{"id":"M09-K04","name":"化学与环境保护","key_content":"白色污染指塑料袋等难降解塑料污染；防治：减少使用、回收利用、使用可降解塑料。","question_types":[{"type":"环境污染与白色污染防治"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"物质的分类判断","content":"下列物质中，属于纯净物的是（  ）：A. 空气  B. 蒸馏水  C. 食盐水  D. 澄清石灰水。","solution_method":"纯净物由一种物质组成。空气、食盐水、澄清石灰水均为混合物，蒸馏水是纯 $H_2O$。答案选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"混合物与纯净物的区分","content":"判断下列物质：①液氧 ②洁净的空气 ③冰水混合物 ④高锰酸钾完全分解后的固体。哪些是混合物？","solution_method":"混合物含两种及以上物质：②空气、④含 $K_2MnO_4$ 与 $MnO_2$ 的固体为混合物；①液氧、③冰水（都是 $H_2O$）为纯净物。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"用微粒观点解释宏观现象","content":"用分子、原子观点解释‘酒香不怕巷子深’与‘湿衣服在阳光下干得快’。","solution_method":"酒香扩散是分子不断运动的结果；阳光下温度高，分子运动加快，水蒸发快。均说明分子在运动且运动速率与温度有关。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"离子符号的书写与意义","content":"写出镁离子、氯离子的符号，并说明 $Mg^{2+}$ 中‘2’的意义。","solution_method":"镁离子 $Mg^{2+}$，氯离子 $Cl^-$。$Mg^{2+}$ 中数字 2 表示一个镁离子带 2 个单位正电荷。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"原子中质子数中子数电子数关系","content":"某原子的质子数为 11，相对原子质量约为 23，求它的中子数和核外电子数。","solution_method":"核外电子数=质子数=11；中子数≈相对原子质量−质子数=23−11=12。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"相对原子质量的理解","content":"为什么原子的相对原子质量约等于质子数与中子数之和？","solution_method":"电子质量极小可忽略，原子质量主要集中在原子核（质子+中子），故相对原子质量≈质子数+中子数。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"元素符号的书写与意义","content":"写出氧、铁、钠、铜的元素符号，并说明 $2O$ 与 $O_2$ 的区别。","solution_method":"符号：$O$、$Fe$、$Na$、$Cu$。$2O$ 表示 2 个氧原子；$O_2$ 表示一个氧分子（由 2 个氧原子构成）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"元素周期表单元格信息提取","content":"从元素周期表查得某元素方格显示‘8  O  16.00’，说出原子序数与相对原子质量。","solution_method":"左上角 8 为原子序数（=质子数=8），下方 16.00 为相对原子质量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"常见元素化合价的推断","content":"求 $Al_2O_3$ 中铝元素的化合价。","solution_method":"设 Al 化合价为 $x$，氧为 $-2$。由 $2x+3\\times(-2)=0$，得 $x=+3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"化学式与化合价的互推","content":"已知钙元素显 $+2$ 价、氯元素显 $-1$ 价，写出氯化钙的化学式。","solution_method":"化合价代数和为 0，需 1 个 $Ca^{2+}$ 与 2 个 $Cl^-$，化学式为 $CaCl_2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K06-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K06","question_type":"化学式的书写","content":"写出五氧化二磷、碳酸钠、氢氧化钙的化学式。","solution_method":"五氧化二磷 $P_2O_5$；碳酸钠 $Na_2CO_3$；氢氧化钙 $Ca(OH)_2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"空气中各成分体积分数","content":"空气中体积分数约为 78% 和 21% 的气体分别是什么？","solution_method":"氮气约 78%，氧气约 21%。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"空气污染的防治","content":"下列做法中不利于防治空气污染的是（  ）：A. 植树造林  B. 推广清洁能源  C. 焚烧秸秆  D. 尾气处理。","solution_method":"焚烧秸秆会产生烟尘与有害气体，污染空气。选 C。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"氧气的化学性质与反应现象","content":"描述铁丝在氧气中燃烧的现象，并写出化学方程式。","solution_method":"剧烈燃烧、火星四射、生成黑色固体 $Fe_3O_4$：$3Fe+2O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}Fe_3O_4$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"实验室制取氧气的原理与装置","content":"写出用过氧化氢制取氧气的化学方程式，并指出所用发生装置类型。","solution_method":"$2H_2O_2\\xrightarrow{MnO_2}2H_2O+O_2\\uparrow$。反应物为固液、不需加热，用‘固液不加热’型发生装置。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"催化剂与催化作用","content":"下列关于催化剂的说法正确的是（  ）：A. 反应后质量减小  B. 能改变化学反应速率  C. 增加生成物质量。","solution_method":"催化剂改变反应速率，自身质量与化学性质不变，不改变生成物质量。选 B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"化合反应与分解反应判断","content":"判断 $2H_2O\\xrightarrow{\\text{通电}}2H_2\\uparrow+O_2\\uparrow$ 属于哪种基本反应类型。","solution_method":"反应物一种、生成物两种，符合‘一变多’，属于分解反应。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"氧化反应与缓慢氧化辨析","content":"下列变化中属于缓慢氧化的是（  ）：A. 木材燃烧  B. 食物腐烂  C. 火药爆炸。","solution_method":"缓慢氧化是进行很慢、不发光但放热的氧化反应。食物腐烂符合。选 B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"碳单质的物理性质与用途","content":"金刚石与石墨物理性质差异很大的原因是什么？金刚石可用于裁玻璃说明其有何性质？","solution_method":"碳原子排列方式不同导致性质差异。金刚石硬度大，故可裁玻璃。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"碳单质的化学性质","content":"写出碳在高温下还原氧化铜的化学方程式，并说明碳表现出什么性质。","solution_method":"$C+2CuO\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}2Cu+CO_2\\uparrow$。碳夺取氧，表现出还原性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"实验室制取二氧化碳的原理与装置","content":"实验室制取 $CO_2$ 的药品与化学方程式是什么？为何不用排水法收集？","solution_method":"大理石（或石灰石）与稀盐酸：$CaCO_3+2HCl=CaCl_2+H_2O+CO_2\\uparrow$。$CO_2$ 能溶于水，故用向上排空气法。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"二氧化碳的化学性质","content":"将 $CO_2$ 通入紫色石蕊溶液，溶液变红的原因是什么？写出相关反应。","solution_method":"$CO_2$ 与水反应生成碳酸使石蕊变红：$CO_2+H_2O=H_2CO_3$。加热后碳酸分解，溶液复原紫色。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"二氧化碳对环境的影响","content":"大气中 $CO_2$ 含量过高会引起什么环境问题？请提出一条减缓措施。","solution_method":"导致温室效应增强。可通过植树造林、减少化石燃料使用来减缓。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"一氧化碳的还原性与毒性","content":"用化学方程式表示 $CO$ 还原氧化铁，并说明为何 $CO$ 有毒、实验需尾气处理。","solution_method":"$3CO+Fe_2O_3\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}2Fe+3CO_2$。$CO$ 与血红蛋白结合使人缺氧；多余 $CO$ 要点燃处理防污染。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"一氧化碳与二氧化碳的鉴别与除杂","content":"如何鉴别 $CO$ 与 $CO_2$？若 $CO_2$ 中混有少量 $CO$，如何除去？","solution_method":"鉴别：通入澄清石灰水，变浑浊为 $CO_2$。除杂：$CO_2$ 中混 $CO$ 可通过灼热的 $CuO$（$CO+CuO\\xrightarrow{\\triangle}Cu+CO_2$），不引入新杂质。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"碳及其化合物相互转化推断","content":"A 为单质碳，B、C 为无色气体，D 为能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体。A 燃烧可生成 B 或 C，C 与灼热 CuO 生成 B。推断 A、B、C、D。","solution_method":"A 为 $C$；不充分燃烧得 $CO$（C），充分燃烧得 $CO_2$（B），B 使石灰水变浑浊即 D 为 $CO_2$。关系：$C\\to CO/CO_2$，$CO+CuO\\to CO_2$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"水的电解实验","content":"电解水实验中正负极气体体积比是多少？如何检验正极产生的气体？","solution_method":"体积比约 $1:2$（正氧负氢）。正极气体用带火星木条检验，复燃则为 $O_2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"水的组成与化学式","content":"由电解水实验可知水由什么组成？水的化学式如何书写？","solution_method":"水由氢、氧两种元素组成；每个水分子含 2 个 H 与 1 个 O，化学式为 $H_2O$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"水的净化方法","content":"列举四种水的净化方法，并指出其中净化程度最高的是哪种。","solution_method":"沉淀、过滤、吸附、蒸馏；蒸馏可除去所有杂质，净化程度最高。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"硬水与软水的区分","content":"如何用简便方法区分硬水与软水？生活中怎样降低水的硬度？","solution_method":"加肥皂水，泡沫少、浮渣多的是硬水。生活中煮沸可降低硬度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"溶液的特征与组成","content":"溶液有哪些特征？氯化钠溶液中溶质和溶剂分别是什么？","solution_method":"溶液具均一性、稳定性、混合物。溶质为 $NaCl$，溶剂为 $H_2O$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"溶解度概念与计算","content":"20℃ 时 NaCl 溶解度为 36g，求该温度下 50g 水中最多溶解 NaCl 多少克？","solution_method":"溶解度 36g 指 100g 水溶 36g。设 50g 水溶 $x$：$x=36\\times50/100=18g$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"溶解度曲线分析","content":"某溶解度曲线显示：$t_1$℃ 时甲、乙两物质溶解度相等；$t_2$℃ 时甲的曲线高于乙。则 $t_2$℃ 时甲的溶解度___乙（填‘>’‘<’）。","solution_method":"由曲线读出：$t_2$℃ 时甲的曲线高于乙，故甲溶解度大于乙，填‘>’。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"溶质质量分数的计算","content":"将 20g NaCl 溶于 80g 水中，求所得溶液的溶质质量分数。","solution_method":"$w=\\dfrac{20}{20+80}\\times100\\%=20\\%$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"一定溶质质量分数溶液的配制","content":"配制 100g 质量分数 10% 的 NaCl 溶液，需 NaCl 和水各多少克？步骤有哪些？","solution_method":"需 NaCl $100\\times10\\%=10g$，水 $90g$（即 90mL）。步骤：计算、称量、量取、溶解、装瓶贴签。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"饱和与不饱和溶液的判断与转化","content":"怎样将接近饱和的硝酸钾溶液变为饱和溶液？（写两种措施）","solution_method":"可加入适量 $KNO_3$、或蒸发溶剂、或降低温度（硝酸钾溶解度随温度降低而减小）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"金属的物理特性与用途","content":"为什么电线常用铜或铝制作？铝可制成铝箔说明金属具有什么性质？","solution_method":"铜铝导电性好；铝能压成箔说明金属有延展性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"金属与氧气及酸反应","content":"写出锌与稀硫酸反应的化学方程式，并说明该反应属于什么类型。","solution_method":"$Zn+H_2SO_4=ZnSO_4+H_2\\uparrow$。单质+化合物→新单质+新化合物，属置换反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"金属活动性顺序应用","content":"将铁片浸入硫酸铜溶液中，可观察到什么现象？用金属活动性顺序解释。","solution_method":"铁表面有红色固体析出、溶液由蓝变浅绿。因铁比铜活泼（$Fe>Cu$），发生反应 $Fe+CuSO_4=FeSO_4+Cu$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"铁的冶炼原理","content":"写出工业炼铁中氧化铁被一氧化碳还原的化学方程式。","solution_method":"$Fe_2O_3+3CO\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}2Fe+3CO_2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"金属的锈蚀条件与防护","content":"探究铁锈蚀条件的实验中，哪支试管中的铁钉最易生锈？如何防锈？","solution_method":"同时接触水与氧气（如食盐水中）的铁钉最易锈。防锈：保持干燥、涂油、刷漆、镀层等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"含杂质化学反应计算","content":"含 $Fe_2O_3$ 80% 的赤铁矿 1000t，理论上可炼得纯铁多少吨？（相对原子质量 Fe=56，O=16）","solution_method":"纯 $Fe_2O_3=1000\\times80\\%=800t$。由 $Fe_2O_3\\sim 2Fe$，质量比 160:112，纯铁 $=800\\times112/160=560t$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"常见酸的物理性质","content":"浓盐酸、浓硫酸分别有什么特性？打开浓盐酸瓶塞为何有白雾？","solution_method":"浓盐酸有挥发性，挥出的 $HCl$ 遇水蒸气形成盐酸小液滴（白雾）；浓硫酸有吸水性、脱水性、强腐蚀性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"酸的化学性质（通性）","content":"写出盐酸与氧化铁反应的化学方程式，并说明该反应可除去铁锈的原理。","solution_method":"$Fe_2O_3+6HCl=2FeCl_3+3H_2O$。盐酸与金属氧化物反应，故可除去铁锈。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"常见碱的物理性质","content":"氢氧化钠固体为何要密封保存？它有什么特性？","solution_method":"$NaOH$ 易潮解且能与 $CO_2$ 反应变质，故密封保存；它还有强腐蚀性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"碱的化学性质（通性）","content":"写出氢氧化钙与碳酸钠反应的化学方程式，该反应属于什么类型？","solution_method":"$Ca(OH)_2+Na_2CO_3=CaCO_3\\downarrow+2NaOH$。两化合物互换成分生成沉淀，属复分解反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"中和反应原理与应用","content":"用熟石灰改良酸性土壤，写出氢氧化钙与硫酸反应的化学方程式。","solution_method":"$Ca(OH)_2+H_2SO_4=CaSO_4+2H_2O$。酸与碱生成盐和水，属中和反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"溶液酸碱度pH的测定","content":"测定某溶液 pH 时，能否先将 pH 试纸润湿？正常雨水 pH 约为多少、为何略小于 7？","solution_method":"不能润湿（会稀释待测液）。正常雨水因溶有 $CO_2$ 略显酸性，pH≈5.6。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"常见盐的性质与用途","content":"写出碳酸钠与盐酸反应的化学方程式，并说明其可用于除垢的原因。","solution_method":"$Na_2CO_3+2HCl=2NaCl+H_2O+CO_2\\uparrow$。碳酸盐与酸反应放出 $CO_2$，故可除垢。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"复分解反应条件判断","content":"判断 $NaCl+KNO_3$ 能否发生复分解反应，为什么？","solution_method":"不能。互换成分得 $NaNO_3$ 与 $KCl$，均无沉淀、气体或水生成，不满足复分解条件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"常见离子的检验","content":"如何检验某溶液中是否含有 $SO_4^{2-}$？写出所用试剂与现象。","solution_method":"先加稀盐酸酸化（排除 $CO_3^{2-}$ 等干扰），再加 $BaCl_2$ 溶液，若产生白色沉淀则含 $SO_4^{2-}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"物质推断（框图推断）","content":"已知 A 与盐酸生成气体使澄清石灰水变浑浊，A 与 B 生成白色沉淀 C。推断 A、B、C 可能是什么。","solution_method":"使石灰水变浑浊的气体为 $CO_2$，故 A 为碳酸盐如 $Na_2CO_3$；B 为含钙可溶物如 $Ca(OH)_2$，生成 $CaCO_3$ 沉淀 C。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K06-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K06","question_type":"化肥的鉴别与合理使用","content":"怎样区分氮肥（硫酸铵）与钾肥（氯化钾）？铵态氮肥为何不能与草木灰混用？","solution_method":"加熟石灰研磨，放出刺激性气味 $NH_3$ 的是铵态氮肥。草木灰呈碱性，会使铵态氮肥放出 $NH_3$ 而失效。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K07-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K07","question_type":"粗盐提纯的步骤与操作","content":"粗盐提纯的主要步骤有哪些？过滤时玻璃棒的作用是什么？","solution_method":"步骤：溶解、过滤、蒸发、计算产率。过滤时玻璃棒起引流作用。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"常见仪器识别与使用","content":"量取 8mL 液体应选用多大规格的量筒？读数时视线应与何处相平？","solution_method":"选 10mL 量筒（接近且一次量取）。读数时视线与凹液面最低处保持水平。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"基本实验操作正误判断","content":"下列操作正确的是（  ）：A. 用嘴吹灭酒精灯  B. 用燃着的酒精灯引燃另一盏  C. 加热固体时试管口略向下倾斜  D. 把鼻孔凑近闻气体。","solution_method":"加热固体时试管口略向下防冷凝水倒流炸裂，正确。A/B/D 均错误。选 C。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"气体发生与收集装置选择","content":"用高锰酸钾制氧气应选哪种发生装置？收集较纯净的氧气用何法？","solution_method":"高锰酸钾为固体且需加热，选‘固固加热’型；收集较纯净 $O_2$ 用排水法。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"气体制取的综合设计","content":"设计一套用大理石与稀盐酸制取并收集干燥 $CO_2$ 的装置（用文字说明连接顺序）。","solution_method":"发生（固液不加热）→ 除杂（饱和 $NaHCO_3$ 除 $HCl$）→ 干燥（浓硫酸）→ 收集（向上排空气，长进短出）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"常见气体的检验","content":"怎样检验一瓶气体是否为 $O_2$？怎样检验 $CO_2$？","solution_method":"$O_2$：带火星木条伸入，复燃则为氧。$CO_2$：通入澄清石灰水，变浑浊则为二氧化碳。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"物质的除杂与分离","content":"除去 $NaCl$ 溶液中混有的少量 $Na_2CO_3$，可加入什么试剂？写出反应。","solution_method":"加适量稀盐酸：$Na_2CO_3+2HCl=2NaCl+H_2O+CO_2\\uparrow$，不引入新杂质，蒸发得纯 $NaCl$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"变量控制与对照实验设计","content":"探究‘温度对食盐溶解速率的影响’时，应如何控制变量？","solution_method":"控制食盐质量、水量、颗粒大小相同，只改变温度，设不同温度组作对照，观察完全溶解所需时间。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"实验现象与结论的分析","content":"向酚酞溶液中滴加 NaOH 溶液变红，再滴加盐酸红色褪去，说明什么？","solution_method":"NaOH 使酚酞变红显碱性；加盐酸后中和，碱性消失红色褪去，证明确发生中和反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"实验误差分析与评价","content":"配制一定溶质质量分数溶液时，若量水时仰视读数，所得溶液浓度偏大还是偏小？","solution_method":"仰视读数偏小，实际量取水量偏多，故溶质质量分数偏小。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"相对分子质量计算","content":"计算 $CaCO_3$ 的相对分子质量。（Ca=40，C=12，O=16）","solution_method":"$Mr(CaCO_3)=40+12+16\\times3=100$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"元素质量分数计算","content":"计算 $CO(NH_2)_2$（尿素）中氮元素的质量分数。（相对原子质量 C=12，O=16，N=14，H=1）","solution_method":"$Mr=12+16+2\\times(14+2)=60$，N 质量分数 $=\\dfrac{2\\times14}{60}\\times100\\%\\approx46.7\\%$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"化学方程式配平","content":"配平：$Fe_2O_3+CO\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}Fe+CO_2$。","solution_method":"用得失氧法：1 个 $Fe_2O_3$ 失 3 个 O 需 3 个 CO，得 $Fe_2O_3+3CO\\xrightarrow{\\text{高温}}2Fe+3CO_2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"根据化学方程式的质量计算","content":"加热分解 6.3g 高锰酸钾，最多可制得氧气多少克？（KMnO4=158，O2=32）","solution_method":"$2KMnO_4\\xrightarrow{\\triangle}K_2MnO_4+MnO_2+O_2\\uparrow$，$2\\times158:32=316:32$。$m(O_2)=6.3\\times32/316=0.64g$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-3","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"含杂质物质的质量计算","content":"含杂质 10% 的锌 32.5g 与足量稀硫酸反应，最多生成 $H_2$ 多少克？（Zn=65，H2=2）","solution_method":"纯 Zn$=32.5\\times(1-10\\%)=29.25g$。$Zn+H_2SO_4=ZnSO_4+H_2\\uparrow$，$65:2=29.25:m$，$m(H_2)=0.9g$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"溶质质量分数与化学方程式综合计算","content":"含 HCl 7.3g 的盐酸与足量 $CaCO_3$ 反应，生成 $CO_2$ 多少克？消耗 $CaCO_3$ 多少克？（HCl=36.5，CO2=44，CaCO3=100）","solution_method":"$CaCO_3+2HCl=CaCl_2+H_2O+CO_2\\uparrow$。$2\\times36.5:44:100=73:44:100$。$CO_2=7.3\\times44/73=4.4g$；$CaCO_3=7.3\\times100/73=10g$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"质量守恒定律的理解与验证","content":"镁条在空气中燃烧后，所得固体质量为何比原镁条大？是否违背质量守恒？","solution_method":"不违背。镁与空气中氧结合，生成物质量=镁+参加反应的氧，故固体增重，仍符合质量守恒。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"质量守恒定律应用（推断组成与系数）","content":"某有机物 R 燃烧：$R+3O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}2CO_2+3H_2O$，推断 R 的化学式。","solution_method":"据原子守恒：右边 C=2、H=6、O=7；左边 O 来自 $3O_2$ 共 6 个，故 R 含 C2、H6、O1，化学式为 $C_2H_6O$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"六大营养素的识别","content":"米饭主要为人体提供哪类营养素？鸡蛋主要提供什么？","solution_method":"米饭富含糖类；鸡蛋富含蛋白质。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"常量元素与微量元素的判断","content":"下列元素中属于人体微量元素的是（  ）：A. 钙  B. 钠  C. 铁  D. 钾。","solution_method":"钙、钠、钾为常量元素，铁为微量元素。选 C。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"有机合成材料的识别","content":"区分棉纤维、羊毛与涤纶（合成纤维）可用什么方法？","solution_method":"灼烧闻气味：棉烧纸味、羊毛烧焦羽毛味、涤纶熔成硬球且特殊气味，可区分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"环境污染与白色污染防治","content":"什么是‘白色污染’？列举一条防治措施。","solution_method":"指废弃塑料及其制品造成的环境污染。措施：减少使用塑料袋、回收利用、使用可降解塑料。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"金属活动性顺序应用","content":"将等质量锌、铁分别放入同浓度稀硫酸中，产生 $H_2$ 速率谁快？最终质量谁多？（酸足量）","solution_method":"锌比铁活泼，速率更快。同质量时铁摩尔数更多（相对原子质量 $56<65$）且均显 +2 价，故铁生成 $H_2$ 更多。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-3","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"溶解度曲线分析","content":"将 $t_3$℃ 时甲的饱和溶液降温至 $t_1$℃，会有什么现象？能否用降温结晶提纯甲？","solution_method":"甲溶解度随温度降低而减小，降温析出晶体（降温结晶）。因甲溶解度受温度影响大，可用降温结晶提纯。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-4","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"化学方程式配平","content":"配平乙炔燃烧：$C_2H_2+O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}CO_2+H_2O$。","solution_method":"设 $2C_2H_2+5O_2\\xrightarrow{\\text{点燃}}4CO_2+2H_2O$，左右 C=4、H=4、O=10，已配平。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-3","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"质量守恒定律应用（推断组成与系数）","content":"反应 $2A+3B_2=2AB_3$ 中，若 A、B 为元素，则生成物 $AB_3$ 中 A、B 的质量比为？（Ar(A)=27，Ar(B)=16）","solution_method":"$AB_3$ 中 $m(A):m(B)=27:(3\\times16)=27:48=9:16$。亦可由质量守恒验证。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"物质推断（框图推断）","content":"甲、乙、丙是三种不同类别的物质，甲→乙→丙均可一步实现，且乙为黑色固体氧化物。试举一例。","solution_method":"如甲为 $C$（单质）、乙为 $CuO$（氧化物）、丙为 $CuSO_4$：$C\\to CuO$（与 $O_2$ 反应），$CuO\\to CuSO_4$（与 $H_2SO_4$）。","difficulty":"难"}]},{"subject":"初中生物","metadata":{"subject":"初中生物","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"生物体的结构层次","book":"七年级上册 第一、二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"显微镜的结构与使用","key_content":"显微镜是放大观察微小物体的仪器，由目镜、物镜、准焦螺旋、载物台、反光镜等组成；放大倍数等于目镜倍数与物镜倍数之积，成倒立放大的虚像。","question_types":[{"type":"显微镜的构造与功能识别"},{"type":"显微镜的使用步骤"},{"type":"显微镜的成像特点与放大倍数计算"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"临时装片的制作","key_content":"制作临时装片的一般步骤：擦→滴→取→展（或涂）→盖→染→吸；盖盖玻片要避免产生气泡，滴加液体（清水或生理盐水）以维持细胞正常形态。","question_types":[{"type":"临时装片的制作步骤"},{"type":"装片制作中的注意事项"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"细胞的基本结构","key_content":"植物细胞有细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核、叶绿体、液泡、线粒体；动物细胞无细胞壁、叶绿体和液泡；细胞膜控制物质进出，细胞核是遗传信息库。","question_types":[{"type":"动植物细胞结构的比较"},{"type":"细胞结构的功能识别"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"细胞的生活","key_content":"细胞的生活需要物质和能量；细胞分裂使细胞数目增多且染色体先复制后均分；细胞分化形成不同组织；线粒体、叶绿体是能量转换器。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞分裂过程"},{"type":"细胞分化与组织形成"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"多细胞生物体的结构层次","key_content":"多细胞生物体结构层次：细胞→组织→器官→（系统）→个体；植物无系统层次，动物有组织、器官、系统三个层次。","question_types":[{"type":"动植物体结构层次比较"},{"type":"器官与系统的识别"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"生物与环境","book":"七年级上册 第一单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"生物的特征","key_content":"生物的基本特征：需要营养、进行呼吸、排出废物、对外界刺激作出反应、生长和繁殖、具有遗传和变异特性，除病毒外都由细胞构成。","question_types":[{"type":"生物基本特征的判断"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"生物与环境的关系","key_content":"生物适应环境也能影响环境；环境因素包括非生物因素（光、温度、水、土壤等）和生物因素（捕食、竞争、合作、寄生等），它们影响生物的分布和生存。","question_types":[{"type":"生物对环境的适应"},{"type":"环境对生物的影响"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"生态系统","key_content":"生态系统是在一定空间内生物与环境形成的统一整体，包括非生物部分和生物部分（生产者、消费者、分解者）；通过食物链和食物网进行物质循环和能量流动。","question_types":[{"type":"生态系统的组成分析"},{"type":"食物链与食物网"},{"type":"生态系统能量流动与物质循环"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"生物圈","key_content":"生物圈是地球上所有生物与其生存环境的总和，包括大气圈底部、水圈大部和岩石圈表面，是最大的生态系统。","question_types":[{"type":"生物圈的范围与特点"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"生物圈中的绿色植物","book":"七年级上册 第三单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"种子的萌发","key_content":"种子萌发需要适量的水、充足的空气和适宜的温度；萌发时胚根先突破种皮发育成根，胚芽发育成茎和叶，子叶或胚乳提供营养。","question_types":[{"type":"种子萌发条件的探究实验"},{"type":"种子萌发的过程"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"根的生长与吸收","key_content":"根尖成熟区（根毛区）是吸收水和无机盐的主要部位；植物需要含氮、磷、钾的无机盐，缺素会出现相应缺乏症。","question_types":[{"type":"根的结构与吸水部位"},{"type":"无土栽培与无机盐"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"蒸腾作用","key_content":"蒸腾作用是水分以气体状态从植物体散失到体外的过程，主要通过叶进行，拉动水和无机盐运输并降低叶片温度，参与生物圈水循环。","question_types":[{"type":"蒸腾作用的意义"},{"type":"蒸腾作用实验"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"光合作用","key_content":"光合作用在叶绿体中进行，利用光能把二氧化碳和水合成有机物并释放氧气；表达式：二氧化碳+水→（光能、叶绿体）有机物（储存能量）+氧气。","question_types":[{"type":"光合作用原料与产物的探究"},{"type":"光合作用实质与意义"},{"type":"叶绿体与光照条件实验"}]},{"id":"M03-K05","name":"呼吸作用","key_content":"呼吸作用是细胞利用氧将有机物分解成二氧化碳和水并释放能量的过程，主要在线粒体中进行，为各项生命活动提供动力。","question_types":[{"type":"呼吸作用原料与产物的探究"},{"type":"光合作用与呼吸作用的关系"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"人体的营养与呼吸","book":"七年级下册 第二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"食物中的营养物质","key_content":"食物中的六大营养物质：糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、水、无机盐、维生素；糖类是主要能源，蛋白质是建造修复身体的原料，缺维生素会患病。","question_types":[{"type":"六大营养物质的识别"},{"type":"缺乏症的判断"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"消化系统的组成","key_content":"消化系统由消化道（口腔→咽→食道→胃→小肠→大肠→肛门）和消化腺（唾液腺、胃腺、肝脏、胰腺、肠腺）组成，肝脏是最大的消化腺。","question_types":[{"type":"消化系统结构识图"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"营养物质的消化与吸收","key_content":"淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪在不同部位被消化；小肠是消化和吸收的主要场所，其皱襞和小肠绒毛增大了吸收面积。","question_types":[{"type":"淀粉蛋白质脂肪的消化曲线"},{"type":"营养物质的吸收部位"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"呼吸系统的组成","key_content":"呼吸系统由呼吸道（鼻、咽、喉、气管、支气管）和肺组成，肺是气体交换的场所，呼吸道对空气有温暖、湿润、清洁作用。","question_types":[{"type":"呼吸系统结构识图"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"发生在肺内的气体交换","key_content":"肺与外界的气体交换通过呼吸运动实现（膈肌和肋间肌收缩吸气）；肺泡与血液间通过气体扩散进行氧气和二氧化碳交换。","question_types":[{"type":"肺泡与血液的气体交换"},{"type":"呼吸运动原理"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"人体的循环、泌尿与神经调节","book":"七年级下册 第四、五单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"血液与血型","key_content":"血液由血浆和血细胞（红细胞、白细胞、血小板）组成；输血以输同型血为原则，O型为万能供血者，AB型为万能受血者。","question_types":[{"type":"血液成分及功能"},{"type":"输血与血型"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"血管与心脏","key_content":"血管分动脉、静脉、毛细血管；心脏四腔：左心房、左心室、右心房、右心室，心室壁比心房厚，左心室壁最厚。","question_types":[{"type":"血管类型的判断"},{"type":"心脏结构与功能识图"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"血液循环途径","key_content":"体循环：左心室→主动脉→全身→上下腔静脉→右心房；肺循环：右心室→肺动脉→肺部→肺静脉→左心房；二者在心脏处连通。","question_types":[{"type":"体循环与肺循环路径"},{"type":"血液流经器官后成分变化"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"排泄与泌尿系统","key_content":"泌尿系统由肾脏、输尿管、膀胱、尿道组成；尿在肾单位中经肾小球过滤和肾小管重吸收形成。","question_types":[{"type":"泌尿系统组成识图"},{"type":"尿液形成过程"}]},{"id":"M05-K05","name":"神经调节的基本方式","key_content":"神经调节的基本方式是反射，结构基础是反射弧（感受器→传入神经→神经中枢→传出神经→效应器）；分简单反射和复杂反射。","question_types":[{"type":"反射与反射弧"},{"type":"简单反射与复杂反射"}]},{"id":"M05-K06","name":"人体激素调节","key_content":"激素由内分泌腺分泌，含量少作用大；生长激素、甲状腺激素、胰岛素分泌异常会引起相应疾病，激素调节与神经调节共同维持稳态。","question_types":[{"type":"激素分泌异常症"},{"type":"激素调节实例分析"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"动物的运动和行为","book":"八年级上册 第五单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"动物的运动","key_content":"运动系统由骨、关节和肌肉组成；骨起杠杆作用、关节起支点作用、骨骼肌收缩提供动力，运动需多组肌肉协调配合。","question_types":[{"type":"运动系统的组成"},{"type":"骨关节肌肉协调配合"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"先天性行为和学习行为","key_content":"先天性行为生来就有、由遗传决定；学习行为后天由经验获得，二者使动物更好适应环境。","question_types":[{"type":"先天性行为与学习行为的判断"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"社会行为","key_content":"社会行为是群体内有组织、有分工、有的有等级的行为，如蜜蜂、白蚁、狒狒等。","question_types":[{"type":"社会行为的特征"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"生物的生殖发育与遗传","book":"八年级下册 第七单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"植物的生殖","key_content":"有性生殖经两性生殖细胞结合；无性生殖由母体直接产生新个体（嫁接、扦插、压条、组织培养），能保持母本性状。","question_types":[{"type":"有性生殖与无性生殖的判断"},{"type":"嫁接扦插等无性生殖应用"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"昆虫的生殖和发育","key_content":"昆虫生殖发育属变态发育；完全变态经卵→幼虫→蛹→成虫，不完全变态经卵→若虫→成虫。","question_types":[{"type":"完全变态与不完全变态的判断"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"两栖动物的生殖和发育","key_content":"两栖动物体外受精、卵生，发育为变态发育（受精卵→蝌蚪→幼蛙→成蛙），生殖发育离不开水。","question_types":[{"type":"青蛙发育特点（变态发育）"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"鸟的生殖和发育","key_content":"鸟卵有卵壳、气室、卵白、卵黄、胚盘等结构；生殖发育过程包括求偶、交配、筑巢、产卵、孵卵、育雏。","question_types":[{"type":"鸟卵的结构与功能"},{"type":"鸟的生殖发育过程"}]},{"id":"M07-K05","name":"基因控制生物的性状","key_content":"性状是生物的形态结构等特征，相对性状是同种生物同一性状的不同表现；基因控制生物的性状，转基因技术可证明。","question_types":[{"type":"性状与相对性状的判断"},{"type":"转基因与性状表达"}]},{"id":"M07-K06","name":"基因的显性与隐性","key_content":"显性基因（D）和隐性基因（d）控制相对性状；隐性性状（dd）只在纯合时出现；近亲结婚会增加隐性遗传病风险。","question_types":[{"type":"遗传图解与基因显隐性推断"},{"type":"禁止近亲结婚的遗传学依据"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"生物的多样性","book":"八年级上册 第六单元 / 七年级上册","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"根据生物的特征进行分类","key_content":"生物分类等级从大到小为界、门、纲、目、科、属、种，种是最基本单位；可用二歧检索表区分生物。","question_types":[{"type":"生物分类等级的判断"},{"type":"根据特征编制检索表"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"认识和保护生物多样性","key_content":"生物多样性含物种多样性、基因（遗传）多样性、生态系统多样性三个层次；保护最有效措施是建立自然保护区（就地保护）。","question_types":[{"type":"生物多样性三个层次"},{"type":"生物多样性保护措施"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"生命的起源和进化","key_content":"生命起源经化学进化：无机物→有机物→原始生命（在原始海洋）；化石是进化最重要证据，趋势由简单到复杂、低等到高等、水生到陆生。","question_types":[{"type":"生命起源的化学进化"},{"type":"生物进化证据与规律"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"病毒","key_content":"病毒无细胞结构，由蛋白质外壳和内部遗传物质组成，必须寄生在活细胞内，靠复制繁殖。","question_types":[{"type":"病毒的结构与生活"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"生物技术","book":"八年级下册 第八单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"发酵技术","key_content":"发酵技术利用微生物代谢，如乳酸菌制酸奶、酵母菌发面；需控制温度、氧气等条件。","question_types":[{"type":"发酵原理与条件"},{"type":"常见发酵食品"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"现代生物技术","key_content":"现代生物技术包括克隆（无性生殖，证明细胞核全能性）和转基因技术（导入外源基因获得新性状）。","question_types":[{"type":"克隆技术"},{"type":"转基因技术"}]}]},{"id":"M10","name":"健康地生活","book":"八年级下册 第八单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"传染病及其预防","key_content":"传染病由病原体引起，流行三环节：传染源、传播途径、易感人群；预防分控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群。","question_types":[{"type":"传染病流行的三个环节"},{"type":"传染病的预防措施"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"免疫与计划免疫","key_content":"免疫分非特异性（先天、无针对性）和特异性（后天、有针对性、产生抗体）；计划免疫可预防传染病。","question_types":[{"type":"特异性免疫与非特异性免疫"},{"type":"抗原抗体与计划免疫"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"用药与急救","key_content":"安全用药区分处方药(Rx)和非处方药(OTC)，阅读说明书；急救如心肺复苏(CPR)按压:呼吸=30:2，并尽快用AED。","question_types":[{"type":"安全用药常识"},{"type":"急救方法（心肺复苏等）"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"显微镜的构造与功能识别","content":"下图是普通光学显微镜结构图，请写出目镜、物镜、粗准焦螺旋、细准焦螺旋的名称及作用。","solution_method":"目镜和物镜是放大物像的主要部件，目镜越长放大倍数越小，物镜越长放大倍数越大；粗准焦螺旋能大幅度升降镜筒，用于低倍下快速调焦，细准焦螺旋可小幅升降镜筒使物像更清晰。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"显微镜的使用步骤","content":"使用显微镜观察标本时，正确操作顺序是：①对光 ②观察 ③取镜和安放 ④整理归箱。请排出正确顺序并说明对光要点。","solution_method":"正确顺序为③①②④。对光时先转动转换器使低倍物镜对准通光孔，用较大光圈对准通光孔，左眼注视目镜，转动反光镜使视野明亮。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"显微镜的成像特点与放大倍数计算","content":"若目镜为10×、物镜为40×，显微镜放大倍数是多少？视野中物像偏左上方，应如何移动装片使其移至中央？","solution_method":"总放大倍数=目镜倍数×物镜倍数=10×40=400倍。显微镜成倒立放大的虚像，物像偏向哪方就向哪方移动装片，物像在左上方应向左上方移动装片。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"临时装片的制作步骤","content":"制作洋葱鳞片叶内表皮细胞临时装片的正确步骤是：①染色 ②展平 ③盖盖玻片 ④滴清水 ⑤撕取表皮 ⑥擦拭。请排序并说明关键操作。","solution_method":"顺序为⑥④⑤②③①。关键：滴清水保持细胞形态；展平防止重叠；盖盖玻片时让一侧先接触水滴再缓缓放下避免气泡；染色用碘液从盖玻片一侧引流。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"装片制作中的注意事项","content":"制作人的口腔上皮细胞临时装片为何滴加生理盐水而不是清水？盖盖玻片时如何避免气泡？","solution_method":"口腔上皮细胞生活在等渗环境中，滴加0.9%生理盐水可维持细胞正常形态，清水会使细胞吸水涨破；盖盖玻片时用镊子夹起使其一侧先接触液滴再缓缓放平，可减少气泡。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"动植物细胞结构的比较","content":"比较植物细胞和动物细胞在结构上的相同点与不同点。","solution_method":"相同点：都有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核、线粒体。不同点：植物细胞有细胞壁、叶绿体、液泡，动物细胞没有这些结构。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"细胞结构的功能识别","content":"细胞中的遗传信息库是哪一结构？为细胞生命活动提供能量的结构是？控制物质进出细胞的结构是？","solution_method":"细胞核是遗传信息库，控制生物的发育和遗传；线粒体是呼吸作用的主要场所，为生命活动提供能量；细胞膜控制物质的进出，保护细胞内部。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"细胞分裂过程","content":"描述植物细胞分裂的基本过程，并说明染色体的变化意义。","solution_method":"细胞分裂时细胞核先一分为二，随后细胞质分成两份，最后在中间形成新细胞膜和细胞壁。分裂过程中染色体先复制加倍再均分到两个新细胞，保证新细胞遗传物质的稳定。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"细胞分化与组织形成","content":"什么是细胞分化？细胞分化形成了什么结构层次？","solution_method":"细胞分化是分裂产生的细胞在形态、结构和生理功能上发生差异性变化的过程。分化形成了不同的组织，如植物的保护组织、营养组织，动物的上皮组织、肌肉组织等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"动植物体结构层次比较","content":"植物体与动物体在结构层次上有何主要区别？","solution_method":"共同层次：细胞→组织→器官。区别：动物体在器官之上还有系统层次（器官→系统→动物体），植物体没有系统，由器官直接构成植物体。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"器官与系统的识别","content":"列举植物的六大器官，并指出人体消化、循环、呼吸、泌尿系统的功能。","solution_method":"植物六大器官：根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子。消化系统消化食物吸收营养，循环系统运输物质，呼吸系统进行气体交换，泌尿系统形成和排出尿液。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"生物基本特征的判断","content":"下列选项中属于生物基本特征的是：①需要营养 ②能进行呼吸 ③能生长和繁殖 ④能对外界刺激作出反应 ⑤由细胞构成。请判断并说明理由。","solution_method":"①②③④均为生物的基本特征；⑤不准确，因为病毒无细胞结构但也属于生物。判断生物可综合其是否具备应激性、生长繁殖、新陈代谢等特征。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"生物对环境的适应","content":"沙漠中的仙人掌叶退化成刺、茎肥厚含叶绿体，这体现了生物与环境的什么关系？","solution_method":"体现生物对环境的适应。叶退化成刺减少水分散失，肥厚茎储水并进行光合作用，是对干旱环境的适应。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"环境对生物的影响","content":"“人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开”反映了哪种环境因素对生物的影响？","solution_method":"反映温度对生物的影响。海拔升高气温降低，山寺温度低使桃花开放推迟，说明非生物因素（温度）影响植物的开花。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"生态系统的组成分析","content":"一个完整的生态系统包括哪些组成部分？请以北温带森林为例各举一例。","solution_method":"包括非生物部分（阳光、空气、水、土壤等）和生物部分。生物部分有生产者（绿色植物）、消费者（动物）、分解者（细菌真菌）。如森林中树木是生产者，昆虫鸟类是消费者，腐生真菌是分解者。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"食物链与食物网","content":"食物链“草→虫→蛙→蛇→鹰”中，若大量捕杀蛇，短期内蛙和草的数量将如何变化？","solution_method":"蛇减少，蛙的天敌减少，蛙数量增加；蛙增多大量捕食虫，虫减少，草因被虫吃的压力减小而数量增加。体现食物链中生物数量的相互制约。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-3","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"生态系统能量流动与物质循环","content":"生态系统的能量流动有什么特点？物质循环又有什么特点？","solution_method":"能量流动是单向的、逐级递减的，沿食物链由低营养级流向高营养级；物质循环（如碳循环）是在生物群落与无机环境之间反复循环、全球性的。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"生物圈的范围与特点","content":"生物圈包括哪几个圈层？为什么说生物圈是最大的生态系统？","solution_method":"生物圈包括大气圈的底部、水圈的大部和岩石圈的表面。它包含了地球上所有生物及其生存环境，各生态系统相互联系，因此是最大的生态系统。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"种子萌发条件的探究实验","content":"探究种子萌发条件的实验中，设置①号（适量水、室温、空气）、②号（无水）、③号（过量水浸没无空气）、④号（适量水、低温），分析各变量及结论。","solution_method":"①为对照组。②缺水说明水是必要的；③缺空气说明空气必要；④低温说明适宜温度必要。结论：种子萌发需要适量的水、充足的空气和适宜的温度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"种子萌发的过程","content":"种子萌发时最先突破种皮的结构是什么？胚根、胚芽分别发育成什么？","solution_method":"最先突破种皮的是胚根。胚根发育成根，胚轴发育成连接根和茎的部分，胚芽发育成茎和叶；子叶或胚乳提供营养。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"根的结构与吸水部位","content":"根尖吸收水和无机盐的主要部位是哪一区？其结构特点是什么？","solution_method":"是成熟区（根毛区）。该区表皮细胞向外突出形成根毛，增大吸收面积，内部有导管可运输水分和无机盐。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"无土栽培与无机盐","content":"植物生活需要量最多的三种无机盐是什么？缺氮、磷、钾分别表现什么症状？","solution_method":"最多的是含氮、磷、钾的无机盐。缺氮叶发黄、生长缓慢；缺磷植株矮小、叶暗绿；缺钾茎秆软弱、易倒伏、叶缘焦枯。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"蒸腾作用的意义","content":"植物蒸腾作用对植物自身和周围环境有什么意义？","solution_method":"对植物：拉动水和无机盐在体内的运输，降低叶片温度防止灼伤。对环境：提高空气湿度、降低气温、增加降水，参与生物圈水循环。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"蒸腾作用实验","content":"用塑料袋罩住植物枝叶并扎紧，一段时间后袋内壁出现水珠，这证明了什么？若去掉叶片再实验水珠明显减少，说明什么？","solution_method":"袋内壁水珠证明植物能散失水分（蒸腾作用）。去掉叶片水珠减少，说明蒸腾作用的主要器官是叶。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"光合作用原料与产物的探究","content":"探究光合作用产物的实验中，将天竺葵暗处理、部分遮光、光照后脱色滴碘液，未遮光部分变蓝说明什么？","solution_method":"淀粉遇碘变蓝，未遮光部分变蓝说明该部分进行了光合作用制造了淀粉；遮光部分不变蓝，说明光是光合作用的必要条件。暗处理消耗原有淀粉以排除干扰。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"光合作用实质与意义","content":"请用文字表达式表示光合作用，并说明其意义。","solution_method":"表达式：二氧化碳+水→（光能、叶绿体）有机物（储存能量）+氧气。意义：制造有机物、释放氧气、把光能转化为化学能储存，是生物圈中几乎所有生物的食物和氧气来源。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-3","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"叶绿体与光照条件实验","content":"银边天竺葵叶片银边部分（无叶绿体）不见光，绿色部分见光，脱色加碘后哪部分变蓝？说明什么？","solution_method":"只有绿色见光部分变蓝。说明光合作用必须在有叶绿体的细胞中进行，且需要光，叶绿体是光合作用的场所。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"呼吸作用原料与产物的探究","content":"将萌发种子装入密闭瓶，一段时间后放入燃烧的蜡烛熄灭，说明呼吸作用消耗了什么？瓶内气体能使澄清石灰水变浑浊说明产生了什么？","solution_method":"蜡烛熄灭说明呼吸作用消耗了氧气；石灰水变浑浊说明呼吸作用产生了二氧化碳。证明呼吸作用吸收氧、放出二氧化碳。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"光合作用与呼吸作用的关系","content":"白天和夜晚，植物体内的光合作用与呼吸作用有何不同？二者在物质与能量上有什么关系？","solution_method":"白天有光时二者都进行，夜晚无光只进行呼吸作用。物质上光合作用消耗二氧化碳产生有机物和氧气，呼吸作用相反；能量上光合作用储存能量，呼吸作用释放能量。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"六大营养物质的识别","content":"食物中的六大类营养物质是哪些？其中能提供能量的有哪几类？","solution_method":"六大类：糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、水、无机盐、维生素。能提供能量的是糖类、脂肪、蛋白质，其中糖类是主要能源物质。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"缺乏症的判断","content":"儿童缺钙易患佝偻病，缺碘易患地方性甲状腺肿，缺乏维生素C易患什么病？缺乏维生素A表现什么症状？","solution_method":"缺乏维生素C易患坏血病（牙龈出血）；缺乏维生素A易患夜盲症，皮肤干燥。缺钙和维D影响骨骼，缺碘影响甲状腺激素合成。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"消化系统结构识图","content":"识图指出消化系统的组成：消化道依次包括哪些器官？最大的消化腺是什么？它分泌什么消化液？","solution_method":"消化道为口腔→咽→食道→胃→小肠→大肠→肛门。最大的消化腺是肝脏，分泌胆汁（不含消化酶）储于胆囊，可乳化脂肪。胰腺分泌胰液。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"淀粉蛋白质脂肪的消化曲线","content":"下图为营养物质在消化道内被消化的曲线，甲、乙、丙分别代表哪种物质？判断依据是什么？","solution_method":"甲在口腔开始下降为淀粉（唾液淀粉酶）；丙在胃开始为蛋白质（胃液）；乙在小肠才大量消化为脂肪（胆汁乳化、肠胰液分解）。曲线起点和部位不同。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"营养物质的吸收部位","content":"消化和吸收的主要场所是哪里？其适于吸收的结构特点有哪些？","solution_method":"主要场所是小肠。特点：长约5-6米；内表面有皱襞和小肠绒毛，增大面积；绒毛壁和毛细血管壁仅一层上皮细胞，便于营养物质进入血液。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"呼吸系统结构识图","content":"识图指出呼吸系统的组成，并说明呼吸道的作用。","solution_method":"呼吸系统由呼吸道（鼻、咽、喉、气管、支气管）和肺组成，肺是气体交换的场所。呼吸道使进入肺的空气温暖、湿润、清洁，但处理能力有限。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"肺泡与血液的气体交换","content":"肺泡与血液之间进行气体交换的原理是什么？交换后血液成分发生什么变化？","solution_method":"原理是气体扩散（由高浓度向低浓度）。肺泡中氧扩散入血液，血液中二氧化碳扩散入肺泡。交换后静脉血变为含氧丰富的动脉血。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"呼吸运动原理","content":"吸气和呼气时，膈肌和肋间肌分别处于什么状态？胸廓容积如何变化？","solution_method":"吸气时膈肌和肋间肌收缩，胸廓容积扩大，肺扩张，肺内压低于外界，气体入肺；呼气时二者舒张，胸廓缩小，肺回缩，气体排出。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"血液成分及功能","content":"血液由哪两部分组成？血浆和三种血细胞（红细胞、白细胞、血小板）的功能分别是什么？","solution_method":"血液由血浆和血细胞组成。血浆运输养料和废物；红细胞运输氧（含血红蛋白）；白细胞吞噬病菌、防御；血小板止血和加速凝血。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"输血与血型","content":"输血时应以什么原则为依据？ABO血型系统中O型血和AB型血在输血上有何特点？","solution_method":"应以输同型血为原则。O型为万能供血者（红细胞无A、B抗原），AB型为万能受血者（血清无抗A、抗B抗体），但大量输血仍应同型。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"血管类型的判断","content":"根据管壁厚薄、管腔大小、有无瓣膜、血流速度判断动脉、静脉、毛细血管。","solution_method":"动脉管壁厚、弹性大、血流快、无瓣膜；静脉管壁薄、管腔大、血流慢、四肢有瓣膜；毛细血管管壁仅一层上皮细胞、管径最小、血流最慢，便于物质交换。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"心脏结构与功能识图","content":"识图指出心脏四腔及相连血管：左心房、左心室、右心房、右心室分别与哪些血管相连？","solution_method":"左心房连肺静脉，左心室连主动脉，右心房连上、下腔静脉，右心室连肺动脉。心室壁比心房厚，左心室壁最厚（泵血到全身）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"体循环与肺循环路径","content":"写出体循环和肺循环的途径，并说明血液性质变化。","solution_method":"体循环：左心室→主动脉→全身毛细血管→上、下腔静脉→右心房（动脉血变静脉血）。肺循环：右心室→肺动脉→肺部毛细血管→肺静脉→左心房（静脉血变动脉血）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"血液流经器官后成分变化","content":"血液流经小肠、肾脏、肺部、组织细胞后，血液成分各发生什么主要变化？","solution_method":"流经小肠：营养物质增加、氧减少；流经肾脏：尿素等废物减少；流经肺部：二氧化碳减少、氧增多（静脉血变动脉血）；流经组织细胞：氧和养料减少、二氧化碳增多。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"泌尿系统组成识图","content":"识图指出泌尿系统的组成，并说明形成尿液的器官。","solution_method":"泌尿系统由肾脏、输尿管、膀胱、尿道组成。肾脏是形成尿液的器官；输尿管输送尿液，膀胱暂时贮存，尿道排出。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"尿液形成过程","content":"尿液在肾单位中是怎样形成的？包括哪两个主要过程？","solution_method":"包括肾小球的过滤作用和肾小管的重吸收作用。血液流经肾小球时，除血细胞和大分子蛋白质外，水、葡萄糖、无机盐、尿素过滤到肾小囊形成原尿；原尿流经肾小管时，全部葡萄糖、大部分水、部分无机盐被重吸收，剩余形成尿液。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"反射与反射弧","content":"反射的结构基础是什么？它由哪五部分按顺序组成？","solution_method":"结构基础是反射弧，组成顺序：感受器→传入神经→神经中枢→传出神经→效应器。任一环节中断反射不能完成。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"简单反射与复杂反射","content":"膝跳反射和“望梅止渴”分别属于哪类反射？二者有何本质区别？","solution_method":"膝跳反射是简单反射（生来就有、非条件、由脊髓控制）；望梅止渴是复杂反射（后天形成、条件、需大脑皮层参与）。区别在是否先天、是否需要大脑皮层。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K06-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K06","question_type":"激素分泌异常症","content":"列举生长激素、甲状腺激素、胰岛素分泌异常时分别引起的病症。","solution_method":"幼年生长激素不足患侏儒症、过多患巨人症；甲状腺激素不足患呆小症（幼年）或地方性甲状腺肿（成年），过多患甲亢；胰岛素不足患糖尿病。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K06-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K06","question_type":"激素调节实例分析","content":"进食后血糖升高，人体如何通过激素调节使血糖恢复正常？","solution_method":"胰岛B细胞分泌胰岛素增加，促进血糖进入组织细胞氧化分解、合成糖原、转化为非糖物质，从而降低血糖，维持稳态。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"运动系统的组成","content":"哺乳动物的运动系统由哪几部分组成？骨、关节、肌肉在运动中各起什么作用？","solution_method":"由骨、关节和肌肉（骨骼肌）组成。骨起杠杆作用，关节起支点作用，骨骼肌收缩提供动力。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"骨关节肌肉协调配合","content":"屈肘和伸肘时，肱二头肌和肱三头肌分别处于什么状态？","solution_method":"屈肘时肱二头肌收缩、肱三头肌舒张；伸肘时肱三头肌收缩、肱二头肌舒张。运动需多组肌肉协调配合。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"先天性行为与学习行为的判断","content":"蜘蛛结网、蜜蜂采蜜与小鼠走迷宫、大山雀偷喝牛奶，分别属于哪类行为？依据是什么？","solution_method":"蜘蛛结网、蜜蜂采蜜是先天性行为（生来就有、由遗传决定）；小鼠走迷宫、大山雀偷喝牛奶是学习行为（后天经验获得、由环境决定），二者主要看是否先天。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"社会行为的特征","content":"具有社会行为的动物有哪些特征？举例说明。","solution_method":"特征：群体内部形成一定组织、成员有明确分工、有的形成等级。如蜜蜂群体有蜂王、雄蜂、工蜂分工，白蚁、狒狒有等级制度。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"有性生殖与无性生殖的判断","content":"种子繁殖与扦插、嫁接、压条、组织培养，分别属于哪类生殖？判断依据是什么？","solution_method":"种子繁殖经过两性生殖细胞结合，属有性生殖；扦插、嫁接、压条、组织培养不经过两性生殖细胞结合，由母体直接产生新个体，属无性生殖。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"嫁接扦插等无性生殖应用","content":"嫁接时为什么要使接穗与砧木的形成层紧密结合？嫁接后所结果实的性状由谁决定？","solution_method":"形成层分裂能力强，紧密结合利于伤口愈合和养分输送。嫁接后代的性状由接穗决定，保持母本优良特性，砧木只提供营养。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"完全变态与不完全变态的判断","content":"家蚕和蝗虫的发育过程分别属于哪种变态？二者有何区别？","solution_method":"家蚕属完全变态（卵→幼虫→蛹→成虫四个时期），蝗虫属不完全变态（卵→若虫→成虫三个时期，若虫与成虫相似）。区别在于有无蛹期。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"青蛙发育特点（变态发育）","content":"青蛙的生殖和发育有何特点？其发育过程属于什么发育类型？","solution_method":"青蛙体外受精、卵生，生殖和幼体发育在水中进行；发育为变态发育，过程：受精卵→蝌蚪（用鳃）→幼蛙→成蛙（用肺和皮肤），幼体与成体形态生活习性差异大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"鸟卵的结构与功能","content":"识图指出鸟卵（鸡蛋）主要结构及功能：卵壳、气室、卵白、卵黄、胚盘。","solution_method":"卵壳保护并透气；气室储存空气供呼吸；卵白提供水和营养；卵黄主要营养；胚盘含细胞核，是发育起点（受精卵胚盘色浓略大）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"鸟的生殖发育过程","content":"鸟的生殖发育过程一般包括哪几个阶段？所有鸟都必须经历全部阶段吗？","solution_method":"一般包括：求偶、交配、筑巢、产卵、孵卵、育雏。不是所有鸟都经历全部，如杜鹃不筑巢、不孵卵、不育雏，但求偶、交配、产卵是必需的。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"性状与相对性状的判断","content":"什么是性状和相对性状？举例说明。","solution_method":"性状是生物体形态结构、生理和行为等特征的统称，如豌豆的高矮。相对性状是同种生物同一性状的不同表现形式，如豌豆的高茎与矮茎、人的单眼皮与双眼皮。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K05-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K05","question_type":"转基因与性状表达","content":"将蜘蛛丝蛋白基因转入山羊受精卵，后代山羊乳汁中含蜘蛛丝蛋白，说明什么生物学原理？","solution_method":"说明基因控制生物的性状。外源基因在山羊细胞中表达，使山羊表现出新的性状（产含蜘蛛丝蛋白的乳汁），体现基因决定性状。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K06-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K06","question_type":"遗传图解与基因显隐性推断","content":"已知高茎(D)对矮茎(d)为显性，高茎豌豆与矮茎豌豆杂交，子代全为高茎，求亲本和子代基因型并写出遗传图解。","solution_method":"矮茎必为dd；子代全为高茎，说明高茎亲本提供D，亲本为DD。图解：DD×dd→子代全Dd（高茎）。若子代出现性状分离则高茎亲本为Dd。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K06-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K06","question_type":"禁止近亲结婚的遗传学依据","content":"我国婚姻法禁止近亲结婚，其遗传学依据是什么？","solution_method":"近亲携带相同隐性致病基因的概率高，后代隐性遗传病（如白化病）纯合发病的概率显著增大，禁止近亲结婚可降低隐性遗传病发生率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"生物分类等级的判断","content":"生物分类的七个等级从大到小依次是什么？最基本的分类单位是哪个？","solution_method":"等级：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。种是最基本单位，同种生物亲缘关系最近、共同特征最多。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"根据特征编制检索表","content":"现有A（有种子、种子有果皮）和B（有种子、种子裸露无果皮）两类植物，请用二歧检索表区分。","solution_method":"1a 种子有果皮包被……A（被子植物）；1b 种子裸露无果皮包被……B（裸子植物）。检索表按成对相对性状逐级区分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"生物多样性三个层次","content":"生物多样性包括哪三个层次？","solution_method":"包括生物种类的多样性、基因的多样性（遗传多样性）和生态系统的多样性。三者相互联系，基因多样性是种内差异的基础。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"生物多样性保护措施","content":"保护生物多样性最有效的措施是什么？列举就地保护和迁地保护各一例。","solution_method":"最有效措施是建立自然保护区（就地保护）。就地保护如长白山自然保护区；迁地保护如将濒危物种移入动物园、植物园、濒危动物繁育中心。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"生命起源的化学进化","content":"关于生命起源的化学进化说，原始生命诞生的大致过程是怎样的？","solution_method":"过程：原始大气中的无机物在雷电等条件下合成简单有机物→随降雨汇入原始海洋→长期相互作用形成复杂有机物→最终诞生原始生命（发生在原始海洋）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"生物进化证据与规律","content":"生物进化的主要证据有哪些？进化总体趋势是什么？","solution_method":"证据：化石（最重要）、比较解剖学（同源器官）、胚胎学、分子生物学。趋势：由简单到复杂、由低等到高等、由水生到陆生。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"病毒的结构与生活","content":"病毒没有细胞结构，它由哪两部分组成？病毒如何繁殖？","solution_method":"病毒由蛋白质外壳和内部的遗传物质（DNA或RNA）组成。病毒不能独立生活，必须寄生在其他生物的活细胞内，靠自己遗传信息利用宿主物质制造新病毒（复制增殖）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"发酵原理与条件","content":"制作酸奶和馒头分别利用哪种微生物？其发酵条件和产物是什么？","solution_method":"酸奶用乳酸菌（无氧，将乳糖转为乳酸）；馒头、面包用酵母菌（有氧大量繁殖、无氧产酒精和二氧化碳使面团松软）。发酵需适宜温度和无氧/有氧条件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"常见发酵食品","content":"列举三种利用微生物发酵制作的食品及其对应的微生物。","solution_method":"①酸奶、泡菜—乳酸菌；②醋—醋酸菌；③酱油、腐乳—霉菌（如米曲霉）；④酒—酵母菌。发酵利用微生物的代谢活动。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"克隆技术","content":"克隆羊“多莉”的培育说明什么？克隆属于有性还是无性生殖？","solution_method":"多莉由乳腺细胞核植入去核卵细胞中培育，说明已分化的动物体细胞核仍具全能性。克隆不经过两性生殖细胞结合，属于无性生殖。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"转基因技术","content":"什么是转基因技术？举一项其在医药或农业上的应用。","solution_method":"转基因技术是把一种生物的某个基因转入另一种生物基因组中，使其表达新性状。应用：转基因抗虫棉（抗虫）、转基因胰岛素（大肠杆菌生产人胰岛素）、转基因大豆。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"传染病流行的三个环节","content":"传染病流行必须同时具备哪三个基本环节？以流感为例说明。","solution_method":"三个环节：传染源（流感患者）、传播途径（空气飞沫）、易感人群（未免疫者）。缺一则流行终止。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"传染病的预防措施","content":"预防传染病的一般措施可分为哪三类？举例说明。","solution_method":"①控制传染源（隔离患者、扑杀病畜）；②切断传播途径（消毒、戴口罩、勤洗手）；③保护易感人群（接种疫苗、锻炼身体）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"特异性免疫与非特异性免疫","content":"皮肤和白细胞吞噬病菌分别属于哪类免疫？二者的本质区别是什么？","solution_method":"皮肤屏障属非特异性免疫（生来就有、对多种病原体有效）；白细胞吞噬也属非特异性。特异性免疫后天获得、针对特定抗原并产生抗体。区别：非特异性先天无针对性，特异性后天有针对性、有记忆。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"抗原抗体与计划免疫","content":"什么是抗原和抗体？计划免疫有什么意义？","solution_method":"抗原是引起人体产生抗体的物质（如病原体、疫苗）；抗体是淋巴细胞受抗原刺激后产生的特殊蛋白质，可与抗原结合。计划免疫（如接种卡介苗、糖丸）可预防传染病，保护儿童健康。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"安全用药常识","content":"什么是处方药和非处方药？用药前应阅读说明书上的哪些关键信息？","solution_method":"处方药(Rx)须凭医师处方购买；非处方药(OTC)可自选。应阅读功能主治、用法用量、禁忌、不良反应、有效期、生产日期等，避免滥用。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"急救方法（心肺复苏等）","content":"对心跳呼吸骤停者进行心肺复苏(CPR)时，胸外按压与人工呼吸的比例是多少？按压部位在哪里？","solution_method":"成人CPR按压:呼吸=30:2。按压部位在胸骨中下1/3交界处（两乳头连线中点），频率约100-120次/分，深度约5-6厘米，并尽快使用AED。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中政治","metadata":{"subject":"初中政治","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"成长的节拍","book":"七年级上册 第一单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"中学时代（成长的礼物）","key_content":"中学时代是人生发展的一个新阶段，为我们的一生奠定重要基础；它见证着一个人从少年到青年的生命进阶，为我们提供了发展自我的多种机会与可能。","question_types":[{"type":"中学时代意义的理解"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"学习伴成长","key_content":"学习不仅让我们能够生存，而且让我们拥有更充实的生活；学习点亮我们心中的明灯，激发前进的动力。学会学习需要发现并保持学习兴趣、掌握科学方法、善于运用不同学习方式。","question_types":[{"type":"学习重要性的理解"},{"type":"学会学习的方法"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"认识自己","key_content":"正确认识自己可以促进自我发展，促进与他人的交往。途径有：从生理、心理、社会等方面认识自己；通过自我评价；通过他人评价。","question_types":[{"type":"认识自我的途径"},{"type":"接纳与欣赏自己"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"做更好的自己","key_content":"做更好的自己要扬长避短，主动改正缺点，不断激发自己的潜能，在为他人、为社会带来福祉的过程中实现。","question_types":[{"type":"做更好自己的做法"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"友谊的天空","book":"七年级上册 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content":"面对他人遇险，我们应如何做到敬畏生命？","solution_method":"原因：生命至上，生命价值高于一切。做法：①对自己生命珍惜，对他人生命关怀；②谨慎对待生命关系，尊重、关注、关怀和善待身边每一个人；③与周围生命休戚与共。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"爱护身体的做法","content":"请你为“健康生活”主题班会写几条爱护身体的建议。","solution_method":"①关注自己的身体，养成健康的生活方式（合理膳食、规律作息、适量运动）；②增强安全意识、自我保护意识，提高安全防范能力；③面对挫折不伤害身体。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"养护精神","content":"物质条件好了，为什么还要养护精神？怎样养护？","solution_method":"养护精神是因为精神发育需要物质支持但不完全受物质条件制约，过度的物质追求会丢失精神世界。做法：守住心灵，不过度追求物质；传承优秀民族文化，在个人精神世界中充盈。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"生命意义的探究","content":"怎样的一生是值得的？请谈谈对生命意义的理解。","solution_method":"能够活出自己的人生、实现自我价值是值得的；付出爱心、承担责任是值得的；将个人追求建立在人类共同需要之上是值得的。生命意义是具体的，需要自己发现和创造。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"青春期生理与心理变化","content":"进入青春期，小华既想独立又离不开父母，不愿说话又渴望理解。这反映了什么？","solution_method":"这是青春期心理矛盾的表现：反抗与依赖、闭锁与开放、勇敢与怯懦。我们应正视身体变化，悦纳自我，学会调适心理矛盾。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"青春期矛盾心理的调适","content":"请给被青春期矛盾心理困扰的同学提调适方法。","solution_method":"调适方法：①参加集体活动，在集体温暖中放松；②向他人求助，学习化解方法；③培养兴趣爱好转移注意；④学习自我调节（如把自己的想法写下来、自我暗示）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"男生女生优势互补","content":"班级活动中男生力气大、女生细心，如何做到优势互补？","solution_method":"男生女生各有长处与不足，应认识自身优势也欣赏对方优势，不因性别刻板印象而自卑或自傲，相互理解、帮助、学习，取长补短，共同进步。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"青春探索需要自信与自强","content":"为什么青春的探索需要自信和自强？","solution_method":"自信让我们充满激情，有信心尝试与坚持，展现优势与才华；自强让我们不断克服弱点、战胜自己、超越自己，是进取的动力和通向成功的阶梯。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"行己有耻与止于至善","content":"请说明“行己有耻”和“止于至善”的内涵及做法。","solution_method":"行己有耻：知廉耻、懂荣辱，有所为有所不为，树立底线意识，触碰道德底线与违法的事坚决不做，磨砺意志抵制不良诱惑。止于至善：向往美好、永不言弃，从点滴小事做起，向榜样学习，养成自我省察的习惯。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"情绪的类型与作用","content":"同样半杯水，乐观者喜、悲观者忧。这说明情绪有什么作用？","solution_method":"情绪有基本情绪（喜、怒、哀、惧）和复杂情绪。情绪影响我们的观念和行动：积极情绪可能激励我们努力，消极情绪可能让我们止步不前。要学会调节。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"青春期情绪的特点","content":"青春期情绪有什么特点？","solution_method":"青春期情绪反应强烈、波动与固执、细腻性、闭锁性、表现性。我们应认识这些特点，学会接纳、调节情绪。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"调控情绪的方法（重点）","content":"考试紧张时，小敏通过深呼吸、听音乐、告诉自己“我能行”来缓解。她用了哪些调控情绪的方法？","solution_method":"①放松训练（深呼吸）；②转移注意（听音乐）；③改变认知评价（自我鼓励“我能行”）。此外还有合理宣泄。表达情绪要在合适场合、用合理方式，不忘关心他人。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"表达情绪应注意的问题","content":"为什么表达情绪要注意方式，顾及他人？","solution_method":"人与人之间的情绪会相互感染，即使没有语言表达，表情声调也能影响他人。所以表达情绪要以恰当方式，在合适场合、用合理方式表达，不忘关心他人。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"情感的作用","content":"请谈谈情感对我们成长的作用。","solution_method":"情感是人最基本的精神需求；影响我们的判断和选择，驱使我们做出行动；有助于更全面地观察事物、探索未知；使我们的生命体验更饱满丰盈。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"集体的温暖","content":"班级同学互相帮助让小明感到温暖。集体为什么能让人感到温暖？","solution_method":"一般来说，集体成员感受到尊重和理解，获得安全感和归属感；集体通过彼此传递关爱和温暖，让我们体会到被接纳、被认可，从而感到温暖。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"集体力量的来源","content":"一根筷子易折，一把筷子难断。这说明集体力量来源于什么？","solution_method":"集体力量来源于成员共同的目标和团结协作。个人的力量有限，但通过优化组合可以实现优势互补，产生强大合力，完成个人无法完成的事。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"在集体中涵养品格","content":"担任班干部让小琳学会了负责与沟通。这体现集体生活有何作用？","solution_method":"集体生活可以涵养品格：①培养我们负责任的态度和能力（在角色中体会责任）；②培养人际交往的基本态度和能力（学会彼此接纳、尊重、理解、包容）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"在集体中发展个性","content":"如何在集体中发展自己的个性？","solution_method":"①在集体中展示、发展自己的个性，认识和完善自我；②包容不同，学习他人优点；③积极参与集体活动，把握机遇，自主发展，使个性不断丰富。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"美好集体的特征","content":"请用美好集体的特征评析你所在的班级。","solution_method":"美好集体特征：①民主、公正（尊重差异、公平机会）；②充满关怀与友爱（友善相待）；③善于合作（分工协作、优势互补）；④充满活力（竞争促共进）。对照检视自己的班级。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"在共建中尽责","content":"建设美好集体，我们应如何“在共建中尽责”？","solution_method":"①共同确定集体的愿景和目标；②民主商定集体规则与制度；③发扬“自治”精神，主动参与集体建设；④共同创造良好的集体氛围。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"在担当中成长","content":"为什么要在集体中勇于担责？怎样做？","solution_method":"担责是个人成长机会，能为集体出力并体现价值。做法：各尽其能、发挥所长；无论大小事务都认真对待；勇于担责，不计较代价与回报，在实践中锻炼成长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"生活需要法律","content":"从出生登记到受教育、工作、养老，法律伴随一生。这说明什么？","solution_method":"生活与法律息息相关：法律应生活需要而制定，又对生活加以规范保障；法律渗透到社会方方面面，伴随我们一生，保障生活有序、正常运行。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"法律的特征","content":"请说明法律区别于道德等行为规范的最主要特征。","solution_method":"法律特征：①由国家制定或认可；②由国家强制力保证实施（这是法律区别于道德等行为规范的最主要特征）；③对全体社会成员具有普遍约束力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"法律的作用","content":"法律通过规定权利义务规范人们行为并保护合法权益。请概述法律的作用。","solution_method":"①规范作用：规定应享有的权利和应履行的义务，规范全体社会成员行为；②保护作用：通过解决纠纷和制裁违法犯罪，维护合法权益，让我们生活更美好。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"未成年人需要特殊保护的原因","content":"为什么国家要给予未成年人特殊保护？","solution_method":"①未成年人身心发育尚不成熟，自我保护能力弱，辨别是非和自我保护能力不强，易受不法侵害；②未成年人的生存发展事关人类未来，给予特殊保护是人类文明与社会进步的应有之义。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"依法办事的要求","content":"当合法权益受侵害时，我们应怎样依法办事？","solution_method":"依法办事要：①遵守法律，法律要求做的必须做，禁止做的坚决不做；②通过法治方式表达诉求，不采取违法方式；③养成尊法、学法、守法、用法的习惯，逐步成长为法治崇尚者。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"树立法治意识","content":"为什么要树立法治意识？","solution_method":"法治意识是人们对法律发自内心的认可、崇尚、遵守和服从。树立法治意识是建设法治中国的需要，有利于推动依法治国，也是青少年健康成长的保障。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"违法行为的分类","content":"闯红灯（行政）、欠债不还（民事）、抢劫（刑事）分别属于哪类违法？","solution_method":"闯红灯违反行政管理法规，属行政违法行为；欠债不还违反民事法律，属民事违法行为；抢劫具有严重社会危害性、触犯刑法，属刑事违法行为（犯罪）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"预防犯罪（犯罪特征与预防）","content":"作为青少年，如何预防违法犯罪？","solution_method":"预防犯罪：①认清犯罪危害，远离犯罪；②杜绝不良行为，防微杜渐；③增强法治观念，依法自律，做一个自觉守法的人；④从小事做起，避免沾染不良习气。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"个人与社会的关系","content":"“狼孩”回归社会后难以正常生活，说明什么？","solution_method":"个人的成长离不开社会：人的成长是不断社会化的过程，在社会中获得物质支持和精神滋养；人的身份是在社会关系中确定的。我们是社会的一员。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"亲社会行为的养成","content":"为什么要养成亲社会行为？怎样养成？","solution_method":"意义：有利于养成良好行为习惯、塑造健康人格、形成正确价值观念、获得他人和社会接纳与认可。做法：主动了解社会、关注社会发展、积极参加社会实践、助人分享。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"网络交往的利与弊（双刃剑）","content":"请运用“网络是一把双刃剑”分析网络的影响。","solution_method":"利：网络丰富日常生活（便利沟通、获取信息），推动社会进步（经济、政治、文化传播）。弊：信息良莠不齐、易沉迷、个人隐私易被侵犯。应理性参与网络生活。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"合理利用网络","content":"青少年应如何合理利用网络？","solution_method":"①提高媒介素养，利用网络获取新知、促进沟通；②学会“信息节食”，不沉溺；③学会辨析网络信息，抵制不良信息；④恪守道德、遵守法律，传播网络正能量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"社会秩序与规则","content":"为什么社会生活离不开规则？","solution_method":"①社会正常运行需要秩序；②社会秩序是人民安居乐业的保障。社会规则明确社会秩序的内容、保障其实现；规则划定自由边界，是人们享有自由的保障。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"尊重他人的原因与做法","content":"为什么我们要尊重他人？怎样做到？","solution_method":"原因：尊重是交往起点，体现内在修养，使社会生活和谐融洽，是文明社会的重要特征。做法：积极关注重视他人、平等对待、学会换位思考、欣赏他人。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"文明有礼的意义","content":"文明有礼有什么重要性？","solution_method":"①是一个人立身处世的前提（使人优雅、易赢得尊重）；②促进社会和谐（减少摩擦、增进信任）；③体现国家形象。做文明有礼的人要态度谦和、用语文明、仪表整洁。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K05-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K05","question_type":"诚信的意义","content":"请从个人、企业、社会角度说明诚信的意义。","solution_method":"①诚信是个人安身立命之本（融入社会的“通行证”）；②是企业无形资产（赢得客户、长盛不衰）；③促进社会文明、国家兴旺（增进互信、减少矛盾、降低交易成本）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"责任的来源与承担","content":"作为子女、学生、公民，我们的责任分别来源于什么？","solution_method":"责任来源多样：对他人的承诺、职业要求、道德规范、法律规定等。子女责任多来自道德与法律（孝敬），学生责任来自角色规范，公民责任来自法律规定（如纳税、服兵役）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"角色与责任的关系","content":"为什么“角色不同，责任不同”？","solution_method":"在社会生活中，我们每个人扮演着不同角色（子女、学生、朋友、公民等），每一种角色都意味着承担相应的责任，角色越多责任越丰富，应在角色转换中自觉担责。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"关爱他人的意义与艺术","content":"关爱他人应注意什么？","solution_method":"关爱他人是一种幸福，传递美好情感。做法：①心怀善意（关心、体贴、帮助）；②尽己所能（不分大小，贵在有心）；③讲究策略（考虑他人自尊心、增强安全防范、讲究方法）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"服务社会（参与公益活动）","content":"参与志愿服务、公益活动对我们成长有什么意义？","solution_method":"服务社会体现人生价值（得到尊重认可）、促进全面发展（拓展视野、提升能力、磨炼意志）。做法：积极参与公益活动，热爱劳动、爱岗敬业，从实际小事做起。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"国家利益与人民利益的关系","content":"如何理解“国家利益与人民利益在根本上是一致的”？","solution_method":"国家利益反映广大人民共同需求，是人民利益的集中表现；人民利益只有上升集中到国家利益才能得到真正维护；国家利益只有依靠人民艰苦奋斗才能真正实现。二者相辅相成、高度统一。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"树立维护国家利益的意识","content":"我们应如何树立维护国家利益的意识？","solution_method":"①心怀爱国之情，牢固树立国家利益至上观念；②树立和增强危机意识与防范意识；③增强维护国家利益的责任感与使命感，理性、务实、文明地表达爱国情感。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K04-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K04","question_type":"国家安全的重要性","content":"为什么国家安全与我们每个人息息相关？","solution_method":"国家安全是国家生存与发展的重要保障，是人民幸福安康的前提。只有国家安全，经济社会才能发展、人民才能安居乐业。维护国家安全人人有责。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K05-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K05","question_type":"劳动的意义","content":"为什么说“劳动成就今天”？","solution_method":"劳动是财富的源泉、幸福的源泉；人世间的美好梦想靠劳动实现，生命里的一切辉煌靠劳动铸就；我国发展为一代代劳动者用实干精神创造。要尊重每一位劳动者。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"宪法地位的理解","content":"为什么宪法是国家的根本法？","solution_method":"宪法是根本法：①规定国家生活中全局性、根本性问题；②具有最高法律效力（是其他法律的立法基础和依据，不得与之相违背）；③制定和修改程序更严格；④是一切组织和个人的根本活动准则。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"宪法的基本特征（根本法）","content":"宪法与普通法律有什么区别？","solution_method":"宪法规定国家根本问题，普通法律规定一般问题；宪法具有最高法律效力，是普通法律的立法基础；宪法的制定修改程序比普通法律更严格。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"宪法组织国家机构","content":"宪法是如何组织国家机构、规范权力运行的？","solution_method":"宪法设置国家机构（人大、政府、监察、法院、检察院等），授予其特定职权，实行民主集中制；宪法规范权力运行，要求权力依法行使、受监督，防止滥用，保障人民赋予的权力为人民服务。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M11-K03-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K03","question_type":"公民基本权利的理解","content":"小李在朋友圈发表损害他人名誉的言论，侵犯了什么权利？这启示我们如何行使权利？","solution_method":"侵犯了他人的名誉权（人格尊严相关权利）。行使权利：①行使权利有界限，不得损害国家、社会、集体利益和他人合法权利；②依照法定程序，用合法方式维护权利。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K04-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K04","question_type":"公民基本义务的理解","content":"列举几项公民基本义务，并说明为什么要自觉履行。","solution_method":"基本义务：遵守宪法法律、维护国家利益、依法服兵役、依法纳税等。自觉履行是因为法定义务具有强制性，是公民不可推卸的责任；违反法定义务须承担法律责任。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K04-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K04","question_type":"自觉履行义务","content":"我们应怎样自觉履行义务？","solution_method":"①法律要求做的必须去做（如纳税、受教育）；②法律禁止做的坚决不做（如不损害公共财物）；③增强义务观念，自觉履行法定义务，做到权利义务相统一。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K05-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K05","question_type":"权利义务相统一的关系","content":"有同学认为“享受权利是自己的事，履行义务是别人的事”。请评析。","solution_method":"观点错误。权利义务相统一：二者相互依存、相互促进；权利实现需要义务履行，义务履行促进权利实现；公民既是权利享有者也是义务承担者，不能只享受权利不履行义务。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"无法治不自由","content":"有人说“自由就是想干什么就干什么”。请运用法治与自由的关系评析。","solution_method":"观点错误。自由不是为所欲为，它是法律之内的自由；法治标定了自由的界限，又保障人们的合法自由。无法治不自由，自由的实现不能触碰法律红线。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"公平的内涵与价值","content":"为什么要维护社会公平？","solution_method":"公平包括权利公平、规则公平、机会公平。价值：①是个人生存发展的重要保障（让人获得尊严）；②是社会稳定和进步的重要基础（减少冲突、激发潜能）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"正义的价值","content":"正义对社会有何价值？我们应如何守护正义？","solution_method":"价值：正义是法治追求的基本价值目标，是社会制度的重要价值、社会和谐的基本条件。守护：个人要敢于并善于见义智为；国家要司法公正，以法律捍卫正义。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"改革开放的意义","content":"为什么改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键一招？","solution_method":"改革开放极大解放和发展社会生产力，使人民生活显著改善、综合国力显著增强；是强国之路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K04-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K04","question_type":"生态文明与绿色发展","content":"为什么要坚持绿色发展、建设生态文明？","solution_method":"人与自然相互依存、共生共荣；生态兴则文明兴。建设生态文明是人与自然和谐共生的必然要求，要坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，走绿色发展道路，建设美丽中国。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K05-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K05","question_type":"中国梦与百年奋斗目标","content":"请说明中国梦的内涵及实现路径。","solution_method":"中国梦本质是国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。实现路径：坚持党的领导，走中国特色社会主义道路，弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神，凝聚中国力量（全国各族人民大团结）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K06-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K06","question_type":"人类命运共同体","content":"面对全球性问题，中国提出了什么理念？有何意义？","solution_method":"中国提出构建人类命运共同体理念。意义：为全球治理提供中国方案、贡献中国智慧，推动建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界，促进人类共同发展。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中历史","metadata":{"subject":"初中历史","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"中国古代史·史前至秦汉","book":"七年级上册 第一~三单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"中国境内的早期人类（元谋人、北京人）","key_content":"元谋人是我国境内目前已确认的最早古人类（约170万年前）；北京人距今约70万—20万年，会制作打制石器、使用天然火、过群居生活，是研究古人类的重要史料。","question_types":[{"type":"史料实证与辨析"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"原始农耕生活（河姆渡、半坡）","key_content":"河姆渡居民（长江流域）种植水稻、住干栏式建筑；半坡居民（黄河流域）种植粟、住半地穴式房屋。原始农业兴起是中华文明起源的重要基础。","question_types":[{"type":"比较分析"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"夏商周的更替与分封制","key_content":"禹建夏，启继位标志世袭制取代禅让制；西周实行分封制，周天子将土地和人民分封给诸侯以巩固统治，后期导致诸侯争霸。","question_types":[{"type":"制度变革比较"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"商鞅变法与秦的统一","key_content":"公元前356年商鞅在秦孝公支持下变法，奖励耕战、确立县制，使秦国国力大增，为秦统一六国奠定基础；公元前221年秦灭六国，建立我国历史上第一个统一的多民族封建国家。","question_types":[{"type":"制度变革比较"},{"type":"因果分析"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"中国古代史·三国至隋唐","book":"七年级上册 第四单元 / 七年级下册 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第一~二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"鸦片战争与《南京条约》","key_content":"1840年鸦片战争爆发，中国战败，1842年签订《南京条约》（割香港岛、五口通商、协定关税等），中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会，是中国近代史开端。","question_types":[{"type":"战争与条约影响"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"太平天国运动","key_content":"1851年洪秀全发动金田起义，建立太平天国，颁布《天朝田亩制度》，沉重打击清朝统治与外国侵略势力，最终在中外势力联合镇压下失败。","question_types":[{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"洋务运动","key_content":"19世纪60—90年代，洋务派（奕䜣、曾国藩、李鸿章等）以‘自强’‘求富’为口号，创办近代军事和民用工业、建新式海陆军，是中国近代化的开端，但未触动封建制度，最终失败。","question_types":[{"type":"事件辨析"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"甲午中日战争与《马关条约》","key_content":"1894年甲午战争爆发，北洋舰队覆灭；1895年签订《马关条约》（割台湾、赔款白银2亿两、开埠、设厂），大大加深半殖民地化程度，刺激列强瓜分中国狂潮。","question_types":[{"type":"战争与条约影响"},{"type":"因果分析"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"中国近代史·戊戌至新中国成立","book":"八年级上册 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第一~三单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"中华人民共和国成立","key_content":"1949年10月1日开国大典标志新中国成立，结束半殖民地半封建社会，中国人民站起来，开辟历史新纪元。","question_types":[{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"社会主义制度的确立（三大改造）","key_content":"1953—1956年三大改造（农业、手工业、资本主义工商业）基本完成，实现生产资料私有制向社会主义公有制转变，社会主义基本制度在我国建立起来。","question_types":[{"type":"制度变革比较"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"改革开放","key_content":"1978年十一届三中全会作出改革开放决策；农村推行家庭联产承包责任制，城市进行国企改革；1980年设立经济特区，逐步形成全方位开放格局。","question_types":[{"type":"改革开放意义"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"中国特色社会主义新时代","key_content":"中共十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代；全面建成小康社会，提出‘一带一路’倡议，推动构建人类命运共同体。","question_types":[{"type":"史料实证与辨析"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"世界古代史","book":"九年级上册 第一~二单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"古代埃及与金字塔","key_content":"尼罗河流域孕育古埃及文明；金字塔是法老的陵墓，是古埃及文明的象征，反映当时高超的建筑技术与强大的中央集权。","question_types":[{"type":"史料实证与辨析"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"古代两河流域与《汉谟拉比法典》","key_content":"两河流域（幼发拉底河、底格里斯河）诞生古巴比伦；国王汉谟拉比颁布的《汉谟拉比法典》是迄今已知世界上第一部较为完整的成文法典。","question_types":[{"type":"史料实证与辨析"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"古代印度种姓制度与佛教","key_content":"古印度实行种姓制度（婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍、首陀罗），等级森严；乔达摩·悉达多创立佛教，反对种姓特权，后向外传播。","question_types":[{"type":"制度变革比较"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"古希腊民主政治与罗马帝国","key_content":"雅典在伯里克利时期奴隶制民主政治达到高峰，公民（成年男性）可参与城邦管理；罗马经历共和国到帝国，查士丁尼编撰《罗马民法大全》。","question_types":[{"type":"制度变革比较"},{"type":"人物评价"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"世界近代史·资本主义兴起至工业革命","book":"九年级上册 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第二~四单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"第一次世界大战","key_content":"1914—1918年一战爆发，根源是帝国主义政治经济发展不平衡；凡尔登战役惨烈；战后形成凡尔赛—华盛顿体系。","question_types":[{"type":"战争与条约影响"},{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"俄国十月革命","key_content":"1917年俄国十月革命在列宁领导下胜利，建立世界上第一个社会主义国家，开辟了人类历史的新纪元，推动世界无产阶级革命。","question_types":[{"type":"因果分析"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"凡尔赛—华盛顿体系","key_content":"一战后通过巴黎和会与华盛顿会议签订一系列条约，形成凡尔赛—华盛顿体系，暂时调整帝国主义关系，但矛盾重重、终被打破。","question_types":[{"type":"事件辨析"}]},{"id":"M10-K04","name":"第二次世界大战","key_content":"1939—1945年二战是人类历史上规模最大的战争；1942年《联合国家宣言》建立反法西斯同盟；1945年胜利，深刻改变世界格局。","question_types":[{"type":"战争与条约影响"},{"type":"因果分析"}]}]},{"id":"M11","name":"世界现代史·冷战至当代","book":"九年级下册 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秦国经济军事实力增强 → 具备统一实力 → 前230—前221年灭六国完成统一。注意‘根本原因在变法增强国力’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"简述丝绸之路开通的条件及其对汉朝对外交流的影响。","solution_method":"条件：张骞通西域奠定基础、汉朝国力强盛、对西域有效管辖。影响：促进东西方物产（丝绸、葡萄等）与技术文化交流，推动汉朝对外开放。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"北方人口大量南迁对江南地区开发产生了什么影响？","solution_method":"因果：北方战乱→人口南迁带来劳动力、先进工具与技术→江南得到开发，为经济重心南移奠基。答题要从‘劳动力+技术+安定环境’三方面展开。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"比较九品中正制与科举制在选官标准上的不同，并评价科举制的历史作用。","solution_method":"标准：九品中正制重门第出身；科举制重才学考试。作用：打破门阀垄断、扩大统治基础、提高官员文化素质、强化中央集权，对后世及世界影响深远。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"为什么说科举制的创立是选官制度的重大变革？","solution_method":"变革点：由‘世袭/推举/门第’转向‘公开考试、择优录取’，选官权收归中央。从此读书—考试—做官形成体系，是制度性进步。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"‘贞观之治’局面出现的主要原因有哪些？","solution_method":"从统治者（虚心纳谏、轻徭薄赋）、制度（完善三省六部、科举）、政策（休养生息）等角度归纳，强调‘以民为本’的治国理念。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"史料记载‘若止印三二本，未为简易；若印数十百千本，则极为神速。’这段材料反映的是哪项发明？说明其意义。","solution_method":"识别材料关键词‘印’‘神速’指向活字印刷术（毕昇）。意义：提高印刷效率、促进文化教育与知识传播，后外传推动世界文明进步。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"比较明朝废除丞相与隋唐实行三省六部制在皇权与相权关系上的不同趋势。","solution_method":"趋势：隋唐分割相权以加强皇权；明朝直接废除丞相、权分六部，皇权达到顶峰。概括‘相权不断削弱、皇权不断加强’的总体趋势。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"郑和能够七下西洋的条件有哪些？其活动有何历史意义？","solution_method":"条件：明朝国力强盛、造船与航海技术先进、指南针应用、郑和个人能力。意义：世界航海史上的壮举，增进中国与亚非各国友好往来。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"清朝军机处的设立与明朝内阁相比，在君主专制强化方面有何体现？","solution_method":"军机处大臣无决策权、完全听命于皇帝，皇权集中程度超过以往；反映‘君主专制达到顶峰’。对比明代内阁尚有票拟权。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"清朝为巩固西北边疆采取了哪些措施？有何意义？","solution_method":"措施：平定噶尔丹、大小和卓叛乱，设伊犁将军管辖新疆。意义：加强对新疆的管辖，维护国家统一与领土完整。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"人物评价","content":"评价康熙帝在巩固统一多民族国家方面的贡献。","solution_method":"采用‘功过兼有、以功为主’：组织雅克萨之战、签订《尼布楚条约》捍卫主权；平定三藩、收复台湾、亲征噶尔丹，巩固统一。属有作为的君主。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"战争与条约影响","content":"《南京条约》的主要内容包括哪些？它使中国社会性质发生了怎样的变化？","solution_method":"内容：割香港岛、赔款、五口通商、协定关税。影响：破坏领土与关税主权，中国开始从独立封建国家沦为半殖民地半封建社会，近代史开端。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"为什么说鸦片战争是中国近代史的开端？","solution_method":"从社会性质（半殖民地半封建）、主要矛盾（帝国主义与中华民族、封建与人民）、革命任务（反帝反封建）三方面变化论证其‘开端’地位。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"太平天国运动爆发的原因是什么？它最终失败说明了什么？","solution_method":"原因：鸦片战争后阶级矛盾激化、自然灾害、拜上帝会组织。失败说明：农民阶级缺乏科学理论指导与先进阶级领导，不能完成反帝反封建任务。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"有人说‘洋务运动是中国近代化的开端’，也有人认为它‘只学器物不变制度’。你如何看待？","solution_method":"辩证：肯定其引进机器生产、创办近代工业与学堂、开启近代化；局限在‘中体西用’仅学技术不变制度，甲午战败标志破产。两方面都要点到。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"洋务运动兴起的背景和根本目的分别是什么？","solution_method":"背景：两次鸦片战争失败、太平天国冲击、‘变局’危机。目的：维护清朝封建统治（‘师夷长技以自强’），非发展资本主义。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"战争与条约影响","content":"《马关条约》相比《南京条约》在危害上有何‘升级’？产生了什么新影响？","solution_method":"升级：割地更多（台湾）、赔款更巨、新增‘允许日本设厂’（资本输出）。影响：大大加深半殖民地化，列强掀起瓜分中国狂潮，民族危机空前。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"甲午战争中国战败的原因有哪些？","solution_method":"主观：清廷腐败、李鸿章避战保船、制度落后；客观：日本明治维新后国力强盛、蓄谋已久。根本原因在封建制度不敌资本主义制度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"比较戊戌变法与明治维新在结果上的差异，并分析戊戌变法失败的原因。","solution_method":"差异：日本成功走上资本主义道路；中国百日而败。原因：维新派力量薄弱、依靠无实权皇帝、缺乏群众基础、顽固派强大。说明改良道路在半殖民地的行不通。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"戊戌变法虽然失败，为何说它‘在思想文化方面产生了广泛而持久的影响’？","solution_method":"变法倡导兴民权、设议院、办新式学堂、传播维新思想，起到思想启蒙作用，促使更多人（尤其知识分子）觉醒，为后续革命铺垫。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"辛亥革命是‘成功’还是‘失败’？请运用史实加以评析。","solution_method":"两方面：成功——推翻帝制、建立共和、民主共和观念深入人心；失败——果实被窃取、未改变社会性质、未完成反帝反封建。属‘有巨大功绩但不彻底’。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"人物评价","content":"评价孙中山在中国民主革命中的历史地位。","solution_method":"孙中山是伟大的民主革命先行者：提出三民主义、领导辛亥革命、推翻帝制、倡导国共合作，推动中国近代化与民主革命进程。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"某刊物宣称‘德先生（Democracy）和赛先生（Science）’可以救治中国。这反映的是哪一历史事件的主张？其积极作用是什么？","solution_method":"识别‘德先生、赛先生’=民主与科学，对应新文化运动。作用：动摇封建礼教统治、促进思想解放、为马克思主义传播创造条件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"五四运动为何成为中国新民主主义革命的开端？","solution_method":"因无产阶级开始登上政治舞台并发挥主力作用、具有彻底反帝反封建性、促进马克思主义传播与中共成立，故区别于旧民主主义革命。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"人物评价","content":"结合史实说明‘自从有了中国共产党，中国革命的面貌就焕然一新了’。","solution_method":"新在：有了无产阶级政党领导、以马克思主义为指导、提出彻底反帝反封建纲领、发动群众，革命进入新阶段。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"中华人民共和国成立具有怎样的历史意义？","solution_method":"国内：结束屈辱历史、人民当家作主、新民主主义革命胜利。国际：壮大世界和平民主力量。注意从‘站起来’角度归纳。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"比较三大改造前后我国生产资料所有制的根本变化，并说明其标志意义。","solution_method":"变化：由多种私有制（个体、资本）转变为社会主义公有制（集体、国营）。意义：标志社会主义基本制度确立、进入社会主义初级阶段。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"我国为何要在1950年代进行三大改造？","solution_method":"目的：适应工业化需要、确立社会主义经济基础、消灭剥削制度。背景：土地改革后个体经济分散，难以满足国家建设要求。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"改革开放意义","content":"简述改革开放的历史意义。","solution_method":"意义：十一届三中全会是伟大历史转折；改革开放极大解放生产力、增强综合国力、提高人民生活水平；开创中国特色社会主义道路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"家庭联产承包责任制为何能调动农民生产积极性？","solution_method":"因果：‘包产到户、自负盈亏’使农民获得生产与分配自主权→多劳多得→积极性提高→农业大发展。体现生产关系适应生产力的规律。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"新闻报道‘我国历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，全面建成小康社会’。这应置于哪一历史阶段？有何依据？","solution_method":"依据：中共十八大（2012）以来进入‘中国特色社会主义新时代’，2020年完成脱贫攻坚、全面建成小康社会，是新时代标志性成就。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"金字塔作为历史遗存，可以为研究古代埃及哪些方面的历史提供史料？","solution_method":"作为实物史料，可证古埃及的宗教信仰（法老崇拜）、建筑与数学水平、社会动员与集权能力，是古埃及文明象征。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"《汉谟拉比法典》石柱上刻有‘以眼还眼，以牙还牙’条文。这说明了什么？","solution_method":"说明古巴比伦实行成文法、强调同态复仇；也反映严格的社会等级（不同等级同罪不同罚），是研究古代法律与社会的第一手史料。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"古代印度的种姓制度与古巴比伦的社会等级有何相似之处？","solution_method":"相似：都以法律/宗教固化等级、不同等级权利与义务不平等、维护统治者利益。体现早期文明普遍存在的等级分化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"雅典民主政治与现代民主有何本质区别？","solution_method":"区别：雅典民主是奴隶制下的直接民主，仅限成年男性公民，妇女、外邦人、奴隶被排除；现代民主具普遍性、代议制与法治保障。点明‘奴隶制民主的局限性’。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"人物评价","content":"如何客观评价伯里克利对雅典的贡献？","solution_method":"贡献：推动民主政治完善（公职津贴、扩大公民权），使雅典文化繁荣、城邦强盛；局限：民主仅限公民，具阶级与性别排他性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"达·芬奇画作《蒙娜丽莎》面带微笑、关注人性。这体现了文艺复兴的什么核心思想？其实质是什么？","solution_method":"核心：人文主义（以人为中心、肯定人的价值）。实质：资产阶级反封建、反神学的思想解放运动，为资本主义发展铺路。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"文艺复兴运动兴起于意大利的原因有哪些？","solution_method":"原因：意大利最早出现资本主义萌芽、保留大量古希腊罗马文化遗存、城市富裕、人才荟萃。经济基础决定思想文化变革。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"新航路开辟的原因和条件分别是什么？","solution_method":"原因：对黄金香料的需求、奥斯曼阻断商路、宣扬基督教、文艺复兴推动冒险精神。条件：地圆说、航海造船技术进步、中央集权国家支持。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"应如何一分为二地评价新航路开辟的历史影响？","solution_method":"积极：世界由分散走向整体、促进物种与文化交流、推动资本主义发展。消极：伴随殖民掠夺与奴隶贸易，给亚非拉带来灾难。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"《权利法案》的颁布使英国政治制度发生了怎样的根本变化？","solution_method":"变化：由君主专制转向君主立宪，议会权力高于王权、国王统而不治。标志资本主义政治制度（代议制）在英国确立，影响深远。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"英国资产阶级革命爆发的根本原因是什么？","solution_method":"根本原因：斯图亚特王朝的封建专制统治阻碍了资本主义发展。矛盾激化点在税收与议会权利，最终以革命解决。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"工业革命首先在英国发生的前提和条件有哪些？","solution_method":"前提：资产阶级统治确立。条件：殖民掠夺积累资本、圈地运动提供自由劳动力、海外市场需求、手工工场技术积累。市场需求是根本动力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"工业革命对社会阶层和生活方式产生了哪些影响？","solution_method":"影响：产生工业资产阶级与无产阶级对立；城市化加快、工厂制度确立；但也带来环境污染、工人贫困等社会问题。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"比较英国君主立宪制与美国共和制在政体上的不同。","solution_method":"英国：君主立宪，保留君主、议会至上；美国：联邦制共和，三权分立、总统制、无君主。二者均为资产阶级代议制，但权力架构不同。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"人物评价","content":"评价华盛顿在美国独立和建国中的作用。","solution_method":"华盛顿领导独立战争取胜、主持制宪会议、任首任总统并开创任期惯例，被誉为‘国父’，体现不恋权位、奠基共和的品格。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"《人权宣言》体现了哪些与封建等级制度相对立的原则？","solution_method":"原则：天赋人权、自由平等、主权在民、私有财产神圣不可侵犯。直接否定封建特权与等级制，是资产阶级革命的纲领性文件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"法国大革命爆发的根本原因是什么？","solution_method":"根本原因：封建专制制度（波旁王朝）严重阻碍资本主义发展，第三等级与特权等级矛盾激化，加上启蒙思想推动。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"‘三角贸易’对欧洲、非洲和美洲分别产生了什么影响？","solution_method":"欧洲：获得巨额资本，促进资本主义发展；非洲：人口锐减、社会衰退；美洲：提供劳动力，促种植园经济发展。注意‘资本原始积累的血腥性’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"文献写道‘无产者在这个革命中失去的只是锁链，他们获得的将是整个世界。’这出自哪部文献？其发表有何意义？","solution_method":"出自《共产党宣言》。意义：标志马克思主义诞生，为无产阶级斗争提供科学理论指导，推动国际工人运动发展。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"战争与条约影响","content":"第一次世界大战的性质是什么？战后形成的国际秩序有何特点？","solution_method":"性质：帝国主义重新瓜分世界的非正义战争。秩序：通过《凡尔赛条约》等形成凡尔赛—华盛顿体系，暂时调整但隐含新矛盾，未根本解决问题。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"第一次世界大战爆发的根本原因和直接导火索分别是什么？","solution_method":"根本：帝国主义政治经济发展不平衡，后起国家要求重新瓜分殖民地。导火索：1914年萨拉热窝事件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"因果分析","content":"俄国十月革命胜利的历史意义是什么？","solution_method":"意义：建立第一个社会主义国家、打破资本主义一统天下、开辟人类历史新纪元、鼓舞殖民地半殖民人民解放斗争。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"凡尔赛—华盛顿体系为何被称为‘建立在火山口上的和平’？","solution_method":"辨析：该体系对战败国宰割、对殖民地再分割，隐含战胜国之间及战胜国与战败国的矛盾，不可能长久，终被二战打破。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K04-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K04","question_type":"战争与条约影响","content":"《联合国家宣言》的签署有何历史作用？二战胜利产生了哪些重大影响？","solution_method":"作用：标志世界反法西斯同盟正式形成，各国协同作战。影响：摧毁法西斯、削弱资本主义、促使联合国成立、形成美苏两极、推动民族解放浪潮。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M10-K04-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"世界反法西斯战争能够取得胜利的根本原因是什么？","solution_method":"根本原因：世界反法西斯同盟的建立与各国人民的团结协作（正义力量联合）。同时法西斯侵略失道寡助。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"因果分析","content":"冷战爆发的根本原因是什么？其开始的标志是什么？","solution_method":"根本原因：美苏国家利益与意识形态冲突、实力均势。标志：1947年杜鲁门主义出台。表现：‘铁幕’演说、马歇尔计划、北约华约对峙。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"事件辨析","content":"什么是‘冷战’？它同热战有何不同？","solution_method":"辨析：冷战是除直接武装进攻以外的政治、经济、军事对峙（如军备竞赛、代理人战争）。不同于二战式全面热战，但局部冲突不断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"制度变革比较","content":"二战后资本主义国家在经济政策上与自由资本主义时期有何不同？","solution_method":"不同：由自由放任转向加强国家干预（凯恩斯主义）、建立福利国家、发展混合经济，以缓和矛盾、维护稳定。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K03-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K03","question_type":"因果分析","content":"苏联解体的主要原因有哪些？","solution_method":"原因：体制僵化（斯大林模式弊端）、经济困难、戈尔巴乔夫改革失误、西方‘和平演变’、民族矛盾。根本在体制失去活力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K04-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K04","question_type":"因果分析","content":"20世纪90年代以来经济全球化加速的原因是什么？","solution_method":"原因：科技（信息技术）进步、跨国公司发展、WTO等国际组织推动、冷战结束消除障碍。同时带来机遇与挑战并存。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"史料实证与辨析","content":"某历史小说描写了‘岳飞使用机关枪大败金兵’的情节。能否将其作为真实史料使用？为什么？","solution_method":"不能。小说属文学创作，含虚构；机关枪为近代发明，与时代不符。史料须考辨真伪与时代合理性，文学作品不能直接当信史。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"人物评价","content":"运用‘史论结合’原则，简述评价历史人物的一般方法。","solution_method":"方法：将人物置于所处时代；以史实为依据（功过分述）；区分主流与支流；避免以今律古与全盘否定/美化。做到客观全面。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"历史年代推算","content":"公元前221年属于哪个世纪？1840年呢？","solution_method":"世纪=百位数字+1：公元前221年属公元前3世纪；1840年属19世纪。注意公元前年份数值越大越早。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"观点论证与材料组织","content":"请以‘创新是推动社会发展的动力’为题，列出一篇历史小论文的论证提纲（至少两个史实）。","solution_method":"结构：观点（创新推动发展）→论据1（商鞅变法制度创新使秦富强）→论据2（工业革命技术创新推动生产力飞跃）→结论（创新须与时俱进）。史论结合。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M12-K04-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K04","question_type":"历史空间定位","content":"读‘丝绸之路’示意图，指出其东端起点和向西通往的地理区域，并说明读图时应注意的要素。","solution_method":"起点长安（今西安），西通中亚、西亚直至欧洲（大秦）。读图要素：图例、方向、路线起止点、关键节点（河西走廊、西域）。空间与史实结合。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"初中地理","metadata":{"subject":"初中地理","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"M01","name":"地球与地图","book":"七年级上册 第一章~第二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M01-K01","name":"地球的形状与大小","key_content":"地球是一个两极稍扁、赤道略鼓的不规则球体；平均半径约 $6371\\,\\text{km}$，赤道周长约 $4\\times10^4\\,\\text{km}$，表面积约 $5.1\\times10^8\\,\\text{km}^2$。","question_types":[{"type":"地球形状的证据判断"},{"type":"地球大小数据的识记"}]},{"id":"M01-K02","name":"经纬网与经纬度","key_content":"经线连接南北极、长度相等，指示南北；纬线平行于赤道、长度不等，指示东西。经度 $0^\\circ\\sim180^\\circ\\text{E/W}$，纬度 $0^\\circ\\sim90^\\circ\\text{N/S}$。东半球范围 $20^\\circ\\text{W}$ 向东至 $160^\\circ\\text{E}$。","question_types":[{"type":"经纬网定位（判读经纬度）"},{"type":"经纬网定向与距离估算"},{"type":"东西半球划分判断"}]},{"id":"M01-K03","name":"地球的运动","key_content":"地球自转方向自西向东、周期约 $24$ 小时，产生昼夜交替与时差；公转周期约 $1$ 年，产生四季、五带与昼夜长短变化。","question_types":[{"type":"地球自转的地理意义"},{"type":"地球公转与四季五带"}]},{"id":"M01-K04","name":"地图三要素","key_content":"地图三要素为比例尺、方向、图例。比例尺 $=$ 图上距离 $/$ 实地距离；分母越小比例尺越大，表示范围越小、内容越详细。","question_types":[{"type":"比例尺大小与范围详略"},{"type":"比例尺计算（图上距离→实地距离）"}]},{"id":"M01-K05","name":"等高线地形图判读","key_content":"等高线闭合中间高为山顶，向低处凸为山脊，向高处凸为山谷，重合为陡崖；等高线越密坡度越陡。相对高度 $=$ 两点海拔之差。","question_types":[{"type":"等高线地形部位判读"},{"type":"等高线坡度陡缓"},{"type":"相对高度与海拔计算"}]},{"id":"M01-K06","name":"地形剖面图","key_content":"地形剖面图以纵坐标为海拔，直观反映沿剖面线的地势起伏与倾斜方向，用于判断地势变化。","question_types":[{"type":"地形剖面图绘制与判读"}]}]},{"id":"M02","name":"海洋与陆地","book":"七年级上册 第二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M02-K01","name":"海陆分布","key_content":"地球表面海洋约占 $71\\%$、陆地约占 $29\\%$（七分海洋三分陆地）；陆地集中在北半球、东半球。七大洲面积：亚、非、北美、南美、南极、欧、大洋。","question_types":[{"type":"海陆比例与半球分布"},{"type":"七大洲面积排序"}]},{"id":"M02-K02","name":"大洲分界线","key_content":"亚欧分界：乌拉尔山—乌拉尔河—里海—大高加索山—黑海—土耳其海峡；亚非：苏伊士运河；南北美：巴拿马运河；欧非：直布罗陀海峡。","question_types":[{"type":"大洲分界线识记"}]},{"id":"M02-K03","name":"海陆变迁","key_content":"海陆变迁由地壳运动、海平面升降、人类活动引起；海洋生物化石出现在高山是陆地曾为海洋的证据。","question_types":[{"type":"海陆变迁的证据"}]},{"id":"M02-K04","name":"板块构造","key_content":"全球六大板块；板块交界地带地壳活跃，多火山地震，形成环太平洋与地中海—喜马拉雅两大火山地震带。张裂形成裂谷海洋，碰撞形成山脉。","question_types":[{"type":"板块构造与火山地震带"},{"type":"板块运动与地表形态"}]}]},{"id":"M03","name":"天气与气候","book":"七年级上册 第三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M03-K01","name":"天气与气候的区别","key_content":"天气是短时多变的大气状况（如晴、雨）；气候是多年平均的大气状况（如亚热带季风气候）。","question_types":[{"type":"天气与气候概念辨析"}]},{"id":"M03-K02","name":"气温的分布","key_content":"一天中 $14$ 时气温最高、日出前后最低；北半球陆地 $7$ 月最热、$1$ 月最冷。海拔每升高 $100\\,\\text{m}$ 气温约降 $0.6^\\circ\\text{C}$。","question_types":[{"type":"气温日变化与年变化"},{"type":"气温垂直递减与等温线"}]},{"id":"M03-K03","name":"降水的分布","key_content":"降水季节类型有年雨型、夏雨型、冬雨型、少雨型；世界年降水量赤道多两极少，回归线大陆东岸多西岸少，中纬度沿海多内陆少，迎风坡多背风坡少。","question_types":[{"type":"降水季节分配判读"},{"type":"世界年降水量分布规律"}]},{"id":"M03-K04","name":"世界气候类型判读","key_content":"判读步骤：以温定带（最冷月均温）、以水定型（降水季节）。如最冷月 $>15^\\circ\\text{C}$ 为热带；夏雨型为热带草原或季风，年雨型为热带雨林。","question_types":[{"type":"气候类型判读（以温定带、以水定型）"},{"type":"典型气候特征描述"}]},{"id":"M03-K05","name":"影响气候的因素","key_content":"影响气候的主要因素有纬度位置（决定气温）、海陆位置（影响降水与温差）、地形（迎风坡多雨、背风坡少雨，海拔影响气温）。","question_types":[{"type":"纬度位置对气候的影响"}]}]},{"id":"M04","name":"世界地理分区","book":"七年级下册 第六章~第十一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M04-K01","name":"亚洲自然与环境","key_content":"亚洲主要位于东半球、北半球，地跨热、温、寒三带，是世界面积最大、跨纬度最广的大洲；地势中部高四周低，河流呈放射状流向周边海洋。","question_types":[{"type":"亚洲位置和范围"}]},{"id":"M04-K02","name":"日本","key_content":"日本是太平洋西北的岛国，多火山地震；工业集中分布在太平洋沿岸和濑户内海沿岸，便于进口原料、出口产品。","question_types":[{"type":"日本自然与人文地理"}]},{"id":"M04-K03","name":"东南亚","key_content":"东南亚位于亚洲与大洋洲、太平洋与印度洋的“十字路口”，马六甲海峡为咽喉；主要是热带雨林与热带季风气候，盛产天然橡胶、油棕、椰子。","question_types":[{"type":"东南亚十字路口位置"},{"type":"东南亚热带作物与气候"}]},{"id":"M04-K04","name":"印度","key_content":"印度人口众多，以热带季风气候为主，水旱灾害频繁；水稻分布于降水多的东北部和沿海，小麦分布于降水较少的德干高原西北部。","question_types":[{"type":"印度人口与农业"}]},{"id":"M04-K05","name":"俄罗斯","key_content":"俄罗斯是世界面积最大的国家，纬度高、气候寒冷；交通以铁路为主（西伯利亚大铁路），自然资源丰富，工业以重工业为主。","question_types":[{"type":"俄罗斯自然与交通"}]},{"id":"M04-K06","name":"中东","key_content":"中东石油储量、产量、出口量均居世界前列，集中于波斯湾及其沿岸；以热带沙漠气候为主，降水稀少，水资源紧张。","question_types":[{"type":"中东石油与水资源"}]},{"id":"M04-K07","name":"欧洲西部","key_content":"欧洲西部以温带海洋性气候为主，全年温和湿润，利于多汁牧草生长，乳畜业发达；经济发达、人口稠密，市场需求大。","question_types":[{"type":"欧洲西部畜牧业"}]},{"id":"M04-K08","name":"撒哈拉以南非洲","key_content":"撒哈拉以南非洲以热带气候为主，热带草原面积广大；长期受殖民影响，经济以单一商品为主，面临人口、粮食、环境问题。","question_types":[{"type":"撒哈拉以南非洲经济与气候"}]},{"id":"M04-K09","name":"澳大利亚","key_content":"澳大利亚长期孤立于海洋，保留袋鼠、考拉等古老特有生物；服务业、采矿业与养羊业重要，有“骑在羊背上的国家”之称。","question_types":[{"type":"澳大利亚特有生物与产业"}]},{"id":"M04-K10","name":"美国","key_content":"美国农业地区生产专门化、机械化程度高，形成玉米带、小麦区等农业带；工业与高新技术发达。","question_types":[{"type":"美国农业与工业"}]},{"id":"M04-K11","name":"巴西","key_content":"巴西以热带气候为主，亚马孙热带雨林具有调节气候、涵养水源等环境效益，面临乱砍滥伐；人口集中于东南沿海。","question_types":[{"type":"巴西热带雨林与人口"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"中国的疆域与人口","book":"八年级上册 第一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"中国的疆域","key_content":"我国位于亚洲东部、太平洋西岸，大部分在北温带、南部小部分热带，跨纬度广、海陆兼备；临渤海、黄海、东海、南海，领土四至跨度大。","question_types":[{"type":"中国纬度与海陆位置"},{"type":"中国领土四至与濒临海洋"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"中国的行政区划","key_content":"我国共有 $34$ 个省级行政区（$23$ 省、$5$ 自治区、$4$ 直辖市、$2$ 特别行政区），省级轮廓与简称需识记。","question_types":[{"type":"省级行政区识记"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"中国的人口","key_content":"我国人口基数大、增速放缓；人口地理分界线为黑河—腾冲线（胡焕庸线），东南稠密、西北稀疏；人口政策由计划生育转向促进长期均衡。","question_types":[{"type":"中国人口分布（胡焕庸线）"},{"type":"人口政策"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"中国的民族","key_content":"我国有 $56$ 个民族，汉族为主；民族分布大散居、小聚居、交错杂居，少数民族多分布在东北、西北、西南，云南省少数民族最多。","question_types":[{"type":"民族分布特点"}]}]},{"id":"M06","name":"中国的自然环境","book":"八年级上册 第二章~第三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M06-K01","name":"中国的地形地势","key_content":"我国地势西高东低、呈三级阶梯；一二级分界昆仑山—祁连山—横断山，二三级分界大兴安岭—太行山—巫山—雪峰山。地形复杂多样，山区面积广大。","question_types":[{"type":"地势三级阶梯"},{"type":"主要地形区分布"}]},{"id":"M06-K02","name":"中国的气候","key_content":"我国气候复杂多样、季风气候显著；降水空间从东南沿海向西北内陆递减，时间集中于夏秋，季风不稳定易致旱涝灾害。","question_types":[{"type":"气候特征与类型"},{"type":"季风气候与降水"}]},{"id":"M06-K03","name":"中国的河流","key_content":"外流河受季风影响夏汛明显、水量大；内流河以冰雪融水补给为主。长江水能丰富、航运价值高；黄河下游形成“地上河”，治理重在水土保持。","question_types":[{"type":"内外流河特征"},{"type":"长江的治理与开发"},{"type":"黄河的治理"}]},{"id":"M06-K04","name":"自然灾害","key_content":"我国常见气象灾害有干旱、洪涝、台风、寒潮；地质灾害有地震、滑坡、泥石流，山区多发，需加强监测与工程防御。","question_types":[{"type":"自然灾害类型与防御"}]}]},{"id":"M07","name":"中国的自然资源","book":"八年级上册 第三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M07-K01","name":"自然资源概况","key_content":"自然资源是自然界中对人类有用的物质与能量；分为可再生资源（土地、森林、水、太阳能）与非可再生资源（煤、铁、石油等矿产）。","question_types":[{"type":"自然资源分类"}]},{"id":"M07-K02","name":"土地资源","key_content":"我国耕地集中于东部季风区（北方旱地、南方水田），林地分布在东北、西南、东南山区，草地分布在西部非季风区；基本国策是珍惜和切实保护耕地。","question_types":[{"type":"土地资源类型与分布"},{"type":"土地基本国策"}]},{"id":"M07-K03","name":"水资源","key_content":"我国水资源时空分布不均：夏秋多冬春少、南多北少。措施有跨流域调水（南水北调）、兴修水库、节约用水。南水北调分东、中、西三线。","question_types":[{"type":"水资源时空分布"},{"type":"南水北调工程"}]},{"id":"M07-K04","name":"矿产资源","key_content":"我国煤炭集中于山西、陕西、内蒙古；石油在东北、华北、西北；铁矿在辽宁、河北、四川等地；矿产资源总量丰富但人均不足。","question_types":[{"type":"主要矿产分布"}]}]},{"id":"M08","name":"中国的经济发展","book":"八年级上册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M08-K01","name":"交通运输","key_content":"货运选择遵循“多、快、好、省”：大宗笨重远距离选铁路或水运，急需贵重选航空，短途量少选公路；我国铁路干线呈“五纵三横”骨架。","question_types":[{"type":"交通运输方式选择"}]},{"id":"M08-K02","name":"农业","key_content":"因地制宜发展农业需考虑地形、气候、水源、土壤等自然条件及市场、交通、技术等社会经济条件；南方水稻甘蔗、北方小麦甜菜。","question_types":[{"type":"因地制宜发展农业"},{"type":"主要农作物分布"}]},{"id":"M08-K03","name":"工业","key_content":"我国四大工业基地（辽中南、京津唐、沪宁杭、珠江三角洲）多分布于东部沿海；高新技术产业依赖人才与科技，多依附大城市（如中关村）。","question_types":[{"type":"工业分布与基地"},{"type":"高新技术产业"}]},{"id":"M08-K04","name":"经济发展与区域联系","key_content":"西气东输、西电东送等工程将西部资源输往东部，缓解东部能源紧张、带动西部发展，促进区域协调发展。","question_types":[{"type":"区域协调发展"}]}]},{"id":"M09","name":"四大地理区域","book":"八年级下册 第五章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M09-K01","name":"地理差异","key_content":"我国南北方差异显著：北方 $1$ 月均温 $<0^\\circ\\text{C}$、降水较少、落叶阔叶林；南方 $>0^\\circ\\text{C}$、降水多、常绿阔叶林，耕作制度与作物不同。","question_types":[{"type":"自然地理差异"}]},{"id":"M09-K02","name":"四大地理区域划分","key_content":"四大地理区域：北方、南方、西北、青藏。北方/南方界秦岭—淮河（气候）；北方/西北界 $400\\,\\text{mm}$ 等降水量线（季风）；青藏界一二级阶梯（地形）。","question_types":[{"type":"四大区域界线与主导因素"}]},{"id":"M09-K03","name":"北方地区","key_content":"北方以旱作农业为主；黄土高原水土流失严重，治理靠植树种草、退耕还林；华北平原春旱频发，靠跨流域调水与节水农业应对。","question_types":[{"type":"东北平原与黄土高原"},{"type":"华北平原与旱作农业"}]},{"id":"M09-K04","name":"南方地区","key_content":"南方水热充足、河湖密布，有“鱼米之乡”；红壤广布、酸性强；港澳为国际金融贸易与博彩旅游中心，台湾为“进口—加工—出口”型经济。","question_types":[{"type":"长江中下游与红土"},{"type":"港澳与台湾"}]},{"id":"M09-K05","name":"西北地区与青藏地区","key_content":"西北深居内陆、降水少，景观自东向西草原→荒漠草原→荒漠；青藏“高寒”，农业集中于河谷（湟水、雅鲁藏布江谷地），主种青稞。","question_types":[{"type":"西北干旱特征"},{"type":"青藏高寒特征"}]}]},{"id":"M10","name":"乡土地理","book":"八年级下册 第九章（乡土地理）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M10-K01","name":"家乡地理位置与自然环境","key_content":"乡土地理需从纬度位置、海陆位置、地形、气候、河流等方面描述家乡自然特征，并结合所在省级行政区的温度带与干湿区归纳。","question_types":[{"type":"家乡位置与自然特征描述"}]},{"id":"M10-K02","name":"家乡因地制宜发展","key_content":"家乡经济发展应依据土地、气候、矿产、旅游等资源条件，合理布局农业、工业与旅游业，坚持生态优先、可持续发展。","question_types":[{"type":"家乡产业与可持续发展"}]},{"id":"M10-K03","name":"家乡环境保护","key_content":"家乡常见生态环境问题有水土流失、水污染、空气污染等；保护措施包括植树造林、污水处理、节能减排与加强环保宣传。","question_types":[{"type":"家乡生态环境问题与保护"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"地球形状的证据判断","content":"下列现象中能作为地球是球体证据的是：①麦哲伦环球航行；②海边看远处驶来帆船先见桅杆后见船身；③月食时地球影子呈弧形；④太阳东升西落。","solution_method":"地球是两极稍扁、赤道略鼓的不规则球体。①②③能证明地球为球体；④是地球自转结果，不能直接证明形状。答案为①②③。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"地球大小数据的识记","content":"地球的平均半径、最大周长（赤道）、表面积分别约为多少？","solution_method":"平均半径约 $6371\\,\\text{km}$，赤道周长约 $4\\times10^4\\,\\text{km}$，表面积约 $5.1\\times10^8\\,\\text{km}^2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"经纬网定位（判读经纬度）","content":"A 点纬度 $20^\\circ\\text{N}$、经度 $40^\\circ\\text{E}$，判断 A 点所在半球与高中低纬度。","solution_method":"北纬 $20^\\circ$ 在北半球；东经 $40^\\circ$ 在东半球（$20^\\circ\\text{W}$ 向东至 $160^\\circ\\text{E}$）；$0^\\circ\\sim30^\\circ$ 为低纬度。故 A 在北半球、东半球、低纬度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"经纬网定向与距离估算","content":"同一条经线上纬度相差 $1^\\circ$ 实地距离约 $111\\,\\text{km}$。若 B、C 同经线且纬度相差 $5^\\circ$，求两点实地距离。","solution_method":"距离 $=5\\times111=555\\,\\text{km}$，即 $\\Delta s=111\\,\\text{km}/^\\circ\\times5^\\circ$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"东西半球划分判断","content":"判断经度 $150^\\circ\\text{E}$、$20^\\circ\\text{W}$、$170^\\circ\\text{E}$ 各位于东半球还是西半球。","solution_method":"东半球范围 $20^\\circ\\text{W}$ 向东至 $160^\\circ\\text{E}$。$150^\\circ\\text{E}$ 在东半球；$20^\\circ\\text{W}$ 为分界线；$170^\\circ\\text{E}$ 在西半球。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"地球自转的地理意义","content":"地球自转产生哪些地理现象？其方向与周期分别是？","solution_method":"自转方向自西向东，周期约 $24$ 小时（1 天）；产生昼夜交替、地方时差与水平运动物体偏向。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"地球公转与四季五带","content":"北半球夏至日太阳直射哪条纬线？此时北极圈内出现什么现象？","solution_method":"夏至日（约 $6$ 月 $22$ 日）太阳直射北回归线（$23.5^\\circ\\text{N}$），北极圈内出现极昼。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"比例尺大小与范围详略","content":"比例尺 $1:100000$ 与 $1:1000000$ 相比，哪个表示范围更小、内容更详细？","solution_method":"分母越小比例尺越大。$1:100000$ 比例尺更大，表示实地范围更小、内容更详细。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"比例尺计算（图上距离→实地距离）","content":"地图比例尺 $1:500000$，量得两地图上距离 $4\\,\\text{cm}$，求实地距离。","solution_method":"实地距离 $=$ 图上距离 $\\div$ 比例尺 $=4\\,\\text{cm}\\times500000=2\\times10^6\\,\\text{cm}=20\\,\\text{km}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"等高线地形部位判读","content":"等高线闭合中间高四周低为___；向高处凸出为___；向低处凸出为___；重合处为___。","solution_method":"依次为山顶（山峰）、山谷、山脊、陡崖。山谷常发育河流，山脊为分水岭。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"等高线坡度陡缓","content":"同一幅等高线地形图中，甲处等高线稀疏、乙处密集，哪处坡度更陡？","solution_method":"等高线越密集坡度越陡，故乙处坡度更陡。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-3","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"相对高度与海拔计算","content":"某山区最高峰海拔 $1500\\,\\text{m}$，山脚海拔 $300\\,\\text{m}$，求相对高度。","solution_method":"相对高度 $=$ 最高点海拔 $-$ 山脚海拔 $=1500-300=1200\\,\\text{m}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K06-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K06","question_type":"地形剖面图绘制与判读","content":"沿某剖面线绘制地形剖面图，其纵坐标表示什么？如何判断地势起伏？","solution_method":"纵坐标为海拔；剖面线起伏反映地势高低变化，可直观判断地势倾斜方向与陡缓。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"海陆比例与半球分布","content":"地球表面海洋与陆地面积比例约为多少？陆地主要集中在哪个半球？","solution_method":"海洋约占 $71\\%$、陆地约占 $29\\%$（七分海洋三分陆地）；陆地集中在北半球和东半球。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"七大洲面积排序","content":"七大洲按面积由大到小排序。","solution_method":"亚、非、北美洲、南美洲、南极洲、欧洲、大洋洲。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"大洲分界线识记","content":"亚欧分界线、亚非分界线、南北美洲分界线分别是什么？","solution_method":"亚欧：乌拉尔山—乌拉尔河—里海—大高加索山—黑海—土耳其海峡；亚非：苏伊士运河；南北美：巴拿马运河。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"海陆变迁的证据","content":"喜马拉雅山岩层中发现海洋生物化石，说明什么？","solution_method":"说明该地曾为海洋，后因地壳抬升成为陆地，是海陆变迁（地壳运动）的证据。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"板块构造与火山地震带","content":"全球大致划分为几大板块？两大火山地震带是什么？","solution_method":"六大板块；环太平洋地带与地中海—喜马拉雅地带。板块交界地壳活跃，多火山地震。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K04-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K04","question_type":"板块运动与地表形态","content":"红海面积不断扩大、地中海不断缩小，分别用板块运动解释。","solution_method":"红海位于非洲板块与印度洋板块张裂处，面积扩大；地中海位于亚欧板块与非洲板块碰撞挤压处，面积缩小。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"天气与气候概念辨析","content":"判断下列描述属天气还是气候：“昆明四季如春”“今天晴转多云”“夜来风雨声”。","solution_method":"“昆明四季如春”是气候（长期稳定）；“今天晴转多云”“夜来风雨声”是天气（短时多变）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"气温日变化与年变化","content":"一天中气温最高、最低分别出现在何时？北半球陆地最热、最冷月分别是？","solution_method":"一天中约 $14$ 时最高、日出前后最低；北半球陆地 $7$ 月最热、$1$ 月最冷。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"气温垂直递减与等温线","content":"海拔每升高 $100\\,\\text{m}$ 气温约下降多少？山脚 $20^\\circ\\text{C}$、山顶海拔 $1500\\,\\text{m}$，求山顶气温。","solution_method":"每升高 $100\\,\\text{m}$ 约降 $0.6^\\circ\\text{C}$；下降 $1500/100\\times0.6=9^\\circ\\text{C}$，山顶约 $11^\\circ\\text{C}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"降水季节分配判读","content":"读降水量柱状图，判断某地降水集中于夏季还是全年均匀。","solution_method":"夏季柱状体高、冬季低为夏雨型；各月均匀为年雨型；冬季高为冬雨型。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"世界年降水量分布规律","content":"世界年降水量分布的总体规律是什么？","solution_method":"赤道附近多雨、两极少雨；回归线大陆东岸多西岸少；中纬度沿海多内陆少；山地迎风坡多、背风坡少。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"气候类型判读（以温定带、以水定型）","content":"某地最冷月均温 $>15^\\circ\\text{C}$、降水全年均匀，判读气候类型。","solution_method":"最冷月 $>15^\\circ\\text{C}$ 为热带；全年均匀降水为年雨型，故为热带雨林气候。判读：以温定带、以水定型。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"典型气候特征描述","content":"地中海气候的气温曲线与降水柱状特征是什么？","solution_method":"夏季炎热干燥、冬季温和多雨（雨热不同期），分布于地中海沿岸。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"纬度位置对气候的影响","content":"海南岛与黑龙江纬度差异大，气候差异主要由什么因素造成？","solution_method":"纬度位置。纬度低获太阳辐射多、气温高；纬度高则气温低。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"亚洲位置和范围","content":"亚洲主要位于哪两个半球？地跨哪三带？","solution_method":"主要位于东半球、北半球；地跨热带、北温带、北寒带，是世界面积最大、跨纬度最广的大洲。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"日本自然与人文地理","content":"日本工业集中分布在哪类地区？原因是什么？","solution_method":"集中分布在太平洋沿岸和濑户内海沿岸；因资源匮乏依赖进口，且便于产品出口，海运便利。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"东南亚十字路口位置","content":"东南亚“十字路口”的咽喉是什么海峡？","solution_method":"马六甲海峡，沟通太平洋与印度洋，是东亚通往南亚、非洲、欧洲的海上捷径。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"东南亚热带作物与气候","content":"东南亚主要气候类型及对应的热带经济作物有哪些？","solution_method":"热带雨林气候（马来群岛）与热带季风气候（中南半岛）；盛产天然橡胶、油棕、椰子、蕉麻。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"印度人口与农业","content":"印度主要粮食作物及分布与降水的关系？","solution_method":"水稻分布于降水多的东北部和沿海平原；小麦分布于降水较少的德干高原西北部。人口众多，需控制增长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"俄罗斯自然与交通","content":"俄罗斯纬度高，其交通运输以什么为主？为什么？","solution_method":"以铁路为主（如西伯利亚大铁路）；因气候寒冷、国土辽阔、河流封冻期长，铁路最可靠。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"中东石油与水资源","content":"中东石油主要分布在哪里？为什么该地区水资源紧张？","solution_method":"波斯湾及其沿岸；以热带沙漠气候为主，降水稀少、河流少，水资源匮乏。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K07-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K07","question_type":"欧洲西部畜牧业","content":"欧洲西部乳畜业发达的自然与社会原因是什么？","solution_method":"温带海洋性气候全年温和湿润，利于多汁牧草生长；人口稠密、经济发达、市场需求大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K08-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K08","question_type":"撒哈拉以南非洲经济与气候","content":"撒哈拉以南非洲主要气候及面临的人地问题？","solution_method":"以热带气候为主（热带草原面积广大）；经济以单一商品为主，面临人口、粮食、环境问题。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K09-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K09","question_type":"澳大利亚特有生物与产业","content":"澳大利亚为什么多古老特有生物？其重要产业是什么？","solution_method":"长期孤立于海洋、演化缓慢，保留袋鼠、考拉等；服务业、采矿业与养羊业重要。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K10-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K10","question_type":"美国农业与工业","content":"美国农业生产的特点是什么？","solution_method":"地区生产专门化、机械化程度高；农业带（如玉米带、小麦区）分布明显。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K11-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K11","question_type":"巴西热带雨林与人口","content":"巴西热带雨林（亚马孙）的环境效益与面临问题？","solution_method":"调节全球气候、涵养水源、维护生物多样性；面临乱砍滥伐导致退化问题。人口集中于东南沿海。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"中国纬度与海陆位置","content":"我国的纬度位置、海陆位置特点及优越性？","solution_method":"大部分位于北温带、南部小部分热带，跨纬度广；位于亚洲东部、太平洋西岸，海陆兼备，便于发展海洋事业与对外交往。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"中国领土四至与濒临海洋","content":"我国领土最南、最北、最东、最西分别在哪里？濒临哪四海？","solution_method":"南：曾母暗沙；北：漠河以北黑龙江主航道；东：黑龙江与乌苏里江汇合处；西：帕米尔高原。临渤海、黄海、东海、南海。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"省级行政区识记","content":"我国共有多少个省级行政区？写出“鲁”“粤”“黑”对应的省名。","solution_method":"共 $34$ 个（$23$ 省、$5$ 自治区、$4$ 直辖市、$2$ 特别行政区）；鲁—山东省，粤—广东省，黑—黑龙江省。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"中国人口分布（胡焕庸线）","content":"我国人口地理分界线是什么？东西人口分布特点？","solution_method":"黑河—腾冲线（胡焕庸线）；线东南人口稠密、西北稀疏。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"人口政策","content":"我国人口政策经历了怎样的变化？","solution_method":"由控制数量（计划生育）转向促进长期均衡（全面两孩、三孩政策），应对老龄化。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"民族分布特点","content":"我国民族分布的最大特点是什么？少数民族最多的省是？","solution_method":"大散居、小聚居、交错杂居；少数民族主要分布在东北、西北、西南；云南省少数民族最多。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"地势三级阶梯","content":"我国地势总体特征及三级阶梯分界线？","solution_method":"西高东低、呈三级阶梯分布；一二级分界：昆仑山—祁连山—横断山；二三级分界：大兴安岭—太行山—巫山—雪峰山。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"主要地形区分布","content":"写出第一级阶梯的主要地形区与第二级阶梯的四大盆地。","solution_method":"第一级阶梯：青藏高原；第二级阶梯四大盆地：塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、柴达木盆地、四川盆地。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"气候特征与类型","content":"我国气候的两个主要特征是什么？","solution_method":"气候复杂多样、季风气候显著；还有温带大陆性气候和高原山地气候。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"季风气候与降水","content":"我国降水时空分布规律及季风影响？","solution_method":"空间：从东南沿海向西北内陆递减；时间：集中于夏秋。季风带来丰沛降水，但不稳定易致旱涝灾害。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"内外流河特征","content":"我国外流河与内流河的水文特征差异？","solution_method":"外流河受季风影响，夏汛明显、水量大；内流河以冰雪融水补给为主，夏季短暂汛期、多季节性河流。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"长江的治理与开发","content":"长江被称为“水能宝库”“黄金水道”的原因？","solution_method":"上游落差大、水能丰富（如三峡）；中下游江阔水深、通航里程长，航运价值高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"黄河的治理","content":"黄河下游“地上河”成因及治理措施？","solution_method":"中游水土流失使下游泥沙淤积、河床抬高成“地上河”；中游植树造林保持水土，下游加固堤坝。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"自然灾害类型与防御","content":"我国常见的气象灾害与地质灾害有哪些？","solution_method":"气象：干旱、洪涝、台风、寒潮；地质：地震、滑坡、泥石流。山区多发滑坡泥石流，需加强监测与工程防御。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"自然资源分类","content":"区分可再生资源与非可再生资源，举例说明。","solution_method":"可再生：土地、森林、水、太阳能；非可再生：煤、铁、石油等矿产。应合理利用、节约保护。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"土地资源类型与分布","content":"我国耕地、林地、草地的分布特点？","solution_method":"耕地集中于东部季风区（北方旱地、南方水田）；林地分布在东北、西南、东南山区；草地分布在西部非季风区。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"土地基本国策","content":"我国土地的基本国策是什么？","solution_method":"“十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切实保护耕地”，坚持最严格的耕地保护制度。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"水资源时空分布","content":"我国水资源时空分布特点及解决措施？","solution_method":"时空：夏秋多冬春少、南多北少；措施：跨流域调水（南水北调）、兴修水库、节约用水。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"南水北调工程","content":"南水北调的三条线路及调水方向？","solution_method":"东线（扬州→华北，利用京杭运河）、中线（丹江口→北京）、西线（长江上游→黄河上游）；总体南水北调。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M07-K04-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K04","question_type":"主要矿产分布","content":"我国煤炭、石油、铁矿的主要分布地区？","solution_method":"煤炭：山西、陕西、内蒙古；石油：东北、华北、西北；铁矿：辽宁、河北、四川等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"交通运输方式选择","content":"货运如何选择运输方式？举例（大宗笨重、急需、短途）。","solution_method":"大宗笨重选铁路或水运；急需贵重选航空；短途量少选公路。遵循“多、快、好、省”。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"因地制宜发展农业","content":"因地制宜发展农业要考虑哪些自然与社会条件？","solution_method":"自然条件：地形、气候、水源、土壤；社会经济：市场、交通、技术、政策。宜农则农、宜林则林、宜牧则牧、宜渔则渔。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"主要农作物分布","content":"我国南北方主要粮食作物与糖料作物差异？","solution_method":"南方水稻、甘蔗；北方小麦、甜菜。油料：南方油菜、北方花生大豆。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"工业分布与基地","content":"我国四大工业基地及分布特点？","solution_method":"辽中南、京津唐、沪宁杭（长三角）、珠江三角洲；多分布于东部沿海，交通便利、基础好。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"高新技术产业","content":"高新技术产业的特点及分布条件？","solution_method":"科技含量高、更新快；多依附大城市与高校科研区（如中关村），依赖人才与交通。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"区域协调发展","content":"西气东输、西电东送的意义？","solution_method":"将西部资源输送到东部，缓解东部能源紧张，带动西部经济发展，促进区域协调。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"自然地理差异","content":"我国南方与北方在气温、降水、植被上的差异？","solution_method":"北方 $1$ 月均温 $<0^\\circ\\text{C}$、降水少、落叶阔叶林；南方 $>0^\\circ\\text{C}$、降水多、常绿阔叶林。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"四大区域界线与主导因素","content":"北方、南方、西北、青藏四大地理区域的界线及主导因素？","solution_method":"北方/南方：秦岭—淮河（气候）；北方/西北：$400\\,\\text{mm}$ 等降水量线（季风）；青藏与其他：一二级阶梯（地形）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"东北平原与黄土高原","content":"黄土高原水土流失的成因与治理？","solution_method":"成因：土质疏松、降水集中、植被少、人类活动；治理：植树种草、退耕还林、打坝淤地。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"华北平原与旱作农业","content":"华北平原春旱的原因及应对？","solution_method":"春季降水少、蒸发旺、需水大；应对：跨流域调水、节水农业、南水北调。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"长江中下游与红土","content":"南方地区“鱼米之乡”的条件？","solution_method":"平原广、水热充足、河湖密布，盛产稻米和淡水鱼；红壤广布、酸性强。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K04-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K04","question_type":"港澳与台湾","content":"港澳的经济特点及与内地联系？","solution_method":"香港国际金融贸易中心、澳门博彩旅游，依赖内地资源与市场；台湾“进口—加工—出口”型经济，盛产甘蔗、水果。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K05-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K05","question_type":"西北干旱特征","content":"西北地区干旱的原因及景观变化规律？","solution_method":"深居内陆、距海远、降水少；自东向西景观：草原→荒漠草原→荒漠。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K05-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K05","question_type":"青藏高寒特征","content":"青藏地区“高寒”的表现及农业分布？","solution_method":"海拔高、气温低；农业集中于河谷（湟水谷地、雅鲁藏布江谷地），耐寒作物青稞为主。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"家乡位置与自然特征描述","content":"从纬度、海陆、地形角度描述家乡（以某省为例）的自然环境特征。","solution_method":"结合所在省级行政区，说明所处温度带、干湿区、地形区与主要河流，归纳气候与地形特征。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"家乡产业与可持续发展","content":"结合家乡资源条件，说明如何因地制宜发展经济。","solution_method":"依据土地、气候、矿产、旅游等资源，合理布局农业、工业与旅游业，注重生态保护。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"家乡生态环境问题与保护","content":"列举家乡常见的生态环境问题并提出保护措施。","solution_method":"如水土流失、水污染、空气污染等；措施：植树造林、污水处理、节能减排、加强宣传。","difficulty":"易"}]},{"subject":"高中数学","metadata":{"subject":"高中数学","structure_note":"module 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有零点）；二分法。","question_types":[{"type":"判断零点个数/所在区间"},{"type":"二分法求近似解"}]}]},{"id":"M05","name":"三角函数","book":"必修第一册 第五、六章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M05-K01","name":"任意角与弧度制","key_content":"正角/负角/零角；弧度与角度互化（$l = |\\alpha| r$）；弧长 $l = |\\alpha|r$，扇形面积 $S = \\dfrac{1}{2}lr$。","question_types":[{"type":"角度与弧度互化、扇形计算"}]},{"id":"M05-K02","name":"三角函数的概念","key_content":"任意角三角函数定义（单位圆上坐标）；三角函数线；同角关系 $\\sin^2\\alpha + \\cos^2\\alpha = 1$、$\\tan\\alpha = \\dfrac{\\sin\\alpha}{\\cos\\alpha}$。","question_types":[{"type":"由定义求三角函数值"},{"type":"同角三角函数基本关系"}]},{"id":"M05-K03","name":"诱导公式","key_content":"“奇变偶不变，符号看象限”；$2k\\pi \\pm \\alpha$、$\\pi \\pm \\alpha$、$-\\alpha$、$\\dfrac{\\pi}{2} \\pm \\alpha$ 等。","question_types":[{"type":"用诱导公式化简求值"}]},{"id":"M05-K04","name":"三角函数的图象与性质","key_content":"$y = \\sin x, \\cos x, \\tan x$ 的定义域、周期、奇偶、单调、最值；五点法作图。","question_types":[{"type":"由图象求参数/性质"},{"type":"三角函数单调性/最值"}]},{"id":"M05-K05","name":"函数 $y = A\\sin(\\omega x + \\varphi)$","key_content":"振幅 $A$、周期 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P(A)$。","question_types":[{"type":"用对立事件求概率（正难则反）"}]}]},{"id":"M11","name":"空间向量与立体几何","book":"选择性必修第一册 第一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M11-K01","name":"空间向量及其运算","key_content":"空间向量加减、数乘、数量积；共线/共面向量定理。","question_types":[{"type":"空间向量运算与共线共面"}]},{"id":"M11-K02","name":"空间向量基本定理与坐标","key_content":"任一点可表为基底线性组合；空间直角坐标系；坐标运算。","question_types":[{"type":"建系求向量坐标"}]},{"id":"M11-K03","name":"用向量证明平行与垂直","key_content":"线面平行 $\\Leftrightarrow$ 方向向量 $\\perp$ 法向量；线面垂直 $\\Leftrightarrow$ 方向向量 $\\parallel$ 法向量；面面垂直 $\\Leftrightarrow$ 法向量垂直。","question_types":[{"type":"向量法证线面平行"},{"type":"向量法证面面垂直"}]},{"id":"M11-K04","name":"空间角与距离（向量法）","key_content":"线线角 $\\cos\\theta = \\dfrac{|\\vec{s}_1\\cdot\\vec{s}_2|}{|\\vec{s}_1||\\vec{s}_2|}$；线面角 $\\sin\\theta = \\dfrac{|\\vec{s}\\cdot\\vec{n}|}{|\\vec{s}||\\vec{n}|}$；二面角 $\\cos\\theta = \\pm\\dfrac{\\vec{n}_1\\cdot\\vec{n}_2}{|\\vec{n}_1||\\vec{n}_2|}$；点面距 $d = \\dfrac{|\\vec{AP}\\cdot\\vec{n}|}{|\\vec{n}|}$。","question_types":[{"type":"求二面角"},{"type":"求点面距离"}]}]},{"id":"M12","name":"直线和圆的方程","book":"选择性必修第一册 第二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M12-K01","name":"直线的倾斜角与斜率","key_content":"倾斜角 $\\alpha \\in [0,\\pi)$；斜率 $k = \\tan\\alpha = \\dfrac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$；垂直时斜率乘积 $-1$。","question_types":[{"type":"求斜率与倾斜角"}]},{"id":"M12-K02","name":"直线的方程","key_content":"点斜式、斜截式、两点式、截距式、一般式 $Ax+By+C=0$。","question_types":[{"type":"由条件求直线方程"}]},{"id":"M12-K03","name":"两条直线的位置关系","key_content":"平行（$l_1 \\parallel l_2 \\Leftrightarrow A_1B_2 = A_2B_1$ 且不等价）、垂直（$k_1k_2=-1$ 或 $A_1A_2 + B_1B_2 = 0$）、交点、距离（点线距、平行线距）。","question_types":[{"type":"求平行线间距离"},{"type":"含参直线平行/垂直"}]},{"id":"M12-K04","name":"圆的方程","key_content":"标准方程 $(x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 = r^2$；一般方程 $x^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0$（需 $D^2+E^2-4F>0$）；圆心 $(-D/2, -E/2)$。","question_types":[{"type":"由条件求圆方程"}]},{"id":"M12-K05","name":"直线与圆、圆与圆的位置关系","key_content":"$d$ 与 $r$ 比较（相交 $d<r$、相切 $d=r$、相离 $d>r$）；弦长 $= 2\\sqrt{r^2-d^2}$；两圆位置关系由圆心距与半径和差判断。","question_types":[{"type":"直线与圆相交求弦长"},{"type":"切线问题（过圆外一点求切线）"}]}]},{"id":"M13","name":"圆锥曲线的方程","book":"选择性必修第一册 第三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M13-K01","name":"椭圆","key_content":"定义 $|PF_1|+|PF_2| = 2a\\ (>2c)$；标准方程 $\\dfrac{x^2}{a^2} + \\dfrac{y^2}{b^2} = 1\\ (a>b>0)$；$c^2 = a^2 - b^2$；离心率 $e = \\dfrac{c}{a}$。","question_types":[{"type":"由定义/条件求椭圆方程"},{"type":"椭圆的几何性质（离心率）"}]},{"id":"M13-K02","name":"双曲线","key_content":"定义 $||PF_1|-|PF_2|| = 2a\\ (<2c)$；标准方程 $\\dfrac{x^2}{a^2} - \\dfrac{y^2}{b^2} = 1$；$c^2 = a^2 + b^2$；渐近线 $y = \\pm\\dfrac{b}{a}x$；$e = \\dfrac{c}{a} > 1$。","question_types":[{"type":"求双曲线方程与渐近线"},{"type":"离心率与 $a,b,c$ 关系"}]},{"id":"M13-K03","name":"抛物线","key_content":"定义 $|PF| = d$（到准线）；标准方程 $y^2 = 2px\\ (p>0)$ 等；焦点 $(p/2, 0)$，准线 $x = -p/2$；焦点弦性质。","question_types":[{"type":"求抛物线方程与焦点准线"},{"type":"抛物线定义转化（到焦点=到准线）"}]},{"id":"M13-K04","name":"直线与圆锥曲线的位置关系","key_content":"联立方程 $\\rightarrow$ 判别式 $\\Delta$；韦达定理；弦长公式 $|AB| = \\sqrt{1+k^2}\\,|x_1-x_2|$；中点弦/弦中点问题。","question_types":[{"type":"联立求交点/弦长"},{"type":"中点弦问题（点差法）"},{"type":"定值/定点/最值问题"}]},{"id":"M13-K05","name":"曲线与方程（轨迹问题）","key_content":"直接法、定义法、相关点法（代入法）、参数法求轨迹方程。","question_types":[{"type":"求动点轨迹方程"},{"type":"相关点法求轨迹"}]}]},{"id":"M14","name":"数列","book":"选择性必修第二册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"M14-K01","name":"数列的概念","key_content":"通项 $a_n$；递推公式；前 $n$ 项和 $S_n$；$a_n$ 与 $S_n$ 关系 $a_n = S_n - S_{n-1}\\ (n\\geq 2), a_1 = S_1$。","question_types":[{"type":"由 $S_n$ 求 $a_n$"}]},{"id":"M14-K02","name":"等差数列","key_content":"$a_n = a_1 + (n-1)d$；$S_n = \\dfrac{n(a_1+a_n)}{2} = na_1 + \\dfrac{n(n-1)}{2}d$；等差中项；性质（若 $m+n=p+q$ 则 $a_m+a_n = a_p+a_q$）。","question_types":[{"type":"基本量计算"},{"type":"等差数列性质应用"}]},{"id":"M14-K03","name":"等比数列","key_content":"$a_n = a_1 \\cdot q^{n-1}$；$S_n = \\dfrac{a_1(1-q^n)}{1-q}\\ (q\\neq 1)$；等比中项；性质（若 $m+n=p+q$ 则 $a_m \\cdot a_n = a_p \\cdot a_q$）。","question_types":[{"type":"等比数列求和（注意 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\\dfrac{\\sum (x-\\bar{x})(y-\\bar{y})}{\\sum (x-\\bar{x})^2}$；用回归方程预测。","question_types":[{"type":"求回归方程与预测"}]},{"id":"M18-K03","name":"独立性检验","key_content":"$2\\times2$ 列联表；$\\chi^2 = \\dfrac{n(ad-bc)^2}{(a+b)(c+d)(a+c)(b+d)}$；与临界值比较作判断。","question_types":[{"type":"独立性检验"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-M01-K01-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"由描述法求集合元素或元素个数","content":"$A = \\{x \\in \\mathbb{N} \\mid x < 5\\}$，求 $A$。","solution_method":"明确代表元素与限制条件（$x \\in \\mathbb{N}$ 表示自然数），逐一列举。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K01-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K01","question_type":"利用集合元素的互异性求参数","content":"$A = \\{1, a, a^2\\}$，若元素互异，求 $a$ 的范围。","solution_method":"令各元素两两不等：$a \\neq 1$ 且 $a^2 \\neq 1$ 且 $a^2 \\neq a$，解得 $a \\neq 0, 1, -1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"判断集合的包含关系","content":"$A = \\{x \\mid x^2 - 1 = 0\\}$，$B = \\{-1, 1\\}$，判断 $A$ 与 $B$。","solution_method":"解方程化简集合，比较元素。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K02-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K02","question_type":"含参集合的子集/空集讨论","content":"$A = \\{x \\mid x^2 + ax + 1 = 0\\}$，若 $A \\subseteq \\{1\\}$，求 $a$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"$A$ 可能为空集或 $\\{1\\}$；空集时 $\\Delta < 0$，单元素时 $\\Delta = 0$ 且根为 $1$，分类讨论。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"数集的交并补运算","content":"$U = \\mathbb{R}, A = \\{x \\mid x < 2\\}, B = \\{x \\mid x \\geq -1\\}$，求 $A \\cap B, \\complement_U A$。","solution_method":"画数轴确定区间，注意端点取等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K03-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K03","question_type":"含参集合运算求参数范围","content":"$A = \\{x \\mid -1 < x < 3\\}, B = \\{x \\mid m-1 < x < m+1\\}$，若 $A \\cap B = \\emptyset$，求 $m$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"由区间不相交得 $m+1 \\leq -1$ 或 $m-1 \\geq 3$，解参数。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"判断充分必要条件","content":"$p: x > 2,\\ q: x > 1$，判断 $p$ 是 $q$ 的什么条件。","solution_method":"看推出方向：$\\{x > 2\\} \\subseteq \\{x > 1\\}$，$p \\Rightarrow q$ 且 $q \\nRightarrow p$，故充分不必要。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M01-K04-2","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K04","question_type":"含参的充分必要条件求参数","content":"$p: x \\in A = \\{x \\mid a < x < a+2\\},\\ q: x \\in B = \\{x \\mid 1 < x < 4\\}$，若 $p$ 是 $q$ 的充分条件，求 $a$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"$A \\subseteq B \\Rightarrow a \\geq 1$ 且 $a+2 \\leq 4 \\Rightarrow 1 \\leq a \\leq 2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M01-K05-1","module_id":"M01","knowledge_point_id":"M01-K05","question_type":"命题的否定","content":"命题“$\\forall x \\in \\mathbb{R}, x^2 \\geq 0$”的否定是？","solution_method":"量词互换且否定结论：$\\exists x \\in \\mathbb{R}, x^2 < 0$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K01-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K01","question_type":"利用不等式性质判断命题真假","content":"若 $a < b < 0$，则下列不等式一定成立的是？","solution_method":"逐项用性质推导，注意乘负数反向、平方单调性（负区间反向）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"求最值（一正二定三相等）","content":"已知 $x > 0$，求 $x + \\dfrac{1}{x}$ 的最小值。","solution_method":"$x + \\dfrac{1}{x} \\geq 2\\sqrt{x \\cdot \\dfrac{1}{x}} = 2$，当 $x=1$ 取等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"配凑凑定值","content":"已知 $x > 3$，求 $x + \\dfrac{1}{x-3}$ 的最小值。","solution_method":"化为 $(x-3) + \\dfrac{1}{x-3} + 3 \\geq 2 + 3 = 5$，当 $x=4$ 取等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K02-3","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K02","question_type":"基本不等式的实际应用（利润/用料最省）","content":"用长为 $L$ 的篱笆围一块矩形菜地，求面积的最大值。","solution_method":"设长 $x$ 宽 $y$，$x+y = L/2$，$S = xy \\leq (L/4)^2$，正方形时最大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-1","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"解一元二次不等式","content":"解不等式 $x^2 - 3x + 2 < 0$ 的解集。","solution_method":"因式分解 $(x-1)(x-2)<0 \\Rightarrow 1<x<2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-2","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"含参二次不等式讨论","content":"解关于 $x$ 的不等式 $ax^2 - (a+1)x + 1 < 0$（含参数 $a$ 的讨论）。","solution_method":"因式分解 $(ax-1)(x-1)<0$，按 $a$ 正负及根 $1$ 与 $1/a$ 大小分类讨论。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M02-K03-3","module_id":"M02","knowledge_point_id":"M02-K03","question_type":"三个二次关系（根的分布）","content":"若方程 $x^2 + mx + 1 = 0$ 有两个正根，求实数 $m$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"$\\Delta \\geq 0$、对称轴 $>0$、$f(0)>0$ 联立求解。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"求函数的定义域","content":"求函数 $f(x) = \\sqrt{x-1} + \\dfrac{1}{x-2}$ 的定义域。","solution_method":"根下 $\\geq 0$ 且分母 $\\neq 0$：$x \\geq 1$ 且 $x \\neq 2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K01-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K01","question_type":"判断两函数是否相同","content":"函数 $f(x) = x$ 与 $g(x) = \\sqrt{x^2}$ 是否为同一函数？","solution_method":"$g(x) = |x|$，对应法则不同，不相同。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"分段函数求值","content":"已知 $f(x) = \\begin{cases} x+1 & (x \\geq 0) \\\\ x^2 & (x < 0) \\end{cases}$，求 $f(f(-2))$ 的值。","solution_method":"由内向外：$f(-2)=4$，再 $f(4)=5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K02-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K02","question_type":"由图象/表格读取信息","content":"给出某函数图象，求其零点个数与单调区间。","solution_method":"看与 $x$ 轴交点、上升下降趋势。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"用定义证明单调性","content":"用定义证明函数 $f(x) = \\dfrac{1}{x}$ 在 $(0, +\\infty)$ 上单调递减。","solution_method":"设 $0<x_1<x_2$，作差 $f(x_1)-f(x_2) = \\dfrac{x_2-x_1}{x_1x_2} > 0$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K03-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K03","question_type":"求复合函数单调区间","content":"求函数 $y = \\log_2(x^2 - 2x)$ 的单调区间。","solution_method":"先定定义域 $x<0$ 或 $x>2$，再由内外层同增异减判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"判断奇偶性","content":"判断函数 $f(x) = x^3 - x$ 的奇偶性。","solution_method":"$f(-x) = -x^3 + x = -(x^3 - x) = -f(x)$，奇函数。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M03-K04-2","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K04","question_type":"含参函数奇偶性求参数","content":"若函数 $f(x) = ax^2 + bx$ 为偶函数，求实数 $b$ 的值。","solution_method":"偶函数满足 $f(-x)=f(x)$ 对定义域内恒成立 $\\Rightarrow b=0$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M03-K05-1","module_id":"M03","knowledge_point_id":"M03-K05","question_type":"求闭区间上最值","content":"求函数 $f(x) = x^2 - 2x$ 在区间 $[-1, 3]$ 上的最大值与最小值。","solution_method":"配方 $f(x) = (x-1)^2 - 1$，顶点 $x=1$ 最小 $-1$，端点 $x=-1$ 最大 $3$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K01-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K01","question_type":"根式与分数指数幂互化及化简","content":"化简 $a^{1/2} \\cdot a^{1/3} \\cdot a^{-5/6}$。","solution_method":"底数相同指数相加：$\\dfrac{1}{2}+\\dfrac{1}{3}-\\dfrac{5}{6}=0 \\Rightarrow$ 结果为 $1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"解指数方程/不等式","content":"已知 $2^x > 8$，求实数 $x$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"化为 $2^x > 2^3$，因底 $>1$ 单调递增得 $x>3$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K02-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K02","question_type":"指数型函数性质综合","content":"求函数 $y = \\left(\\dfrac{1}{2}\\right)^{x^2-2x}$ 的值域与单调区间。","solution_method":"令 $t = x^2-2x$，外层递减，$t$ 在 $(-\\infty,1]$ 减、$[1,+\\infty)$ 增，复合得 $y$ 在 $(-\\infty,1]$ 增、$[1,+\\infty)$ 减，值域 $(0,2]$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"对数运算化简","content":"计算 $\\log_2 8 + \\log_2\\left(\\dfrac{1}{4}\\right)$ 的值。","solution_method":"$3+(-2)=1$，或合并为 $\\log_2(8 \\div 4) = \\log_2 2 = 1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K03-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K03","question_type":"对数换底公式应用","content":"已知 $\\log_2 3 = a$，求 $\\log_3 8$ 的值（用 $a$ 表示）。","solution_method":"$\\log_3 8 = \\dfrac{\\ln 8}{\\ln 3} = \\dfrac{3\\ln 2}{\\ln 3} = \\dfrac{3}{\\log_2 3} = \\dfrac{3}{a}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"比较对数大小","content":"比较 $\\log_2 3$ 与 $\\log_3 4$ 的大小。","solution_method":"用换底或中间值（如 $\\log_2 3 > \\log_2 2\\sqrt{2} = 1.5$，$\\log_3 4 < \\log_3 9 = 2$，再细比或用作差）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K04-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K04","question_type":"对数型函数综合","content":"求函数 $y = \\log_a(x^2 - 1)$ 的定义域，并讨论其单调性。","solution_method":"先 $x^2-1>0$ 得 $|x|>1$，再按 $a$ 分类结合复合单调性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K05-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K05","question_type":"幂函数性质判断","content":"比较 $0.3^{0.2}$ 与 $0.2^{0.3}$ 的大小。","solution_method":"用幂函数与指数函数的单调性分别比较，或取对数。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-1","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"判断零点个数/所在区间","content":"确定函数 $f(x) = \\ln x + x - 2$ 的零点所在区间。","solution_method":"$f(1) = -1 < 0$，$f(2) = \\ln 2 > 0$，零点在 $(1,2)$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M04-K06-2","module_id":"M04","knowledge_point_id":"M04-K06","question_type":"二分法求近似解","content":"用二分法求方程 $x^3 - x - 1 = 0$ 在 $(1, 2)$ 内的近似解（精度 $0.1$）。","solution_method":"逐次取中点，依 $f$ 符号缩小区间至长度 $<0.1$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K01-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K01","question_type":"角度与弧度互化、扇形计算","content":"半径为 $2$、圆心角为 $\\dfrac{\\pi}{3}$ 的扇形，求其弧长与面积。","solution_method":"$l = \\alpha r = \\dfrac{2\\pi}{3}$，$S = \\dfrac{1}{2}lr = \\dfrac{2\\pi}{3}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"由定义求三角函数值","content":"已知角 $\\alpha$ 的终边经过点 $(-3, 4)$，求 $\\sin\\alpha, \\cos\\alpha, \\tan\\alpha$。","solution_method":"$r = 5$，$\\sin\\alpha = \\dfrac{4}{5}, \\cos\\alpha = -\\dfrac{3}{5}, \\tan\\alpha = -\\dfrac{4}{3}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K02-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K02","question_type":"同角三角函数基本关系","content":"已知 $\\sin\\alpha = \\dfrac{3}{5}$ 且 $\\alpha$ 为第二象限角，求 $\\cos\\alpha, \\tan\\alpha$。","solution_method":"$\\cos\\alpha = -\\dfrac{4}{5}$，$\\tan\\alpha = -\\dfrac{3}{4}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K03-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K03","question_type":"用诱导公式化简求值","content":"化简 $\\sin(\\pi - \\alpha) \\cdot \\cos\\left(\\dfrac{\\pi}{2} + \\alpha\\right)$。","solution_method":"$= \\sin\\alpha \\cdot (-\\sin\\alpha) = -\\sin^2\\alpha$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"由图象求参数/性质","content":"由函数 $y = A\\sin(\\omega x + \\varphi)$ 的部分图象，求 $A, \\omega, \\varphi$ 的值。","solution_method":"看峰值定 $A$，看周期定 $\\omega$，代入特殊点定 $\\varphi$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K04-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K04","question_type":"三角函数单调性/最值","content":"求函数 $y = 2\\sin\\left(x - \\dfrac{\\pi}{3}\\right)$ 在区间 $[0, \\pi]$ 上的最值。","solution_method":"令 $t = x - \\dfrac{\\pi}{3} \\in \\left[-\\dfrac{\\pi}{3}, \\dfrac{2\\pi}{3}\\right]$，结合 $\\sin t$ 图象求最值。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K05-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K05","question_type":"图象平移伸缩变换","content":"说明函数 $y = \\sin x$ 的图象经过怎样的变换可得到 $y = 2\\sin\\left(2x + \\dfrac{\\pi}{3}\\right)$ 的图象。","solution_method":"先平移（左 $\\dfrac{\\pi}{3}$）再横缩（$\\dfrac{1}{2}$）再纵扩（$\\times 2$），注意顺序影响平移量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K06-1","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K06","question_type":"化简与求值","content":"求 $\\sin 15^\\circ$ 的值。","solution_method":"$\\sin(45^\\circ - 30^\\circ) = \\sin 45^\\circ \\cos 30^\\circ - \\cos 45^\\circ \\sin 30^\\circ = \\dfrac{\\sqrt{6}-\\sqrt{2}}{4}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M05-K06-2","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K06","question_type":"辅助角公式应用","content":"化简函数 $f(x) = \\sqrt{3}\\sin x + \\cos x$ 为 $A\\sin(x+\\varphi)$ 的形式。","solution_method":"$= 2\\sin\\left(x + \\dfrac{\\pi}{6}\\right)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M05-K06-3","module_id":"M05","knowledge_point_id":"M05-K06","question_type":"三角恒等变换综合（条件求值）","content":"已知 $\\sin(\\alpha+\\beta) = \\dfrac{1}{2},\\ \\sin(\\alpha-\\beta) = \\dfrac{1}{3}$，求 $\\sin\\alpha\\cos\\beta$ 的值。","solution_method":"两式相加除以 $2$ 得 $\\sin\\alpha\\cos\\beta = \\dfrac{5}{12}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M06-K01-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K01","question_type":"向量加减几何运算","content":"化简 $\\vec{AB} + \\vec{BC} + \\vec{CD}$。","solution_method":"$= \\vec{AD}$（首尾相接）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"向量共线（平行）判定","content":"已知向量 $\\vec{a} = (1,2), \\vec{b} = (2,m)$ 共线，求实数 $m$。","solution_method":"$1 \\cdot m - 2 \\cdot 2 = 0 \\Rightarrow m = 4$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K02-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K02","question_type":"向量坐标运算","content":"已知向量 $\\vec{a} = (1,2), \\vec{b} = (3,-1)$，求 $2\\vec{a} - \\vec{b}$ 的坐标。","solution_method":"$= (2-3, 4+1) = (-1, 5)$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K03-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K03","question_type":"用基底表示向量","content":"在 $\\triangle ABC$ 中，$D$ 为 $BC$ 中点，试用 $\\vec{AB}, \\vec{AC}$ 表示 $\\vec{AD}$。","solution_method":"$\\vec{AD} = \\dfrac{1}{2}(\\vec{AB} + \\vec{AC})$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"数量积与夹角","content":"已知向量 $\\vec{a} = (1,1), \\vec{b} = (1,-1)$，求两向量的夹角。","solution_method":"$\\vec{a}\\cdot\\vec{b} = 0 \\Rightarrow$ 夹角 $90^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K04-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K04","question_type":"含参垂直/模长问题","content":"已知向量 $\\vec{a} = (x,1), \\vec{b} = (1,-2)$ 互相垂直，求实数 $x$ 的值。","solution_method":"$x - 2 = 0 \\Rightarrow x = 2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-1","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"正弦定理求边角","content":"在 $\\triangle ABC$ 中，已知 $A = 30^\\circ, B = 45^\\circ, a = 2$，求边 $b$ 的长。","solution_method":"$b = a \\cdot \\dfrac{\\sin B}{\\sin A} = 2 \\cdot \\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}/2}{1/2} = 2\\sqrt{2}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-2","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"余弦定理与面积公式","content":"在 $\\triangle ABC$ 中，已知 $a=3, b=5, c=7$，求最大角及三角形的面积。","solution_method":"最大角对 $c$，$\\cos C = \\dfrac{9+25-49}{2\\cdot 3\\cdot 5} = -\\dfrac{1}{2} \\Rightarrow C = 120^\\circ$；$S = \\dfrac{1}{2}\\cdot 3\\cdot 5\\cdot \\sin 120^\\circ = \\dfrac{15\\sqrt{3}}{4}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M06-K05-3","module_id":"M06","knowledge_point_id":"M06-K05","question_type":"解三角形实际应用（测量）","content":"两观测点相距 $d$，测得某塔的仰角分别为 $\\alpha, \\beta$，求塔高。","solution_method":"画图建三角形，正/余弦定理列方程求解。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"由复数相等求参数","content":"已知 $a + bi = 3 - 2i$（$a, b \\in \\mathbb{R}$），求 $a, b$。","solution_method":"$a = 3, b = -2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K01-2","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K01","question_type":"判断纯虚数/实数","content":"已知复数 $z = (m^2-1) + (m-1)i$ 为纯虚数，求实数 $m$ 的值。","solution_method":"实部 $=0$ 且虚部 $\\neq 0 \\Rightarrow m = -1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K02-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K02","question_type":"复数除法化简","content":"计算 $\\dfrac{1+i}{1-i}$ 的值。","solution_method":"分子分母乘 $(1+i)$ 得 $\\dfrac{(1+i)^2}{2} = \\dfrac{2i}{2} = i$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M07-K03-1","module_id":"M07","knowledge_point_id":"M07-K03","question_type":"求复数模/几何轨迹","content":"求满足 $|z-1| = 2$ 的复数 $z$ 在复平面上对应的点的轨迹。","solution_method":"以 $(1,0)$ 为圆心半径 $2$ 的圆。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K01-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K01","question_type":"几何体结构判断","content":"给出某几何体的三视图，判断它对应的几何体类型（柱/锥/台）。","solution_method":"由三视图还原直观图，识别柱/锥/台。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K02-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K02","question_type":"直观图与原图面积关系","content":"已知某平面图形的直观图面积为 $S$，求原图形的面积。","solution_method":"原图面积 $= 2\\sqrt{2} \\cdot S$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"组合体体积/表面积计算","content":"一个几何体由一个半球与一个圆柱组合而成，求其体积。","solution_method":"分部分求和，注意重叠面不计入表面积。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K03-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K03","question_type":"等体积法求高","content":"已知三棱锥的棱长，试用等体积法求某顶点到对面的距离。","solution_method":"换底面用 $V = \\dfrac{1}{3}Sh$ 相等求高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-1","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"证明线面平行","content":"如图，证明直线 $a \\parallel$ 平面 $\\alpha$ 的思路。","solution_method":"在平面内找与 $a$ 平行的直线 $b$（中位线/平行四边形），用判定定理。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-2","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"证明线面垂直","content":"如图，证明直线 $a \\perp$ 平面 $\\alpha$ 的思路。","solution_method":"证 $a$ 垂直面内两条相交直线。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-3","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"求异面直线所成角","content":"在正方体中求两条异面直线所成角的大小。","solution_method":"平移法/补形法转化为相交直线夹角，范围 $(0,90^\\circ]$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M08-K04-4","module_id":"M08","knowledge_point_id":"M08-K04","question_type":"求线面角","content":"求空间一斜线与其在平面上的射影所成角（线面角）。","solution_method":"作垂线找射影，角为斜线与射影夹角，范围 $[0,90^\\circ]$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K01-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K01","question_type":"抽样方法选择与应用","content":"总体由差异明显的三层组成，应采用哪种抽样方法？","solution_method":"分层抽样，按比例从各层抽取。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"由直方图求频率/中位数","content":"已知一组数据的频率分布直方图，估计这组数据的中位数。","solution_method":"累计频率到 $0.5$ 对应的区间，用面积比例内插。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M09-K02-2","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K02","question_type":"平均数与方差计算","content":"求给定数据组的平均数与标准差。","solution_method":"$\\bar{x} = \\dfrac{\\sum x_i}{n}$，$s^2 = \\dfrac{\\sum (x_i - \\bar{x})^2}{n}$ 或 $s^2 = \\overline{x^2} - (\\bar{x})^2$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M09-K03-1","module_id":"M09","knowledge_point_id":"M09-K03","question_type":"图表信息提取与判断","content":"由给定的折线图判断数据的变化趋势。","solution_method":"读取增减、拐点、周期性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"古典概型基本计算","content":"同时掷两枚质地均匀的骰子，求点数之和为 $7$ 的概率。","solution_method":"基本事件 $36$，和为 $7$ 有 $6$ 种 $\\Rightarrow 6/36 = 1/6$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K01-2","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K01","question_type":"列举法（树状图/列表）","content":"一个口袋中有红、白两球，先后有放回（或无放回）地取两次，求某事件的概率（用树状图/列表枚举）。","solution_method":"列表或树状图枚举所有等可能结果。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M10-K02-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K02","question_type":"互斥/对立事件概率","content":"事件 $A, B$ 互斥，且 $P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.5$，求 $P(A \\cup B)$。","solution_method":"互斥 $\\Rightarrow P(A \\cup B) = 0.8$；对立事件和的概率为 $1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M10-K03-1","module_id":"M10","knowledge_point_id":"M10-K03","question_type":"用对立事件求概率（正难则反）","content":"某射击手每次命中率为 $p$，求射击 $n$ 次至少命中 $1$ 次的概率。","solution_method":"$1 -$ 全不命中的概率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K01-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K01","question_type":"空间向量运算与共线共面","content":"判断空间中四点是否共面。","solution_method":"向量 $\\vec{AB}, \\vec{AC}, \\vec{AD}$ 共面 $\\Leftrightarrow$ 存在系数使线性组合为零（系数和不为 $0$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K02-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K02","question_type":"建系求向量坐标","content":"在正方体中建立空间直角坐标系，写出相关向量的坐标。","solution_method":"以顶点为原点，棱为坐标轴建系，写坐标。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K03-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K03","question_type":"向量法证线面平行","content":"用向量法证明直线 $l \\parallel$ 平面 $\\alpha$ 的思路。","solution_method":"求方向向量 $\\vec{s}$ 与面法向量 $\\vec{n}$，证 $\\vec{s}\\cdot\\vec{n}=0$ 且不共点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K03-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K03","question_type":"向量法证面面垂直","content":"用向量法证明平面 $\\alpha \\perp \\beta$ 的思路。","solution_method":"求两法向量 $\\vec{n}_1, \\vec{n}_2$，证 $\\vec{n}_1 \\cdot \\vec{n}_2 = 0$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M11-K04-1","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K04","question_type":"求二面角","content":"求两个相交平面所成二面角的大小。","solution_method":"建系求两法向量，算夹角，依图形判断锐/钝取 $\\pm$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M11-K04-2","module_id":"M11","knowledge_point_id":"M11-K04","question_type":"求点面距离","content":"求空间一点 $P$ 到平面 $\\alpha$ 的距离。","solution_method":"取面内一点 $A$，$d = \\dfrac{|\\vec{PA}\\cdot\\vec{n}|}{|\\vec{n}|}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K01-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K01","question_type":"求斜率与倾斜角","content":"求经过点 $(1,2)$ 与 $(3,4)$ 的直线的斜率与倾斜角。","solution_method":"$k = 1 \\Rightarrow \\alpha = 45^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K02-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K02","question_type":"由条件求直线方程","content":"求过点 $(2,3)$ 且斜率为 $-1$ 的直线方程。","solution_method":"点斜式 $y-3 = -(x-2) \\Rightarrow x+y-5=0$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"求平行线间距离","content":"求两平行线 $3x+4y-5=0$ 与 $3x+4y+7=0$ 之间的距离。","solution_method":"$d = \\dfrac{|(-5)-7|}{\\sqrt{3^2+4^2}} = \\dfrac{12}{5}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M12-K03-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K03","question_type":"含参直线平行/垂直","content":"已知两条直线平行，求其中所含参数的值。","solution_method":"用系数比例列等式并注意排除重合。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K04-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K04","question_type":"由条件求圆方程","content":"求经过三个已知点的圆的方程。","solution_method":"待定系数法，代入一般或标准方程解方程组。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K05-1","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K05","question_type":"直线与圆相交求弦长","content":"求圆 $x^2+y^2=25$ 被直线 $3x+4y=0$ 所截得的弦长。","solution_method":"$d = 0$（过圆心）$\\Rightarrow$ 弦长为直径 $10$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M12-K05-2","module_id":"M12","knowledge_point_id":"M12-K05","question_type":"切线问题（过圆外一点求切线）","content":"由点 $P(3,4)$ 向圆 $x^2+y^2=4$ 引切线，求切线方程。","solution_method":"设切线斜率，用 $d=r$ 或联立判别式 $=0$ 求；勿漏斜率不存在情形。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"由定义/条件求椭圆方程","content":"已知椭圆焦点及 $2a$ 的值，求其标准方程。","solution_method":"定焦点位置，求 $a,b,c$，写方程。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K01-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K01","question_type":"椭圆的几何性质（离心率）","content":"讨论椭圆离心率 $e$ 的取值范围并求其值。","solution_method":"由 $a,b,c$ 关系或几何条件列 $e$ 的方程/不等式。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"求双曲线方程与渐近线","content":"已知双曲线的实轴、虚轴长，求其标准方程与渐近线方程。","solution_method":"写标准方程，渐近线 $y = \\pm\\dfrac{b}{a}x$ 或 $x = \\pm\\dfrac{a}{b}y$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K02-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K02","question_type":"离心率与 $a,b,c$ 关系","content":"求等轴双曲线的离心率。","solution_method":"$a=b \\Rightarrow e = \\sqrt{2}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K03-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K03","question_type":"求抛物线方程与焦点准线","content":"已知抛物线的焦点，求其标准方程及准线方程。","solution_method":"定开口方向与 $p$，写方程并给出焦点准线。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K03-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K03","question_type":"抛物线定义转化（到焦点=到准线）","content":"求抛物线上一点到焦点与到某定点距离之和的最小值。","solution_method":"用定义把到焦点转为到准线距离，转化为垂线段。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"联立求交点/弦长","content":"直线与椭圆相交，求相交弦的长度。","solution_method":"联立消元得二次方程，韦达定理 $+ x_1-x_2 = \\dfrac{\\sqrt{\\Delta}}{|a|}$，代入弦长公式。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"中点弦问题（点差法）","content":"已知弦的中点，求弦所在直线的方程（点差法）。","solution_method":"点差法得 $k$ 与中点坐标关系，或用韦达定理。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M13-K04-3","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K04","question_type":"定值/定点/最值问题","content":"证明动直线与圆锥曲线相交所得某量为定值。","solution_method":"设参联立，用韦达定理表示目标量并化简证明。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M13-K05-1","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K05","question_type":"求动点轨迹方程","content":"动点满足到两定点距离之和为定值，求其轨迹方程。","solution_method":"识别为椭圆定义法，直接写标准方程。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M13-K05-2","module_id":"M13","knowledge_point_id":"M13-K05","question_type":"相关点法求轨迹","content":"点 $P$ 在已知曲线上运动，求其关于某变换的像点的轨迹方程（相关点法）。","solution_method":"设所求点坐标，反表示原坐标代入已知方程。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M14-K01-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K01","question_type":"由 $S_n$ 求 $a_n$","content":"已知数列前 $n$ 项和 $S_n = n^2$，求通项 $a_n$ 的通项公式。","solution_method":"$a_1 = 1$；$n \\geq 2$ 时 $a_n = S_n - S_{n-1} = 2n-1$，验证 $n=1$ 也成立 $\\Rightarrow a_n = 2n-1$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K02-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K02","question_type":"基本量计算","content":"在等差数列中，已知 $a_3 = 5, a_7 = 13$，求 $a_1, d$ 及 $S_{10}$。","solution_method":"列方程组求 $a_1,d$ 再代入求和。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K02-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K02","question_type":"等差数列性质应用","content":"在等差数列中，已知 $a_1 + a_5 = 10$，求 $a_3$ 的值。","solution_method":"$a_1 + a_5 = 2a_3 \\Rightarrow a_3 = 5$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K03-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K03","question_type":"等比数列求和（注意 $q=1$）","content":"等比数列中 $a_1 = 2, q = 3$，求前 $5$ 项和 $S_5$。","solution_method":"$S_5 = \\dfrac{2(1-3^5)}{1-3} = 242$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M14-K03-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K03","question_type":"等比数列判定","content":"由递推关系 $a_{n+1} = 2a_n$，证明数列 $\\{a_n\\}$ 为等比数列。","solution_method":"$\\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} =$ 常数 $2 \\Rightarrow$ 等比数列。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K04-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K04","question_type":"错位相减","content":"求数列 $\\{n \\cdot 2^n\\}$ 的前 $n$ 项和。","solution_method":"$S_n$ 与 $2S_n$ 错位相减，化简得 $(n-1)2^{n+1} + 2$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M14-K04-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K04","question_type":"裂项相消","content":"求 $\\sum\\limits_{k=1}^{n} \\dfrac{1}{k(k+1)}$ 的和。","solution_method":"$\\dfrac{1}{n(n+1)} = \\dfrac{1}{n} - \\dfrac{1}{n+1}$，相消得 $1 - \\dfrac{1}{n+1}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K04-3","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K04","question_type":"分组求和","content":"已知数列 $a_n = 2^n + n$，求其前 $n$ 项和。","solution_method":"等比部分 $+$ 等差部分分别求和。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M14-K05-1","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K05","question_type":"构造法求通项","content":"由递推式 $a_{n+1} = 2a_n + 1$，求数列 $\\{a_n\\}$ 的通项公式。","solution_method":"两边 $+1$ 得 $a_{n+1}+1 = 2(a_n+1) \\Rightarrow$ 等比，$a_n = 2^n - 1$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M14-K05-2","module_id":"M14","knowledge_point_id":"M14-K05","question_type":"数列与不等式（放缩）","content":"证明数列前 $n$ 项和 $S_n <$ 某定值。","solution_method":"放缩通项后用裂项或等比求和估计。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M15-K01-1","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K01","question_type":"求切线方程","content":"求函数 $f(x) = x^2$ 在 $x = 1$ 处的切线方程。","solution_method":"$f'(x) = 2x$，斜率 $2$，切点 $(1,1) \\Rightarrow y-1 = 2(x-1)$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M15-K01-2","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K01","question_type":"已知切线求参数","content":"曲线在某点处的切线过一给定定点，求参数 $a$ 的值。","solution_method":"设切点，列斜率与过定点方程联立。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M15-K02-1","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K02","question_type":"求导运算","content":"已知函数 $f(x) = x \\cdot e^x$，求 $f'(x)$。","solution_method":"$f'(x) = e^x + x e^x = (1+x)e^x$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M15-K03-1","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K03","question_type":"求单调区间","content":"求函数 $f(x) = x^3 - 3x$ 的单调区间。","solution_method":"$f'(x) = 3x^2 - 3 = 3(x-1)(x+1)$，得增 $(-\\infty,-1),(1,\\infty)$，减 $(-1,1)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M15-K04-1","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K04","question_type":"求极值与最值","content":"求函数 $f(x) = x^3 - 3x$ 在区间 $[-2, 2]$ 上的最大值与最小值。","solution_method":"极值点 $x=\\pm 1$ 对应 $\\pm 2$，端点 $f(\\pm 2) = \\pm 2$，比较得最大 $2$ 最小 $-2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M15-K04-2","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K04","question_type":"含参极值讨论","content":"讨论函数 $f(x) = x^3 + ax$ 的极值情况（含参数 $a$ 的分类讨论）。","solution_method":"$f'(x) = 3x^2 + a$，按 $a \\geq 0$（无极值）/$a<0$（两极值）分类。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M15-K05-1","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K05","question_type":"恒成立求参数范围","content":"若不等式 $f(x) \\geq 0$ 恒成立，求实数 $a$ 的取值范围。","solution_method":"分离参数 $a \\geq g(x)$ 或构造 $h(x)$ 求最值。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M15-K05-2","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K05","question_type":"证明不等式（构造函数）","content":"证明：当 $x > 0$ 时，$\\ln x \\leq x - 1$。","solution_method":"令 $g(x) = x - 1 - \\ln x$，证 $g(x)_{\\min} = 0$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M15-K05-3","module_id":"M15","knowledge_point_id":"M15-K05","question_type":"函数零点个数讨论","content":"讨论方程 $f(x) = 0$ 的实根个数。","solution_method":"分析单调性、极值、端点趋势，画图判断交点数。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M16-K01-1","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K01","question_type":"基本原理应用","content":"有 $3$ 件上衣、$2$ 条裤子，求不同的搭配总数。","solution_method":"分步 $3 \\times 2 = 6$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M16-K02-1","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K02","question_type":"排列组合基本计算","content":"分别计算 $C_5^2$ 与 $A_5^2$ 的值。","solution_method":"$C = 10, A = 20$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M16-K02-2","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K02","question_type":"排列组合应用题","content":"从 $5$ 人中选 $3$ 人排成一排，共有多少种排法？","solution_method":"有序 $\\Rightarrow A_5^3 = 60$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M16-K02-3","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K02","question_type":"分组分配/排除法","content":"含限制条件（如某两人不相邻或必须入选）的排列/分配问题。","solution_method":"插空法、捆绑法、排除法。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-M16-K03-1","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K03","question_type":"求特定项（如 $x^3$ 项）","content":"求 $\\left(x + \\dfrac{1}{x}\\right)^6$ 展开式中的常数项。","solution_method":"通项 $C_{6,k} x^{6-2k}$，令 $6-2k=0 \\Rightarrow k=3$，常数项 $C_6^3 = 20$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M16-K03-2","module_id":"M16","knowledge_point_id":"M16-K03","question_type":"二项式系数和与系数和","content":"令 $x = 1$，求二项式展开式各项系数之和。","solution_method":"赋值法。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M17-K01-1","module_id":"M17","knowledge_point_id":"M17-K01","question_type":"求分布列","content":"掷一枚均匀骰子，列出点数 $X$ 的分布列。","solution_method":"各取值概率均为 $1/6$，列成表且满足和为 $1$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M17-K02-1","module_id":"M17","knowledge_point_id":"M17-K02","question_type":"求期望方差","content":"随机变量 $X$ 取 $0, 1, 2$ 的概率分别为 $0.2, 0.5, 0.3$，求 $E(X), D(X)$。","solution_method":"$E = 0\\cdot0.2 + 1\\cdot0.5 + 2\\cdot0.3 = 1.1$；$E(X^2) = 0 + 0.5 + 1.2 = 1.7$；$D = 1.7 - 1.21 = 0.49$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M17-K03-1","module_id":"M17","knowledge_point_id":"M17-K03","question_type":"二项分布模型识别与计算","content":"进行 $10$ 次独立重复试验，每次命中率为 $0.3$，求恰中 $3$ 次的概率。","solution_method":"$X \\sim B(10, 0.3)$，$P = C_{10}^3 0.3^3 0.7^7$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M17-K03-2","module_id":"M17","knowledge_point_id":"M17-K03","question_type":"超几何 vs 二项判断","content":"不放回抽取次品的问题应选用超几何分布，写出其概率公式。","solution_method":"$P(X=k) = \\dfrac{C_M^k C_{N-M}^{n-k}}{C_N^n}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M17-K04-1","module_id":"M17","knowledge_point_id":"M17-K04","question_type":"正态分布概率计算","content":"若 $X \\sim N(0, 1)$，求 $P(-1 < X < 1)$。","solution_method":"由对称性与 $3\\sigma$ 数据 $\\approx 0.6826$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M18-K01-1","module_id":"M18","knowledge_point_id":"M18-K01","question_type":"由散点图判断相关性","content":"散点呈上升的带状分布，判断两变量的相关性方向。","solution_method":"看图趋势与离散程度。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-M18-K02-1","module_id":"M18","knowledge_point_id":"M18-K02","question_type":"求回归方程与预测","content":"给定成对数据，求一元线性回归方程，并预测 $x = 10$ 时 $y$ 的值。","solution_method":"算 $\\bar{x}, \\bar{y}, \\sum xy, \\sum x^2$ 代入 $\\hat{b}, \\hat{a}$ 公式，再代入 $x$ 预测。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-M18-K03-1","module_id":"M18","knowledge_point_id":"M18-K03","question_type":"独立性检验","content":"给定 $2 \\times 2$ 列联表，判断两个分类变量是否有关（取 $95\\%$ 把握）。","solution_method":"算 $\\chi^2$，与 $3.841$ 比较，大于则有关。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"高中语文","metadata":{"subject":"高中语文","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 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并列分论点‘坚持源于信念/成于积累/贵在持久’。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-C11-K02-2","module_id":"C11","knowledge_point_id":"C11-K02","question_type":"论证方法的运用","content":"为‘诚信是立身之本’这一分论点，补写一个论证段落。","solution_method":"选用举例（如季布一诺千金）或引用（‘人而无信，不知其可’），‘观点+材料+分析’完整展开，避免堆砌事例。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-C11-K03-1","module_id":"C11","knowledge_point_id":"C11-K03","question_type":"开头结尾与过渡","content":"为‘科技与人文’主题作文写一个开头段。","solution_method":"开头可用‘引述+亮明观点’：引名言或现象，迅即点题；忌绕弯、忌抄袭材料，语言简洁有锋芒。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-C11-K03-2","module_id":"C11","knowledge_point_id":"C11-K03","question_type":"论据的选择与运用","content":"论证‘逆境出人才’时，选用哪些论据更恰当？如何分析？","solution_method":"选典型且具时代感的事例（如苏轼、张海迪），‘叙议结合’：简述事例后紧扣论点分析其‘逆境磨砺’之处。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-C12-K01-1","module_id":"C12","knowledge_point_id":"C12-K01","question_type":"核心概念与学术观点（差序格局等）","content":"费孝通在《乡土中国》中提出‘差序格局’，请解释其含义。","solution_method":"答：以‘己’为中心、像石子投入水中泛出波纹般推及的人际关系网，区别于西方‘团体格局’；结合‘水波纹’比喻说明亲疏远近。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-C12-K02-1","module_id":"C12","knowledge_point_id":"C12-K02","question_type":"主要人物与情节","content":"简述《红楼梦》‘宝黛初会’这一情节的主要内容。","solution_method":"抓主要人物（宝玉、黛玉）与关键细节（宝玉摔玉、两人似曾相识），概括情节并点明其在全书结构中的铺垫作用。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-C12-K02-2","module_id":"C12","knowledge_point_id":"C12-K02","question_type":"主题意蕴与艺术特色","content":"《红楼梦》在结构上有什么突出特色？","solution_method":"答‘草蛇灰线、伏脉千里’‘以贾府盛衰为经、宝黛爱情为纬’‘石头记多层叙事’等，结合具体回目说明。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"高中英语","metadata":{"subject":"高中英语","structure_note":"module 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How much should the man pay for both? 选择正确金额。","solution_method":"抓取关键数字与倍数关系：shirt=30，shoes=2×30=60，合计90；听清问题问的是 both，避免只听一半。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E01-K01-2","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K01","question_type":"地点与场所判断","content":"M: I'd like a haircut and a shave. W: Just sit down, please. Where does the conversation probably take place? 选择地点。","solution_method":"抓取场景词 haircut（理发）、shave（刮胡）、sit down（落座），联想典型场所（barbershop / hair salon），排除无关选项。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E01-K01-3","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K01","question_type":"人物身份与关系推断","content":"听对话推断说话人关系：W: Mom, can you help me with my homework? M: Sure, dear. 推断二者关系。","solution_method":"抓取称呼词（Mom）、亲昵语（dear）及语气，判断为 mother 与 child 的亲子关系；注意师生、医患等常见关系词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E01-K01-4","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K01","question_type":"观点态度与意图理解","content":"W: What do you think of the new restaurant? M: Well, the food was fine, but the service was terribly slow. 推断男士态度。","solution_method":"but 之后常是真实评价：肯定食物、批评服务慢；抓评价性形容词与转折词，归纳其总体不太满意的态度。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E01-K02-1","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K02","question_type":"主旨与话题把握","content":"听一段关于太空站建设的长独白，概括其主要话题/主旨。","solution_method":"抓开头总起句与反复出现的核心话题词（space station, orbit, research），排除细节干扰，用一句话概括主旨。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E01-K02-2","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K02","question_type":"细节信息获取","content":"听长对话，记录会议改期后的具体时间（含日期与钟点）。","solution_method":"听前读题预测所需信息；边听边记关键序数词、日期与时间表达（如 March 5th, 3 p.m.），注意连读与数字辨析。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E01-K02-3","module_id":"E01","knowledge_point_id":"E01-K02","question_type":"推理判断","content":"听长对话结尾，推断说话人接下来最可能做什么。","solution_method":"结合上下文语境与说话人意图（如 Let's meet at the gate），顺推下一步动作；不选文中已发生之事，要选将要发生之事。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E02-K01-1","module_id":"E02","knowledge_point_id":"E02-K01","question_type":"事实细节辨认","content":"According to Paragraph 2, what made the writer decide to move to the countryside? 选出原文明确陈述的原因。","solution_method":"题干回原文定位（Paragraph 2），找因果信号词（because, due to），直接比对选项与原文原句，选字面相符项，谨防偷换概念。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E02-K01-2","module_id":"E02","knowledge_point_id":"E02-K01","question_type":"图表/数据细节理解","content":"阅读配有折线图的文章，判断 2015—2020 年哪一年新能源汽车销量增长率最高。","solution_method":"先读图标题、坐标轴与单位，据数据点比较相邻年份增量；回到文中对应段落核对，注意是增长率而非销量绝对值。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E02-K02-1","module_id":"E02","knowledge_point_id":"E02-K02","question_type":"同义替换与转换","content":"题干 The method helps reduce costs 对应文中哪一句？选出同义替换项。","solution_method":"细节题多考同义转换：reduce→cut down / lower；识别词性、句式转换（主动被动互换）后匹配，切忌仅看字面相同词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E02-K02-2","module_id":"E02","knowledge_point_id":"E02-K02","question_type":"长难句定位与理解","content":"原文长句含 which 引导的定语从句，问句中某名词具体指什么，需拆分句子后定位。","solution_method":"先压缩主干（主谓宾），分离定语/状语等修饰成分，明确代词与名词的指代范围，再回题干定位细节，避免被从句干扰。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E03-K01-1","module_id":"E03","knowledge_point_id":"E03-K01","question_type":"言外之意与隐含信息推断","content":"W: I'm too tired to cook. M: There's a nice restaurant around the corner. 推断男士的隐含意图。","solution_method":"推断言外之意：男士推荐餐厅，隐含建议外出就餐；结合语境补全未明说信息，选项须有文本依据，不可主观臆断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E03-K01-2","module_id":"E03","knowledge_point_id":"E03-K01","question_type":"作者态度与写作意图推断","content":"通读一篇关于塑料污染的议论文，推断作者对'限塑令'的态度（支持/反对/中立）。","solution_method":"抓评价性词语（necessary, harmful, should）与转折/递进信号，区分事实陈述与作者观点；态度词常集中在首尾段与评论句。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E03-K02-1","module_id":"E03","knowledge_point_id":"E03-K02","question_type":"文章出处/体裁判断","content":"判断以下文章最有可能出自哪里：a travel brochure / a science report / a personal diary。","solution_method":"看语言特征与目的：旅游手册多介绍景点与号召性语言；科研报告多数据方法；日记多第一人称与情感；据此匹配体裁与出处。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E03-K02-2","module_id":"E03","knowledge_point_id":"E03-K02","question_type":"目标读者推断","content":"一篇介绍'如何备考雅思'的文章，其目标读者最可能是？","solution_method":"抓文中人称与内容针对性（you, test-takers, preparation），判断读者身份（考生/家长/教师），排除不相关人群。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E04-K01-1","module_id":"E04","knowledge_point_id":"E04-K01","question_type":"标题归纳","content":"为一篇讲述'蚂蚁社会分工'的说明文选择最佳标题。","solution_method":"标题须能概括全文且吸引人：优先选涵盖主旨、范围适中的选项，避免以偏概全（仅细节）或过于宽泛；可用主题词+核心检验。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E04-K01-2","module_id":"E04","knowledge_point_id":"E04-K01","question_type":"段落/全文主旨概括","content":"概括最后一段的主旨大意。","solution_method":"抓段落主题句（常为首句或尾句）与高频词，剔除例子与细节，用'谁+做了什么/说明了什么'概括；注意段落间递进与总结。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E04-K02-1","module_id":"E04","knowledge_point_id":"E04-K02","question_type":"生词词义猜测（上下文线索）","content":"文中 The child was so famished that he ate three bowls of rice. 猜测 famished 词义。","solution_method":"利用因果/结果线索（so...that 后吃了三碗饭）推断 famished 意为极饿的；常见线索：并列、转折、举例、定义同位。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E04-K02-2","module_id":"E04","knowledge_point_id":"E04-K02","question_type":"代词指代与语义复现","content":"文中 John told his brother that he was wrong. 句中的 he 指代谁？","solution_method":"根据就近原则与逻辑（谁更可能犯错）：he 通常指主句主语 John；结合前后文人称与事件一致性判断指代对象。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E05-K01-1","module_id":"E05","knowledge_point_id":"E05-K01","question_type":"段落小标题/主题句补全","content":"七选五中某段段首空，需从选项中选出能概括该段的小标题。","solution_method":"段首空多为段落主旨句：看该段后文支撑细节，提炼共同话题词，选总领全段的选项；注意与相邻小标题句式、结构一致。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E05-K02-1","module_id":"E05","knowledge_point_id":"E05-K02","question_type":"逻辑衔接与过渡补全","content":"段中设空，前后为'提出问题—给出办法'的转折衔接，选出合适的过渡句。","solution_method":"分析空前后逻辑关系（因果/转折/递进/并列），抓衔接词（however, for example, therefore）与句意顺承；代入通读检验连贯。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E05-K02-2","module_id":"E05","knowledge_point_id":"E05-K02","question_type":"指代与词汇复现线索","content":"空后句以 This method 开头，需从选项中找出被指代的 method 所在句。","solution_method":"利用词汇复现（同根词、近义）与指代（this/these 回指上文名词）锁定答案；注意代词、定冠词 the 提示的上文已出现的信息。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E06-K01-1","module_id":"E06","knowledge_point_id":"E06-K01","question_type":"动词/名词语境辨析","content":"记叙文完形：He _____ his mother's hands and felt the roughness. 选项 touched / watched / ignored / washed。","solution_method":"结合后文 felt the roughness（感到粗糙）选定 touched（触摸）；完形须瞻前顾后，以语境与搭配而非孤立词义定夺。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E06-K01-2","module_id":"E06","knowledge_point_id":"E06-K01","question_type":"逻辑连接与情感态度","content":"完形中需根据全文情感基调，判断空格处应填表达'欣慰/难过'等态度的形容词。","solution_method":"通读把握叙事线索与情感走向，标出褒贬色彩词；空格处情感须与上下文一致，警惕反义干扰项，注意 but/again 等信号。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E06-K02-1","module_id":"E06","knowledge_point_id":"E06-K02","question_type":"固定搭配与常识","content":"说明文完形：We should make _____ use of renewable energy. 填 full / use（固定搭配 make full use of）。","solution_method":"识别固定搭配 make full use of（充分利用）；平时注意积累动名/形名/介副词组，结合常识与搭配直接定答案。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E06-K02-2","module_id":"E06","knowledge_point_id":"E06-K02","question_type":"词义辨析与逻辑","content":"说明文完形中近义词 affect / effect / influence 的辨析填空。","solution_method":"affect 多作动词'影响'，effect 多作名词'效果'，influence 可名可动；依据空格语法功能（作谓语需动词）与句意逻辑选择。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E07-K01-1","module_id":"E07","knowledge_point_id":"E07-K01","question_type":"词形变化（谓语/非谓语/词性转换）","content":"语法填空（有提示词）：He was praised for _____ (save) the girl. 提示词 save。","solution_method":"介词 for 后须接动名词 saving；判断空格语法功能：谓语看时态语态、非谓语看搭配、词性转换看所充成分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E07-K01-2","module_id":"E07","knowledge_point_id":"E07-K01","question_type":"比较级与最高级","content":"语法填空：This is _____ (good) book I have ever read. 提示词 good。","solution_method":"由 I have ever read（至今读过）判定用最高级 best，且最高级前加 the；注意多音节词与不规则变化（good→better→best）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E07-K02-1","module_id":"E07","knowledge_point_id":"E07-K02","question_type":"冠词/介词/连词/代词填空","content":"语法填空（无提示词）：_____ honest man he is! / She is interested _____ music. 填冠词/介词。","solution_method":"无提示词空多填虚词：感叹句 What an honest man；be interested in 固定介词；据句子成分与固定搭配判断填冠/介/连/代词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E08-K01-1","module_id":"E08","knowledge_point_id":"E08-K01","question_type":"名词/冠词/代词/形容词副词错误","content":"短文改错：I bought two book yesterday. / He runs very quick. 找出并改正词法错误。","solution_method":"two 后名词用复数 books；quick 修饰动词 runs 须用副词 quickly；逐项检查名词单复、冠词、代词格、形副误用等词法错误。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E08-K02-1","module_id":"E08","knowledge_point_id":"E08-K02","question_type":"时态语态与主谓一致","content":"短文改错：The bridge build last year. / He go to school by bike. 改正时态/主谓错误。","solution_method":"build 与 bridge 为被动且 last year 表过去，改 was built；主语 He 第三人称，go→goes；核对时态标志词与主谓一致。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E08-K02-2","module_id":"E08","knowledge_point_id":"E08-K02","question_type":"连词与从句错误","content":"短文改错：I was late because I missed the bus but the traffic was fine. 改正连词错误。","solution_method":"前后为因果而非转折，but→and/so；检查并列、从属连词是否符合逻辑关系，以及从句引导词（that/which/whether）是否恰当。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E09-K01-1","module_id":"E09","knowledge_point_id":"E09-K01","question_type":"申请信/建议信","content":"假定你是李华，写信申请成为学校英语俱乐部的志愿者，说明优势与意愿。","solution_method":"应用文三段式：首段自我介绍+写信目的（apply to be a volunteer）；中段分条列优势（fluent English, responsible）；尾段表达期待与感谢。注意语气礼貌、要点齐全。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E09-K01-2","module_id":"E09","knowledge_point_id":"E09-K01","question_type":"道歉信/邀请信","content":"写一封邀请信，邀请外教 Mr. Smith 参加你校英语文化节。","solution_method":"首段点明邀请（I'm writing to invite you to...）；中段说明时间、地点、活动内容与意义；尾段期待回复（look forward to your reply）。信息完整、格式规范。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E09-K02-1","module_id":"E09","knowledge_point_id":"E09-K02","question_type":"书面通知写作","content":"以学生会的名义写一则关于'校园读书月'的书面通知。","solution_method":"通知格式：标题 NOTICE、落款与日期；正文含活动目的、时间地点、参与方式、要求；语言简洁客观、信息明确，多用将来时与被动态。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E09-K02-2","module_id":"E09","knowledge_point_id":"E09-K02","question_type":"演讲稿写作","content":"以 The Power of Persistence 为题写一篇英语演讲稿开头与主体。","solution_method":"演讲稿开场问候（Honorable judges, dear friends）；亮明主题，用名言或事例引入；主体分论点清晰（firstly... besides...），结尾呼吁，注意呼告语气与感染力。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E10-K01-1","module_id":"E10","knowledge_point_id":"E10-K01","question_type":"情节衔接与伏笔呼应","content":"读后续写：给出段首句 When the boy opened the door, he saw...，要求与原文伏笔衔接。","solution_method":"续写须承接段首句与原文线索（前文埋下的钥匙/灯光等伏笔），保持人物性格与视角一致；先列情节走向再展开，避免与前文矛盾。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E10-K01-2","module_id":"E10","knowledge_point_id":"E10-K01","question_type":"细节描写与主题升华","content":"续写第二段，要求加入动作/心理细节描写并升华主题（亲情/成长）。","solution_method":"用具体感官与动作细节（trembling hands, a warm hug）代替空泛叙述；结尾点明主题的成长/理解之意，做到描写+升华双到位。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E10-K02-1","module_id":"E10","knowledge_point_id":"E10-K02","question_type":"要点提取与重组","content":"概要写作：将一篇 350 词说明文压缩为 60 词左右的概要。","solution_method":"通读划分段落、提取各段主题句与关键支撑点；删除例证与细节，用自己语言重组为连贯段落；保留原文客观语气，不添加个人观点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E10-K02-2","module_id":"E10","knowledge_point_id":"E10-K02","question_type":"语言精简与转述","content":"将文中长句 Due to the fact that it rained heavily, the match was cancelled. 精简转述入概要。","solution_method":"删冗余（Due to the fact that → Because），合并同类项，用简洁表达 The match was cancelled because of heavy rain. 控制词数、保持原意。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E11-K01-1","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K01","question_type":"时态辨析与运用","content":"单选：Look! The children _____ (play) in the garden. 填时态。","solution_method":"Look! 提示此刻正在发生，用现在进行时 are playing；根据时间状语与语境信号（now, yesterday, since）判断相应时态。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E11-K01-2","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K01","question_type":"被动语态","content":"改写：They built this bridge in 1990. 改为被动语态。","solution_method":"宾语 this bridge 提前作主语，谓语变 be + done：This bridge was built in 1990.；注意时态（过去）与主语单复决定 be 动词形式。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E11-K02-1","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K02","question_type":"不定式/动名词/分词辨析","content":"填空：_____ (walk) in the park, we saw a beautiful bird. 用非谓语恰当形式。","solution_method":"we 与 walk 为主动且表伴随，用现在分词 Walking 作状语；区分 to do（目的/将来）、doing（主动/进行）、done（被动/完成）及逻辑主语关系。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E11-K03-1","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K03","question_type":"定语从句","content":"填空：The book _____ cover is red is mine. 选关系词。","solution_method":"先行词 book 与 cover 为所属关系，用 whose 表'……的'；区分 that/which（物）、who（人）、where（地点）、why（原因）等关系词及介词+which。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E11-K03-2","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K03","question_type":"名词性从句","content":"填空：_____ he will come is still unknown. 选连接词。","solution_method":"主语从句缺是否含义且作主语，用 Whether（不可用 if 引导主语从句）；区分 that（不充当成分）、what（充当成分）、whether/if（是否）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E11-K03-3","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K03","question_type":"状语从句","content":"填空：_____ it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 选从属连词。","solution_method":"条件状语从句用 If（如果）；据主从句逻辑选 when（时间）、because（原因）、although（让步）、so that（目的）等连词。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E11-K04-1","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K04","question_type":"虚拟语气","content":"填空：If I _____ (be) you, I would accept the offer. 用虚拟语气恰当形式。","solution_method":"与现在事实相反：if 从句用 were（be 动词统一用 were），主句 would + 动原；掌握 if 虚拟三时态（现在 were/过去 had done/将来 should do）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-E11-K04-2","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K04","question_type":"情态动词表推测","content":"单选：The light is on. He _____ be at home. 表推测填情态动词。","solution_method":"肯定推测用 must（一定）；can't 表否定推测（不可能），may/might 表不太肯定；依据证据强弱选择相应情态动词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-E11-K05-1","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K05","question_type":"冠词用法","content":"填空：_____ sun rises in _____ east. 填冠词。","solution_method":"独一无二事物 sun 与方位 east 前用 the：The sun rises in the east；区分 a/an（泛指单数可数）、the（特指/类指/独一无二）、零冠词（抽象/泛指复数）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-E11-K05-2","module_id":"E11","knowledge_point_id":"E11-K05","question_type":"介词搭配","content":"填空：She is good _____ math but weak _____ English. 填介词。","solution_method":"固定搭配 be good at（擅长）、be weak in（在……弱）；积累形/动/形容与介词的固定组合，依语义搭配选定介词。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"高中物理","metadata":{"subject":"高中物理","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"P01","name":"运动学（匀变速直线运动、运动图像）","book":"必修第一册 第一、二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P01-K01","name":"匀变速直线运动基本公式","key_content":"速度公式 $v=v_0+at$；位移公式 $x=v_0t+\\frac12at^2$；速度位移关系 $v^2-v_0^2=2ax$；平均速度 $\\bar v=\\frac{v_0+v}{2}=\\frac{x}{t}$；刹车问题先判停止时间 $t_0=\\frac{v_0}{a}$。","question_types":[{"type":"匀变速直线运动公式应用"},{"type":"刹车问题（先判停止时间）"}]},{"id":"P01-K02","name":"自由落体与竖直上抛","key_content":"自由落体：$v=gt$、$h=\\frac12gt^2$、$v^2=2gh$（初速为零）；竖直上抛：$v=v_0-gt$、$h=v_0t-\\frac12gt^2$，上升最大高度 $H=\\frac{v_0^2}{2g}$，对称性（上升、下落时间相等）。","question_types":[{"type":"自由落体运动计算"},{"type":"竖直上抛运动计算"}]},{"id":"P01-K03","name":"运动图像（$x$-$t$ 与 $v$-$t$）","key_content":"$x$-$t$ 图像：斜率表示速度 $v=\\frac{\\Delta x}{\\Delta t}$，截距为初位置；$v$-$t$ 图像：斜率表示加速度 $a=\\frac{\\Delta v}{\\Delta t}$，图线与时间轴围成面积表示位移，轴上方为正位移。","question_types":[{"type":"x-t 图像分析"},{"type":"v-t 图像分析（斜率与面积）"}]},{"id":"P01-K04","name":"追及与相遇问题","key_content":"临界条件：速度相等时两物体相距最远（同向前追）或最近（相向）；相遇即位移满足 $x_1=x_2+x_0$；常用方法：物理分析法、图像法（$x$-$t$/$v$-$t$）、相对运动法。","question_types":[{"type":"追及相遇问题（临界条件）"}]}]},{"id":"P02","name":"相互作用与受力分析","book":"必修第一册 第三、四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P02-K01","name":"重力、弹力、摩擦力","key_content":"重力 $G=mg$，方向竖直向下；胡克定律 $F=kx$（$x$ 为形变量）；滑动摩擦力 $f=\\mu N$；静摩擦力 $0<f_s\\le f_{s,\\max}$ 由平衡或牛顿第二定律决定；轻杆弹力不一定沿杆。","question_types":[{"type":"弹力有无与方向判断"},{"type":"摩擦力（静/滑动）分析与计算"}]},{"id":"P02-K02","name":"力的合成与分解","key_content":"平行四边形定则（三角形定则）；合力范围 $|F_1-F_2|\\le F\\le F_1+F_2$；正交分解 $F_x=\\sum F_i\\cos\\theta_i$、$F_y=\\sum F_i\\sin\\theta_i$，合力 $F=\\sqrt{F_x^2+F_y^2}$；按实际效果分解。","question_types":[{"type":"力的合成（作图与计算）"},{"type":"正交分解求分力"}]},{"id":"P02-K03","name":"共点力平衡","key_content":"平衡条件 $\\sum\\vec F=0$ 即 $\\sum F_x=0,\\ \\sum F_y=0$；三力平衡必共面且汇交（或平行）；动态平衡用图解法（矢量三角形）或解析法；整体法与隔离法选择研究对象。","question_types":[{"type":"动态平衡分析（图解法/解析法）"},{"type":"整体法与隔离法应用"}]}]},{"id":"P03","name":"牛顿运动定律","book":"必修第一册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P03-K01","name":"牛顿第一、第三定律","key_content":"第一定律（惯性定律）：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，惯性只与质量有关；第三定律：作用力与反作用力 $\\vec F_{12}=-\\vec F_{21}$，等大、反向、共线、异物、共存亡。","question_types":[{"type":"惯性现象判断"},{"type":"作用力与反作用力区分"}]},{"id":"P03-K02","name":"牛顿第二定律与瞬时性","key_content":"$\\vec F=m\\vec a$，加速度与合外力瞬时对应；弹簧弹力不能突变、细绳（杆）张力可突变；瞬时加速度由该时刻合外力决定。","question_types":[{"type":"牛顿第二定律简单应用"},{"type":"瞬时加速度（剪断绳/弹簧）"}]},{"id":"P03-K03","name":"连接体与整体隔离法","key_content":"整体法求共同加速度 $a=\\frac{\\sum F_{\\text{外}}}{\\sum m}$；隔离法求内力（如绳张力）；连接体加速度相同时优先整体、再隔离。","question_types":[{"type":"连接体问题（整体法+隔离法）"}]},{"id":"P03-K04","name":"超重与失重","key_content":"视重 $F_N$ 与重力关系：加速度向上则超重 $F_N=m(g+a)$；向下则失重 $F_N=m(g-a)$；完全失重 $a=g$ 时 $F_N=0$；与速度方向无关。","question_types":[{"type":"超重失重判断与计算"}]}]},{"id":"P04","name":"曲线运动与万有引力","book":"必修第二册 第一、二、三章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P04-K01","name":"曲线运动与运动的合成分解","key_content":"曲线运动速度沿轨迹切线，必有法向加速度；合运动与分运动具有等时性、独立性；小船渡河、牵连速度（绳/杆端点速度沿杆分量相等）属典型模型。","question_types":[{"type":"运动的合成与分解（小船渡河/牵连速度）"}]},{"id":"P04-K02","name":"平抛运动","key_content":"水平方向匀速 $x=v_0t$；竖直方向自由落体 $y=\\frac12gt^2$、$v_y=gt$；合速度偏角 $\\tan\\theta=\\frac{gt}{v_0}=\\frac{y}{x/2}$；重要推论：速度反向延长线过水平位移中点。","question_types":[{"type":"平抛运动规律与推论"}]},{"id":"P04-K03","name":"圆周运动（向心加速度与向心力）","key_content":"线速度 $v=\\omega r$；向心加速度 $a_n=\\frac{v^2}{r}=\\omega^2 r$；向心力 $F_n=m\\frac{v^2}{r}=m\\omega^2 r$（效果力，由合力提供）；水平面与竖直面圆周临界（绳/杆模型）。","question_types":[{"type":"圆周运动向心力分析（水平面模型）"},{"type":"竖直面圆周运动临界问题"}]},{"id":"P04-K04","name":"万有引力与天体运动","key_content":"万有引力定律 $F=G\\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$；黄金代换 $GM=gR^2$；第一宇宙速度 $v_1=\\sqrt{\\frac{GM}{R}}=\\sqrt{gR}$；卫星参量 $v=\\sqrt{\\frac{GM}{r}}$、$\\omega=\\sqrt{\\frac{GM}{r^3}}$、$T=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{r^3}{GM}}$；开普勒第三定律 $\\frac{r^3}{T^2}=k$；同步卫星 $T=24\\,\\text{h}$。","question_types":[{"type":"天体质量与密度估算"},{"type":"卫星运行参量比较"},{"type":"变轨与同步卫星"}]}]},{"id":"P05","name":"机械能","book":"必修第二册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P05-K01","name":"功与功率","key_content":"功 $W=Fs\\cos\\theta$（$\\theta$ 为 $\\vec F$ 与位移夹角）；功率 $P=\\frac{W}{t}=Fv\\cos\\theta$，瞬时功率 $P=Fv_\\parallel$；机车启动两种模型：恒定功率（$v_m=\\frac{P}{f}$）、恒定加速度。","question_types":[{"type":"恒力做功与功率计算"},{"type":"机车启动问题（恒定功率/恒定加速度）"}]},{"id":"P05-K02","name":"动能定理","key_content":"合外力做功等于动能变化：$W_{\\text{合}}=\\Delta E_k=\\frac12mv_2^2-\\frac12mv_1^2$；可包含重力、摩擦力等所有力做功，适合多过程问题。","question_types":[{"type":"动能定理单体应用"},{"type":"动能定理多过程问题"}]},{"id":"P05-K03","name":"机械能守恒定律","key_content":"条件：只有重力或系统内的弹力做功；表达式 $E_{k1}+E_{p1}=E_{k2}+E_{p2}$ 或 $\\Delta E_k+\\Delta E_p=0$；势能变化 $\\Delta E_p=mg\\Delta h$（重力）、$\\Delta E_p=\\frac12kx^2$（弹性）。","question_types":[{"type":"机械能守恒判断与应用"}]},{"id":"P05-K04","name":"功能关系与能量守恒","key_content":"除重力（弹力）外其他力做功等于机械能变化：$W_{\\text{其他}}=\\Delta E$；摩擦生热 $Q=fs_{\\text{相对}}$（与对地位移无关）；能量守恒总量不变。","question_types":[{"type":"功能关系（除重力外做功=机械能变化）"}]}]},{"id":"P06","name":"动量","book":"选择性必修第一册 第一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P06-K01","name":"动量定理","key_content":"动量 $p=mv$；冲量 $I=Ft$（矢量）；动量定理 $I_{\\text{合}}=\\Delta p=mv'-mv$；变力/流体问题用平均力或微元法。","question_types":[{"type":"动量定理（冲量与变力）"}]},{"id":"P06-K02","name":"动量守恒定律","key_content":"系统合外力为零时 $m_1v_1+m_2v_2=m_1v_1'+m_2v_2'$ 守恒；近似守恒（内力远大于外力）与某一方向守恒亦常用。","question_types":[{"type":"动量守恒（一维碰撞）"}]},{"id":"P06-K03","name":"碰撞、反冲与火箭","key_content":"弹性碰撞（动能守恒）、非弹性碰撞、完全非弹性碰撞（共速，动能损失最大）；等质量一维弹性碰撞速度交换；反冲满足动量守恒。","question_types":[{"type":"碰撞模型（弹性/完全非弹性）"},{"type":"反冲与火箭问题"}]}]},{"id":"P07","name":"电场","book":"必修第三册 第九章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P07-K01","name":"电场强度","key_content":"定义 $E=\\frac{F}{q}$（矢量，与试探电荷无关）；点电荷场强 $E=k\\frac{Q}{r^2}$；场强叠加遵守矢量合成；电场线越密场强越大、起于正电荷止于负电荷。","question_types":[{"type":"电场强度计算与叠加"},{"type":"电场线性质判断"}]},{"id":"P07-K02","name":"电势、电势能、电势差","key_content":"电势 $\\varphi=\\frac{E_p}{q}$；电势差 $U_{AB}=\\varphi_A-\\varphi_B=\\frac{W_{AB}}{q}$；电场力做功 $W_{AB}=qU_{AB}$，电势能变化 $\\Delta E_p=-W_{\\text{电}}$；沿电场线电势降低。","question_types":[{"type":"电势/电势能/电势差比较与计算"}]},{"id":"P07-K03","name":"电容与带电粒子在电场中运动","key_content":"电容定义 $C=\\frac{Q}{U}$；平行板 $C=\\frac{\\varepsilon_r S}{4\\pi kd}$；板间场强 $E=\\frac{U}{d}$；动态分析（保电压/保电荷）；带电粒子加速 $qU=\\frac12mv^2$、偏转类平抛。","question_types":[{"type":"平行板电容器动态分析"},{"type":"带电粒子在电场中加速与偏转"}]}]},{"id":"P08","name":"恒定电流","book":"必修第三册 第十、十一、十二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P08-K01","name":"欧姆定律与电阻","key_content":"部分电路欧姆定律 $I=\\frac{U}{R}$；电阻定律 $R=\\rho\\frac{L}{S}$；伏安特性曲线斜率表电阻（线性元件过原点）。","question_types":[{"type":"电阻定律与伏安特性"}]},{"id":"P08-K02","name":"电功率","key_content":"电功率 $P=UI=I^2R=\\frac{U^2}{R}$；电源效率 $\\eta=\\frac{R}{R+r}$；纯电阻电路；用电器实际功率随电压变化（如 $P\\propto U^2$）。","question_types":[{"type":"电功率与效率计算"}]},{"id":"P08-K03","name":"闭合电路欧姆定律","key_content":"$I=\\frac{E}{R+r}$；路端电压 $U=E-Ir$；输出功率 $P_{\\text{出}}=UI$；当 $R=r$ 时输出功率最大 $P_{\\max}=\\frac{E^2}{4r}$；含容电路稳定时电容支路断路。","question_types":[{"type":"闭合电路动态分析"},{"type":"含容电路分析"},{"type":"电源最大输出功率"}]}]},{"id":"P09","name":"磁场","book":"选择性必修第二册 第一章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P09-K01","name":"磁场与安培力","key_content":"磁感应强度 $B=\\frac{F}{IL}$（电流垂直磁场时）；安培力 $F=BIL\\sin\\theta$，方向由左手定则判定（垂直于 $B$ 与 $I$ 所确定平面）。","question_types":[{"type":"安培力大小与方向（含平衡）"}]},{"id":"P09-K02","name":"洛伦兹力","key_content":"洛伦兹力 $f=qvB\\sin\\theta$；方向由左手定则判定；始终垂直于速度，不做功，只改变速度方向。","question_types":[{"type":"洛伦兹力判断与计算"}]},{"id":"P09-K03","name":"带电粒子在匀强磁场中的运动","key_content":"垂直入射时做匀速圆周运动：半径 $r=\\frac{mv}{qB}$，周期 $T=\\frac{2\\pi m}{qB}$（与速度无关）；圆心角 $\\theta=\\omega t$，几何关系（弦、切线）定圆心。","question_types":[{"type":"带电粒子在磁场中圆周运动（半径/几何）"}]}]},{"id":"P10","name":"电磁感应与交变电流","book":"选择性必修第二册 第二、三、四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P10-K01","name":"法拉第电磁感应定律","key_content":"磁通量 $\\Phi=BS\\cos\\theta$；感应电动势 $\\varepsilon=-N\\frac{\\Delta\\Phi}{\\Delta t}$（负号表方向）；动生电动势 $\\varepsilon=BLv$（切割）；感生电场由变化磁场产生。","question_types":[{"type":"感应电动势计算（感生/动生）"}]},{"id":"P10-K02","name":"楞次定律","key_content":"感应电流总是阻碍引起它的磁通量变化（“增反减同”）；阻碍相对运动（“来拒去留”）；右手定则判切割感应电流方向。","question_types":[{"type":"楞次定律判断感应电流方向"}]},{"id":"P10-K03","name":"交变电流与变压器","key_content":"正弦电动势 $e=E_m\\sin\\omega t$；四值：最大值 $E_m$、有效值 $E=\\frac{E_m}{\\sqrt2}$、平均值（用 $\\bar\\varepsilon=N\\frac{\\Delta\\Phi}{\\Delta t}$）、瞬时值；理想变压器 $\\frac{U_1}{U_2}=\\frac{n_1}{n_2}$、$\\frac{I_1}{I_2}=\\frac{n_2}{n_1}$、$P_1=P_2$；远距离输电升压降流。","question_types":[{"type":"交变电流四值（有效/平均/最大）"},{"type":"变压器与远距离输电"}]}]},{"id":"P11","name":"热学（气体实验定律与热力学定律）","book":"选择性必修第三册 第一、二章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P11-K01","name":"气体实验定律与状态方程","key_content":"玻意耳定律 $pV=C$（等温）；查理定律 $\\frac{p}{T}=C$（等容）；盖-吕萨克定律 $\\frac{V}{T}=C$（等压）；理想气体状态方程 $\\frac{pV}{T}=C$；图像（$p$-$V$、$p$-$T$、$V$-$T$）判断过程。","question_types":[{"type":"气体实验定律应用"},{"type":"气体图像（p-V/p-T/V-T）分析"}]},{"id":"P11-K02","name":"热力学定律","key_content":"热力学第一定律 $\\Delta U=Q+W$（$W$ 为外界对气体做功）；能量守恒；第二类永动机不可能；热力学第二定律（方向性）。","question_types":[{"type":"热力学第一定律（做功/吸放热/内能）"}]},{"id":"P11-K03","name":"分子动理论与内能","key_content":"分子动能、分子势能、内能；阿伏伽德罗常数 $N_A$ 桥接宏观与微观；分子质量 $m_0=\\frac{M}{N_A}$、分子体积 $V_0=\\frac{M}{\\rho N_A}$；扩散、布朗运动。","question_types":[{"type":"分子动理论微观估算"}]}]},{"id":"P12","name":"机械振动与波·光学","book":"选择性必修第一册 第二、三章；选择性必修第一册 第四章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P12-K01","name":"简谐运动","key_content":"回复力 $F=-kx$；位移 $x=A\\sin(\\omega t+\\varphi)$；周期公式：弹簧振子 $T=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{m}{k}}$、单摆 $T=2\\pi\\sqrt{\\frac{l}{g}}$（小角）；能量在动能与势能间转化。","question_types":[{"type":"简谐运动图像与特征量"}]},{"id":"P12-K02","name":"机械波","key_content":"波速 $v=\\lambda f=\\frac{\\lambda}{T}$；振动图像与波动图像综合（“上坡下、下坡上”判振动方向）；干涉：路程差 $\\Delta r=k\\lambda$ 加强、$(2k+1)\\frac{\\lambda}{2}$ 减弱；衍射、多普勒效应。","question_types":[{"type":"波的图像与振动图像综合"},{"type":"波的干涉与多普勒效应"}]},{"id":"P12-K03","name":"光的折射、全反射与干涉","key_content":"折射定律 $n_1\\sin\\theta_1=n_2\\sin\\theta_2$，折射率 $n=\\frac{c}{v}$；全反射条件（光密→光疏且入射角 $\\ge$ 临界角 $C$）$\\sin C=\\frac{1}{n}$；双缝干涉条纹间距 $\\Delta x=\\frac{L}{d}\\lambda$。","question_types":[{"type":"折射率与折射计算"},{"type":"全反射临界角判断"},{"type":"双缝干涉条纹间距"}]}]},{"id":"P13","name":"近代物理（原子、原子核、相对论）","book":"选择性必修第三册 第四、五章","knowledge_points":[{"id":"P13-K01","name":"原子结构（玻尔模型）","key_content":"能级 $E_n=\\frac{E_1}{n^2}$（$E_1=-13.6\\,\\text{eV}$）；跃迁吸收/发出光子 $h\\nu=|E_m-E_n|$；半径 $r_n=n^2r_1$；量子化条件。","question_types":[{"type":"玻尔能级跃迁计算"}]},{"id":"P13-K02","name":"原子核（衰变、半衰期、核反应、质能方程）","key_content":"$\\alpha$ 衰变 ${}_{Z}^{A}X\\to{}_{Z-2}^{A-4}Y+{}_{2}^{4}\\text{He}$、$\\beta$ 衰变 ${}_{Z}^{A}X\\to{}_{Z+1}^{A}Y+{}_{-1}^{\\ 0}e$；半衰期 $m=m_0(1/2)^{t/T}$；核反应电荷数与质量数守恒；质能方程 $\\Delta E=\\Delta mc^2$。","question_types":[{"type":"衰变与半衰期计算"},{"type":"核反应方程配平"},{"type":"质能方程与质量亏损"}]},{"id":"P13-K03","name":"光电效应与波粒二象性","key_content":"光电效应方程 $E_k=h\\nu-W_0$（截止频率 $\\nu_0=\\frac{W_0}{h}$）；光子能量 $E=h\\nu$、动量 $p=\\frac{h}{\\lambda}$；德布罗意波长 $\\lambda=\\frac{h}{p}$；光的波粒二象性。","question_types":[{"type":"光电效应方程与图像"}]},{"id":"P13-K04","name":"相对论初步","key_content":"狭义相对论基本假设（狭义相对性原理、光速不变原理）；时间膨胀 $\\Delta t=\\frac{\\Delta\\tau}{\\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}}$、长度收缩、质能关系 $E=mc^2$、动质量。","question_types":[{"type":"相对论效应判断"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-P01-K01-1","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K01","question_type":"匀变速直线运动公式应用","content":"一质点以初速度 $v_0=2\\,\\text{m/s}$ 做匀加速直线运动，加速度 $a=1\\,\\text{m/s}^2$，求 $t=3\\,\\text{s}$ 时的速度 $v$ 与位移 $x$。","solution_method":"由 $v=v_0+at$ 得 $v=2+1\\times3=5\\,\\text{m/s}$；由 $x=v_0t+\\frac12at^2$ 得 $x=2\\times3+\\frac12\\times1\\times9=10.5\\,\\text{m}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P01-K01-2","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K01","question_type":"刹车问题（先判停止时间）","content":"汽车以 $v_0=20\\,\\text{m/s}$ 行驶，刹车加速度大小 $a=5\\,\\text{m/s}^2$，求刹车后 $6\\,\\text{s}$ 内的位移。","solution_method":"先求停止时间 $t_0=v_0/a=4\\,\\text{s}<6\\,\\text{s}$，故位移按 $4\\,\\text{s}$ 计算：$x=\\frac{v_0^2}{2a}=\\frac{400}{10}=40\\,\\text{m}$，注意 $6\\,\\text{s}$ 时已停止。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P01-K02-1","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K02","question_type":"自由落体运动计算","content":"一小球从 $h=45\\,\\text{m}$ 高处自由下落，取 $g=10\\,\\text{m/s}^2$，求落地时间 $t$ 与落地速度 $v$。","solution_method":"由 $h=\\frac12gt^2$ 得 $t=\\sqrt{2h/g}=3\\,\\text{s}$；由 $v=gt$ 得 $v=30\\,\\text{m/s}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P01-K02-2","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K02","question_type":"竖直上抛运动计算","content":"以初速度 $v_0=20\\,\\text{m/s}$ 竖直上抛一物体，求上升最大高度 $H$ 与空中总时间（不计空气阻力，$g=10\\,\\text{m/s}^2$）。","solution_method":"最大高度 $H=\\frac{v_0^2}{2g}=20\\,\\text{m}$；上升时间 $t_1=v_0/g=2\\,\\text{s}$，由对称性总时间 $T=2t_1=4\\,\\text{s}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P01-K03-1","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K03","question_type":"x-t 图像分析","content":"某物体 $x$-$t$ 图像为过原点的倾斜直线，斜率为 $k=3\\,\\text{m/s}$，说明其运动有何特征？若图像为抛物线，则为何运动？","solution_method":"斜率即速度，直线表示匀速直线运动，$v=k=3\\,\\text{m/s}$；抛物线表示位移与时间二次关系，为匀变速直线运动。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P01-K03-2","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K03","question_type":"v-t 图像分析（斜率与面积）","content":"一物体 $v$-$t$ 图像为先从 $0$ 线性增至 $10\\,\\text{m/s}$（用时 $4\\,\\text{s}$），再匀速 $2\\,\\text{s}$，求总位移与分段加速度。","solution_method":"$v$-$t$ 图线面积即位移：三角形 $\\frac12\\times4\\times10=20\\,\\text{m}$ 加矩形 $10\\times2=20\\,\\text{m}$，总位移 $40\\,\\text{m}$；前段加速度 $a=10/4=2.5\\,\\text{m/s}^2$，后段为 $0$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P01-K04-1","module_id":"P01","knowledge_point_id":"P01-K04","question_type":"追及相遇问题（临界条件）","content":"甲车以 $v_1=10\\,\\text{m/s}$ 匀速行驶，乙车在后方 $x_0=30\\,\\text{m}$ 处由静止以 $a=2\\,\\text{m/s}^2$ 追甲，求乙车追上甲车所需时间。","solution_method":"位移关系 $x_0+v_1t=\\frac12at^2$ 即 $t^2-10t-30=0$，解得 $t=5+\\sqrt{55}\\approx12.4\\,\\text{s}$（舍去负根）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P02-K01-1","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K01","question_type":"弹力有无与方向判断","content":"分析置于斜面上的物块所受弹力：斜面对物块的弹力方向如何？轻杆连接处弹力方向一定沿杆吗？","solution_method":"斜面弹力垂直于接触面（斜面）指向物块；轻杆（非轻绳）弹力不一定沿杆，可沿任意方向，需结合平衡条件判定。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P02-K01-2","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K01","question_type":"摩擦力（静/滑动）分析与计算","content":"用 $F=10\\,\\text{N}$ 的水平力推静止在水平面上的木箱未推动，已知最大静摩擦 $f_{\\max}=12\\,\\text{N}$；若推动后 $\\mu=0.2$、质量 $m=5\\,\\text{kg}$，求静摩擦与滑动摩擦力。","solution_method":"未动时静摩擦 $f_s=F=10\\,\\text{N}\\le f_{\\max}$；滑动时 $f=\\mu N=\\mu mg=0.2\\times5\\times10=10\\,\\text{N}$，方向与运动相反。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P02-K02-1","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K02","question_type":"力的合成（作图与计算）","content":"两共点力 $F_1=3\\,\\text{N}$、$F_2=4\\,\\text{N}$ 互成 $90^\\circ$，求合力大小与方向（与 $F_1$ 夹角）。","solution_method":"合力 $F=\\sqrt{F_1^2+F_2^2}=5\\,\\text{N}$；夹角 $\\theta$ 满足 $\\tan\\theta=F_2/F_1=4/3$，即 $\\theta\\approx53^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P02-K02-2","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K02","question_type":"正交分解求分力","content":"重 $G=100\\,\\text{N}$ 的物体置于倾角 $\\theta=30^\\circ$ 斜面，求沿斜面向下分力与垂直斜面分力。","solution_method":"沿斜面分力 $G_1=G\\sin\\theta=50\\,\\text{N}$，垂直斜面分力 $G_2=G\\cos\\theta=50\\sqrt3\\,\\text{N}\\approx86.6\\,\\text{N}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P02-K03-1","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K03","question_type":"动态平衡分析（图解法/解析法）","content":"用轻绳悬挂一重物，保持结点位置不动，缓慢增大另一水平拉力，分析两段绳张力如何变化（图解法）。","solution_method":"三力平衡且重力恒定，拉力增大时绳与竖直方向夹角增大，由矢量三角形可知两段绳张力均增大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P02-K03-2","module_id":"P02","knowledge_point_id":"P02-K03","question_type":"整体法与隔离法应用","content":"叠放两物块 A、B 静止于水平地面，求地面对 B 的支持力与 B 对 A 的支持力（用整体法与隔离法）。","solution_method":"整体法：地面对 B 支持力 $N=G_A+G_B$；隔离 A：B 对 A 支持力 $N_{BA}=G_A$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P03-K01-1","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K01","question_type":"惯性现象判断","content":"行驶中的汽车急刹车时，乘客为何向前倾？说明惯性与速度是否有关。","solution_method":"乘客下半身随车减速，上半身因惯性保持原速度向前故前倾；惯性只与质量有关，与速度无关。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P03-K01-2","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K01","question_type":"作用力与反作用力区分","content":"人推墙，墙也推人，为何墙不动而人后退？作用力与反作用力大小是否相等？","solution_method":"相互作用力大小相等（$\\vec F_{12}=-\\vec F_{21}$），但墙受地面约束合力为零不动，人受合力不为零而后退。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P03-K02-1","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K02","question_type":"牛顿第二定律简单应用","content":"质量 $m=2\\,\\text{kg}$ 物体在 $F=10\\,\\text{N}$ 水平力作用下由静止运动，阻力 $f=2\\,\\text{N}$，求 $3\\,\\text{s}$ 后速度与位移。","solution_method":"合力 $F_{\\text{合}}=8\\,\\text{N}$，加速度 $a=4\\,\\text{m/s}^2$；$v=at=12\\,\\text{m/s}$，$x=\\frac12at^2=18\\,\\text{m}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P03-K02-2","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K02","question_type":"瞬时加速度（剪断绳/弹簧）","content":"小球用竖直弹簧与细线悬挂，剪断细线瞬间，弹簧弹力与小球加速度如何？","solution_method":"剪断细线瞬间弹簧形变未变，弹力仍为 $mg$，合力为零故 $a=0$；若为剪断弹簧，则细线张力突变使合力向下 $mg$，加速度 $g$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-P03-K03-1","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K03","question_type":"连接体问题（整体法+隔离法）","content":"质量分别为 $m_1,m_2$ 的两物块用轻绳跨过光滑定滑轮相连，求共同加速度与绳张力。","solution_method":"整体：$(m_1+m_2)a=(m_1-m_2)g$ 得 $a=\\frac{m_1-m_2}{m_1+m_2}g$；隔离 $m_1$：$T=m_1(g-a)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P03-K04-1","module_id":"P03","knowledge_point_id":"P03-K04","question_type":"超重失重判断与计算","content":"电梯以加速度 $a=2\\,\\text{m/s}^2$ 向上启动，质量 $m=60\\,\\text{kg}$ 的人对地板压力多大？属超重还是失重？","solution_method":"由 $N-mg=ma$ 得 $N=m(g+a)=60\\times12=720\\,\\text{N}>mg$，为超重。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P04-K01-1","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K01","question_type":"运动的合成与分解（小船渡河/牵连速度）","content":"小船在静水中速度 $v_{\\text{船}}=3\\,\\text{m/s}$，水流 $v_{\\text{水}}=4\\,\\text{m/s}$，河宽 $d=120\\,\\text{m}$，求垂直渡河最短时间与最短航程。","solution_method":"最短时间 $t_{\\min}=d/v_{\\text{船}}=40\\,\\text{s}$（船头垂直对岸）；因 $v_{\\text{水}}>v_{\\text{船}}$，最短航程 $s_{\\min}=d\\frac{v_{\\text{水}}}{v_{\\text{船}}}=160\\,\\text{m}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P04-K02-1","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K02","question_type":"平抛运动规律与推论","content":"小球以 $v_0=10\\,\\text{m/s}$ 水平抛出，高度 $h=20\\,\\text{m}$，求落地时间、水平射程与落地速度偏角（$g=10\\,\\text{m/s}^2$）。","solution_method":"$t=\\sqrt{2h/g}=2\\,\\text{s}$；射程 $x=v_0t=20\\,\\text{m}$；竖直分速 $v_y=gt=20\\,\\text{m/s}$，偏角 $\\tan\\theta=v_y/v_0=2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P04-K03-1","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K03","question_type":"圆周运动向心力分析（水平面模型）","content":"质量 $m$ 的小球在水平面内做圆锥摆，绳长 $L$、与竖直夹角 $\\theta$，求周期 $T$。","solution_method":"竖直 $T\\cos\\theta=mg$，水平 $T\\sin\\theta=m\\omega^2(L\\sin\\theta)$，得 $\\omega=\\sqrt{g/(L\\cos\\theta)}$，故 $T=2\\pi\\sqrt{L\\cos\\theta/g}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-P04-K03-2","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K03","question_type":"竖直面圆周运动临界问题","content":"轻绳系质量为 $m$ 的小球在竖直面内做圆周运动，求最高点最小速度。","solution_method":"最高点临界：重力提供向心力 $mg=m\\frac{v_{\\min}^2}{r}$，得 $v_{\\min}=\\sqrt{gr}$（绳模型，否则脱轨）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P04-K04-1","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K04","question_type":"天体质量与密度估算","content":"近地卫星周期 $T$、地球半径 $R$（$G$ 已知），求地球质量 $M$ 与平均密度 $\\rho$。","solution_method":"由 $GMm/R^2=m(2\\pi/T)^2R$ 得 $M=4\\pi^2R^3/(GT^2)$；$\\rho=M/(\\frac43\\pi R^3)=3\\pi/(GT^2)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P04-K04-2","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K04","question_type":"卫星运行参量比较","content":"比较近地圆轨道卫星与地球同步轨道卫星的线速度、角速度、周期大小。","solution_method":"由 $v=\\sqrt{GM/r}$、$\\omega=\\sqrt{GM/r^3}$、$T=2\\pi\\sqrt{r^3/(GM)}$，轨道半径越大 $v,\\omega$ 越小、$T$ 越大；同步卫星半径大，故 $v,\\omega$ 更小、$T$ 更大（$=24\\,\\text{h}$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P04-K04-3","module_id":"P04","knowledge_point_id":"P04-K04","question_type":"变轨与同步卫星","content":"卫星从低圆轨道加速后如何变轨？机械能如何变化？","solution_method":"加速后所需向心力大于万有引力，卫星做离心运动进入更高椭圆轨道，发动机做功使机械能增大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P05-K01-1","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K01","question_type":"恒力做功与功率计算","content":"用 $F=20\\,\\text{N}$ 沿与水平成 $37^\\circ$ 斜向上的力拉物体前进 $s=5\\,\\text{m}$，求拉力做功（$\\cos37^\\circ=0.8$）。","solution_method":"$W=Fs\\cos\\theta=20\\times5\\times0.8=80\\,\\text{J}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P05-K01-2","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K01","question_type":"机车启动问题（恒定功率/恒定加速度）","content":"汽车额定功率 $P=60\\,\\text{kW}$、质量 $m=2\\times10^3\\,\\text{kg}$，阻力 $f=2\\times10^3\\,\\text{N}$，求最大速度；若以恒定加速度 $a=1\\,\\text{m/s}^2$ 启动，求匀加速最长时间。","solution_method":"最大速度 $v_m=P/f=30\\,\\text{m/s}$；匀加速末速 $v_1=P/(f+ma)=60\\times10^3/(4\\times10^3)=15\\,\\text{m/s}$，$t_1=v_1/a=15\\,\\text{s}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-P05-K02-1","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K02","question_type":"动能定理单体应用","content":"质量 $m=1\\,\\text{kg}$ 物体从静止沿光滑斜面下滑高度 $h=5\\,\\text{m}$，求底端速度（$g=10\\,\\text{m/s}^2$）。","solution_method":"由动能定理 $mgh=\\frac12mv^2$ 得 $v=\\sqrt{2gh}=10\\,\\text{m/s}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P05-K02-2","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K02","question_type":"动能定理多过程问题","content":"物体在粗糙水平面滑行，初速 $v_0$、摩擦系数 $\\mu$，求滑行距离 $s$。","solution_method":"由动能定理 $-\\mu mgs=0-\\frac12mv_0^2$，得 $s=\\frac{v_0^2}{2\\mu g}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P05-K03-1","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K03","question_type":"机械能守恒判断与应用","content":"轻绳长 $L$ 的小球从水平位置静止释放，求摆至最低点速度（不计阻力）。","solution_method":"机械能守恒：$mgL=\\frac12mv^2$，得 $v=\\sqrt{2gL}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P05-K04-1","module_id":"P05","knowledge_point_id":"P05-K04","question_type":"功能关系（除重力外做功=机械能变化）","content":"物块在传送带上相对滑动，摩擦生热 $Q$ 与什么有关？若相对位移 $s_{\\text{相}}=2\\,\\text{m}$、$\\mu=0.2$、$m=1\\,\\text{kg}$，求 $Q$（$g=10$）。","solution_method":"摩擦生热 $Q=fs_{\\text{相}}=\\mu mgs_{\\text{相}}=0.2\\times1\\times10\\times2=4\\,\\text{J}$（与对地位移无关）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P06-K01-1","module_id":"P06","knowledge_point_id":"P06-K01","question_type":"动量定理（冲量与变力）","content":"质量为 $m$ 的球以速度 $v$ 垂直撞墙后以速率 $v$ 反弹，求墙对球冲量大小。","solution_method":"取反弹方向为正，$\\Delta p=mv-(-mv)=2mv$，由动量定理冲量 $I=2mv$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P06-K02-1","module_id":"P06","knowledge_point_id":"P06-K02","question_type":"动量守恒（一维碰撞）","content":"质量 $m_1=2\\,\\text{kg}$ 以 $v_1=3\\,\\text{m/s}$ 追上 $m_2=1\\,\\text{kg}$ 静止的球，完全非弹性碰撞后共同速度？","solution_method":"动量守恒 $m_1v_1=(m_1+m_2)v$，得 $v=2\\,\\text{m/s}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P06-K03-1","module_id":"P06","knowledge_point_id":"P06-K03","question_type":"碰撞模型（弹性/完全非弹性）","content":"质量相等两球一维弹性碰撞，碰前 $m$ 以 $v_0$ 运动、$m$ 静止，求碰后速度。","solution_method":"弹性碰撞且等质量时速度交换：$v_1'=0,\\ v_2'=v_0$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P06-K03-2","module_id":"P06","knowledge_point_id":"P06-K03","question_type":"反冲与火箭问题","content":"炮身质量 $M$ 发射质量 $m$ 的炮弹，相对炮身速度 $u$，求炮身后退速度（近似）。","solution_method":"动量守恒：$0=m(u-v_M)-Mv_M$，得 $v_M=\\frac{mu}{M+m}$（反冲）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P07-K01-1","module_id":"P07","knowledge_point_id":"P07-K01","question_type":"电场强度计算与叠加","content":"两个等量同号点电荷 $+Q$ 相距 $2a$，求连线中点场强；若异号呢？","solution_method":"同号时两场强反向等大，$E=0$；异号时同向叠加，$E=2kQ/a^2$ 指向负电荷。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P07-K01-2","module_id":"P07","knowledge_point_id":"P07-K01","question_type":"电场线性质判断","content":"沿电场线方向电势如何变化？电场线越密说明什么？","solution_method":"沿电场线方向电势逐渐降低；电场线越密场强越大。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P07-K02-1","module_id":"P07","knowledge_point_id":"P07-K02","question_type":"电势/电势能/电势差比较与计算","content":"电荷 $q=-2\\times10^{-6}\\,\\text{C}$ 从 A 到 B 电场力做功 $W_{AB}=4\\times10^{-6}\\,\\text{J}$，求 $U_{AB}$ 与电势能变化。","solution_method":"$U_{AB}=W_{AB}/q=-2\\,\\text{V}$；电场力做正功，电势能减少，$\\Delta E_p=-W_{AB}=-4\\times10^{-6}\\,\\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P07-K03-1","module_id":"P07","knowledge_point_id":"P07-K03","question_type":"平行板电容器动态分析","content":"平行板电容器保持与电源相连，增大板间距 $d$，分析 $C$、$Q$、$U$、$E$ 如何变化。","solution_method":"连电源 $U$ 不变；$C=\\frac{\\varepsilon_r S}{4\\pi kd}$ 减小，$Q=CU$ 减小，场强 $E=U/d$ 减小。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P07-K03-2","module_id":"P07","knowledge_point_id":"P07-K03","question_type":"带电粒子在电场中加速与偏转","content":"电子以 $v_0$ 垂直进入平行板电场，板长 $L$、场强 $E$、质量 $m$、电荷 $e$，求偏转量 $y$。","solution_method":"飞行时间 $t=L/v_0$，加速度 $a=eE/m$，偏转 $y=\\frac12at^2=\\frac{eEL^2}{2mv_0^2}$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-P08-K01-1","module_id":"P08","knowledge_point_id":"P08-K01","question_type":"电阻定律与伏安特性","content":"均匀导线长 $L$、截面积 $S$、电阻率 $\\rho$，求电阻；若拉长至 $2L$（体积不变），电阻变为几倍？","solution_method":"$R=\\rho L/S$；体积不变则 $S$ 减半，$R'=\\rho(2L)/(S/2)=4R$，变为 4 倍。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P08-K02-1","module_id":"P08","knowledge_point_id":"P08-K02","question_type":"电功率与效率计算","content":"标有“$220\\,\\text{V}\\ 40\\,\\text{W}$”灯泡，求电阻与正常工作电流；若实际电压 $110\\,\\text{V}$，实际功率？","solution_method":"$R=U^2/P=1210\\,\\Omega$，$I=P/U\\approx0.18\\,\\text{A}$；电压减半，纯电阻功率变为 $1/4$，即 $10\\,\\text{W}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P08-K03-1","module_id":"P08","knowledge_point_id":"P08-K03","question_type":"闭合电路动态分析","content":"闭合电路中滑片右移使外电阻增大，分析总电流、路端电压、内电压如何变化。","solution_method":"$I=E/(R+r)$ 减小；路端电压 $U=E-Ir$ 增大；内电压 $U_{\\text{内}}=Ir$ 减小。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P08-K03-2","module_id":"P08","knowledge_point_id":"P08-K03","question_type":"含容电路分析","content":"稳定后含电容支路中电容相当于什么？如何确定其两端电压？","solution_method":"稳定时电容支路无电流，相当于断路，其两端电压等于与之并联的电阻两端电压（或路端电压）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P08-K03-3","module_id":"P08","knowledge_point_id":"P08-K03","question_type":"电源最大输出功率","content":"电源电动势 $E$、内阻 $r$，外电阻 $R$ 取何值时输出功率最大？最大值多少？","solution_method":"当 $R=r$ 时输出功率最大，$P_{\\max}=E^2/(4r)$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P09-K01-1","module_id":"P09","knowledge_point_id":"P09-K01","question_type":"安培力大小与方向（含平衡）","content":"长 $L=0.5\\,\\text{m}$ 导线通 $I=2\\,\\text{A}$，置于 $B=0.4\\,\\text{T}$ 匀强磁场且与磁场垂直，求导线受力大小与方向。","solution_method":"$F=BIL=0.4\\times2\\times0.5=0.4\\,\\text{N}$，方向由左手定则判定，垂直于 $B$ 与 $I$ 所确定平面。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P09-K02-1","module_id":"P09","knowledge_point_id":"P09-K02","question_type":"洛伦兹力判断与计算","content":"质子以速度 $v$ 垂直进入 $B$ 磁场，洛伦兹力大小？是否做功？","solution_method":"$f=qvB$；洛伦兹力始终垂直于速度，不做功，只改变速度方向。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P09-K03-1","module_id":"P09","knowledge_point_id":"P09-K03","question_type":"带电粒子在磁场中圆周运动（半径/几何）","content":"电子以速度 $v$ 垂直进入 $B$ 磁场，求轨道半径 $r$ 与周期 $T$（质量 $m$、电荷 $e$）。","solution_method":"由 $evB=mv^2/r$ 得 $r=mv/(eB)$；周期 $T=2\\pi r/v=2\\pi m/(eB)$（与速度无关）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P10-K01-1","module_id":"P10","knowledge_point_id":"P10-K01","question_type":"感应电动势计算（感生/动生）","content":"长 $L$ 导体棒以速度 $v$ 垂直切割磁感线 $B$，求动生电动势大小与极性判定方法。","solution_method":"$\\varepsilon=BLv$；方向由右手定则判定（感应电流阻碍相对运动）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P10-K02-1","module_id":"P10","knowledge_point_id":"P10-K02","question_type":"楞次定律判断感应电流方向","content":"磁铁 N 极向下插入线圈，感应电流如何阻碍？画出线圈上端等效磁极。","solution_method":"由“来拒去留”，线圈上端感应出 N 极以排斥来磁；再由安培定则判定感应电流方向（增反减同）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P10-K03-1","module_id":"P10","knowledge_point_id":"P10-K03","question_type":"交变电流四值（有效/平均/最大）","content":"正弦交流 $e=E_m\\sin\\omega t$，求其有效值、半周平均值与最大值的关系。","solution_method":"最大值 $E_m$；有效值 $E=E_m/\\sqrt2$；半周平均值 $\\bar E=2E_m/\\pi$（对正弦波形用 $\\bar\\varepsilon=N\\frac{\\Delta\\Phi}{\\Delta t}$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P10-K03-2","module_id":"P10","knowledge_point_id":"P10-K03","question_type":"变压器与远距离输电","content":"理想变压器原副线圈匝数比 $n_1:n_2=2:1$，原线圈电压 $U_1=220\\,\\text{V}$，求 $U_2$；负载电流 $I_2=2\\,\\text{A}$ 时 $I_1$ 多少？","solution_method":"$U_2=U_1n_2/n_1=110\\,\\text{V}$；$I_1=I_2n_2/n_1=1\\,\\text{A}$（由 $P_1=P_2$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P11-K01-1","module_id":"P11","knowledge_point_id":"P11-K01","question_type":"气体实验定律应用","content":"一定质量理想气体等温下体积由 $V$ 压至 $V/2$，压强变几倍？若为等压升温使体积加倍，温度如何？","solution_method":"玻意耳定律 $pV=C$，$V$ 减半则 $p$ 加倍；盖-吕萨克定律 $V/T=C$，体积加倍则热力学温度加倍。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P11-K01-2","module_id":"P11","knowledge_point_id":"P11-K01","question_type":"气体图像（p-V/p-T/V-T）分析","content":"$p$-$V$ 图上的双曲线代表什么过程？同一双曲线上各点温度关系如何？","solution_method":"双曲线 $pV=C$ 为等温过程，同一双曲线上各点温度相同，离原点越远温度越高。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P11-K02-1","module_id":"P11","knowledge_point_id":"P11-K02","question_type":"热力学第一定律（做功/吸放热/内能）","content":"气体膨胀对外做功 $W=-200\\,\\text{J}$，吸热 $Q=500\\,\\text{J}$，求内能变化。","solution_method":"由 $\\Delta U=Q+W=500-200=300\\,\\text{J}$，内能增加 $300\\,\\text{J}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P11-K03-1","module_id":"P11","knowledge_point_id":"P11-K03","question_type":"分子动理论微观估算","content":"已知摩尔质量 $M$、密度 $\\rho$，求分子质量与分子占据体积数量级（阿伏伽德罗常数 $N_A$）。","solution_method":"分子质量 $m_0=M/N_A$；分子占据体积 $V_0=M/(\\rho N_A)$（固体液体近似为分子体积）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P12-K01-1","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K01","question_type":"简谐运动图像与特征量","content":"弹簧振子 $x$-$t$ 图像为正弦，振幅 $A=5\\,\\text{cm}$、周期 $T=2\\,\\text{s}$，写出位移表达式与最大加速度。","solution_method":"$x=5\\sin(\\pi t)\\,\\text{cm}$；最大加速度 $a_{\\max}=\\omega^2A=\\pi^2\\times0.05\\approx0.49\\,\\text{m/s}^2$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P12-K02-1","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K02","question_type":"波的图像与振动图像综合","content":"某时刻波形图上相邻波峰间距 $8\\,\\text{m}$，波速 $v=20\\,\\text{m/s}$，求频率并判断某质点振动方向。","solution_method":"波长 $\\lambda=8\\,\\text{m}$，$f=v/\\lambda=2.5\\,\\text{Hz}$；由“上坡下、下坡上”或波形平移法判断质点振动方向。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P12-K02-2","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K02","question_type":"波的干涉与多普勒效应","content":"两相干波源频率相同，某点到两波源路程差 $\\Delta r=\\lambda/2$，该点振动加强还是减弱？","solution_method":"半波长的奇数倍（此处 $\\lambda/2$）为振动减弱点（相消）；偶数倍为加强点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P12-K03-1","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K03","question_type":"折射率与折射计算","content":"光从空气（$n_1=1$）射入水（$n_2=4/3$），入射角 $i=30^\\circ$，求折射角 $r$。","solution_method":"由 $n_1\\sin i=n_2\\sin r$，$\\sin r=0.5/(4/3)=0.375$，$r\\approx22^\\circ$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P12-K03-2","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K03","question_type":"全反射临界角判断","content":"水对空气临界角 $C$ 多大（$n=4/3$）？光从水下射向空气，入射角大于 $C$ 时发生什么？","solution_method":"$\\sin C=1/n=0.75$，$C\\approx48.6^\\circ$；入射角大于 $C$ 时发生全反射，无折射光。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P12-K03-3","module_id":"P12","knowledge_point_id":"P12-K03","question_type":"双缝干涉条纹间距","content":"双缝间距 $d=0.2\\,\\text{mm}$，屏距 $L=1\\,\\text{m}$，波长 $\\lambda=500\\,\\text{nm}$，求相邻明纹间距 $\\Delta x$。","solution_method":"$\\Delta x=\\frac{L\\lambda}{d}=1\\times500\\times10^{-9}/(0.2\\times10^{-3})=2.5\\times10^{-3}\\,\\text{m}=2.5\\,\\text{mm}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P13-K01-1","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K01","question_type":"玻尔能级跃迁计算","content":"氢原子从 $n=3$ 跃迁到 $n=1$，发出光子频率多少？（已知 $E_1=-13.6\\,\\text{eV}$）","solution_method":"$E_3=E_1/9=-1.51\\,\\text{eV}$，$\\Delta E=E_3-E_1=12.09\\,\\text{eV}$，由 $h\\nu=\\Delta E$ 得频率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P13-K02-1","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K02","question_type":"衰变与半衰期计算","content":"某放射性元素半衰期 $T=2\\,\\text{d}$，初始质量 $m_0$，求 $6\\,\\text{d}$ 后剩余质量。","solution_method":"经过 $n=6/2=3$ 个半衰期，剩余 $m=m_0(1/2)^3=m_0/8$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-P13-K02-2","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K02","question_type":"核反应方程配平","content":"写出 $\\alpha$ 衰变通式，并配平 ${}^{238}_{92}\\text{U}\\to{}^{234}_{90}\\text{Th}+?$。","solution_method":"$\\alpha$ 衰变：${}_{Z}^{A}X\\to{}_{Z-2}^{A-4}Y+{}_{2}^{4}\\text{He}$；U 衰变放出 ${}_{2}^{4}\\text{He}$（质量数、电荷数守恒）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P13-K02-3","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K02","question_type":"质能方程与质量亏损","content":"质量亏损 $\\Delta m=0.002\\,\\text{u}$，求释放核能（$1\\,\\text{u}=931.5\\,\\text{MeV}/c^2$）。","solution_method":"$\\Delta E=\\Delta mc^2=0.002\\times931.5\\approx1.86\\,\\text{MeV}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P13-K03-1","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K03","question_type":"光电效应方程与图像","content":"某金属逸出功 $W_0=2.0\\,\\text{eV}$，光子能量 $h\\nu=4.0\\,\\text{eV}$，求光电子最大初动能。","solution_method":"由 $E_k=h\\nu-W_0=4.0-2.0=2.0\\,\\text{eV}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-P13-K04-1","module_id":"P13","knowledge_point_id":"P13-K04","question_type":"相对论效应判断","content":"狭义相对论中，运动时钟变慢还是变快？质能关系如何表达？","solution_method":"运动时钟变慢（时间膨胀 $\\Delta t=\\Delta\\tau/\\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}$）；质能关系 $E=mc^2$。","difficulty":"易"}]},{"subject":"高中化学","metadata":{"subject":"高中化学","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"H01","name":"化学基本概念与物质的量","book":"必修 第一册 / 必修 第二册（物质的量）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H01-K01","name":"物质的量与阿伏伽德罗常数","key_content":"物质的量 $n$ 的单位是摩尔（$\\mathrm{mol}$）；$n=\\dfrac{N}{N_A}$，$N_A\\approx 6.02\\times10^{23}\\ \\mathrm{mol^{-1}}$；摩尔质量 $M$ 与相对原子（分子）质量数值相同，$n=\\dfrac{m}{M}$。","question_types":[{"type":"阿伏伽德罗常数相关判断（NA题）"},{"type":"物质的量与质量/微粒数换算"}]},{"id":"H01-K02","name":"气体摩尔体积与阿伏伽德罗定律","key_content":"气体摩尔体积 $V_m=\\dfrac{V}{n}$，标准状况（$0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$、$101\\ \\mathrm{kPa}$）下 $V_m\\approx 22.4\\ \\mathrm{L\\cdot mol^{-1}}$。阿伏伽德罗定律：同温同压下 $\\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=\\dfrac{n_1}{n_2}=\\dfrac{N_1}{N_2}$，同温同体积下 $\\dfrac{p_1}{p_2}=\\dfrac{n_1}{n_2}$，同温同压下密度比 $\\dfrac{\\rho_1}{\\rho_2}=\\dfrac{M_1}{M_2}$。","question_types":[{"type":"标况下气体体积与物质的量换算"},{"type":"阿伏伽德罗定律推论应用"}]},{"id":"H01-K03","name":"物质的量浓度与溶液配制","key_content":"物质的量浓度 $c=\\dfrac{n}{V}$（$V$ 为溶液体积）；稀释规律 $c_1V_1=c_2V_2$；配制一定物质的量浓度溶液需容量瓶，步骤：计算→称量→溶解→转移→洗涤→定容→摇匀；仰视/俯视、未洗涤等引起误差。","question_types":[{"type":"物质的量浓度计算"},{"type":"一定物质的量浓度溶液的配制与误差分析"}]},{"id":"H01-K04","name":"分散系与胶体","key_content":"分散系按分散质粒子直径分：溶液（$<1\\ \\mathrm{nm}$）、胶体（$1\\sim100\\ \\mathrm{nm}$）、浊液（$>100\\ \\mathrm{nm}$）；胶体具丁达尔效应（鉴别胶体与溶液），可发生聚沉（加电解质、带相反电荷胶体、加热）。","question_types":[{"type":"分散系分类与胶体性质判断"}]}]},{"id":"H02","name":"物质结构与元素周期律","book":"必修 第一册（物质结构 元素周期律）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H02-K01","name":"原子结构","key_content":"原子符号 $^A_Z\\mathrm{X}$，$A$ 为质量数，$Z$ 为质子数，中子数 $N=A-Z$；核外电子数 $=Z$（中性原子）。同位素：质子数相同、中子数不同的同一元素不同原子（如 $^1\\mathrm{H}$、$^2\\mathrm{H}$、$^3\\mathrm{H}$）。","question_types":[{"type":"原子结构（质子数中子数电子数）与同位素判断"}]},{"id":"H02-K02","name":"元素周期律","key_content":"同周期自左向右：原子半径减小、金属性减弱、非金属性增强、最高价氧化物水化物碱性减弱酸性增强；同主族自上而下：半径增大、金属性增强、非金属性减弱。位—构—性关系：位置决定结构、决定性质。","question_types":[{"type":"元素周期律（半径/金属性/非金属性）比较判断"},{"type":"元素推断（位-构-性）"}]},{"id":"H02-K03","name":"元素周期表结构","key_content":"7 个周期（1~3 短周期，4~6 长周期，7 不完全周期）；16 个族（7 主族、7 副族、Ⅷ族、0 族）。过渡元素位于 d 区；金属与非金属分界线附近元素具两性。","question_types":[{"type":"周期表结构与位置推断"}]},{"id":"H02-K04","name":"化学键与电子式","key_content":"离子键（阴、阳离子间静电作用，含活泼金属与活泼非金属）；共价键（原子间共用电子对，分极性键与非极性键）；电子式书写注意“八隅体”；分子间作用力（范德华力）与氢键影响熔沸点、溶解性。","question_types":[{"type":"化学键类型判断"},{"type":"电子式与结构式书写"}]}]},{"id":"H03","name":"化学反应与能量","book":"必修 第二册 / 选择性必修1 化学反应原理（第一章）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H03-K01","name":"反应热与焓变","key_content":"焓变 $\\Delta H=H_{产物}-H_{反应物}$；$\\Delta H<0$ 放热、$\\Delta H>0$ 吸热。断键吸热、成键放热；反应热宏观由反应物与生成物总能量差决定。","question_types":[{"type":"反应热（ΔH）正负与吸放热判断"}]},{"id":"H03-K02","name":"热化学方程式","key_content":"热化学方程式须注明物质状态（s、l、g、aq），化学计量数可为分数，$\\Delta H$ 与计量数对应；中和热（$1\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\ \\mathrm{H_2O}$ 生成）、燃烧热（$1\\ \\mathrm{mol}$ 可燃物完全燃烧）。","question_types":[{"type":"热化学方程式书写与正误判断"}]},{"id":"H03-K03","name":"盖斯定律","key_content":"反应热只与始态、终态有关，与途径无关；可将已知热化学方程式乘以系数后相加减求未知反应 $\\Delta H$。","question_types":[{"type":"盖斯定律计算反应热"}]},{"id":"H03-K04","name":"原电池","key_content":"自发氧化还原反应分两极：负极失电子（氧化）、正极得电子（还原）；电子由负极经外电路流向正极，溶液中阳离子移向正极。电极反应式须电子守恒、电荷守恒。","question_types":[{"type":"原电池原理与电极反应式书写"}]},{"id":"H03-K05","name":"电解池","key_content":"与外电源相连：阳极（接电源正极）失电子（氧化），阴极（接电源负极）得电子（还原）。放电顺序：阳极 $\\mathrm{S^{2-}>I^->Br^->Cl^->OH^->含氧酸根}$；阴极 $\\mathrm{Ag^+>Cu^{2+}>H^+>...}$。应用：氯碱工业、电镀、精炼铜。","question_types":[{"type":"电解池原理与电极反应"},{"type":"电解应用（氯碱工业/电镀/精炼铜）"}]}]},{"id":"H04","name":"化学反应速率与化学平衡","book":"选择性必修1 化学反应原理（第二章）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H04-K01","name":"化学反应速率","key_content":"用浓度变化表示 $v=\\dfrac{\\Delta c}{\\Delta t}$，单位 $\\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}\\cdot s^{-1}}$；同一反应用不同物质表示的速率比等于化学计量数之比 $v(\\mathrm{A}):v(\\mathrm{B})=m:n$。","question_types":[{"type":"反应速率计算与比较"}]},{"id":"H04-K02","name":"影响反应速率的因素","key_content":"浓度↑、温度↑、压强↑（气体）、使用正催化剂、增大固体表面积均加快反应速率；用有效碰撞理论/活化能解释；实验用控制变量法。","question_types":[{"type":"速率影响因素分析（控制变量）"}]},{"id":"H04-K03","name":"化学平衡与平衡移动","key_content":"可逆反应达平衡时 $v_{正}=v_{逆}$，各组分浓度不变。勒夏特列原理：改变条件平衡总是向减弱该改变的方向移动；$Q_c$ 与 $K$ 比较可判断移动方向（$Q_c<K$ 正向）。","question_types":[{"type":"化学平衡移动方向判断（勒夏特列原理）"}]},{"id":"H04-K04","name":"化学平衡常数与转化率","key_content":"浓度平衡常数 $K_c=\\dfrac{c^p(\\mathrm{C})c^q(\\mathrm{D})}{c^m(\\mathrm{A})c^n(\\mathrm{B})}$（只与温度有关）；转化率 $\\alpha=\\dfrac{已转化量}{起始量}\\times100\\%$；压强平衡常数 $K_p$ 用分压表示。","question_types":[{"type":"平衡常数K与转化率计算"}]},{"id":"H04-K05","name":"化学平衡图像","key_content":"常见图像：$v-t$（加催/加压/升温）、$c-t$、$x\\%-T/p$（“先拐先平温度/压强大”）、等温线/等压线。结合勒夏特列原理与“定一议二”分析。","question_types":[{"type":"化学平衡图像分析"}]}]},{"id":"H05","name":"水溶液中的离子平衡","book":"选择性必修1 化学反应原理（第三章）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H05-K01","name":"弱电解质的电离","key_content":"弱酸/弱碱部分电离，存在电离平衡；电离常数 $K_a$（酸）、$K_b$（碱），只与温度有关，越小酸性/碱性越弱；电离度 $\\alpha$。近似：$c(\\mathrm{H^+})\\approx\\sqrt{K_a c}$（$c/K_a\\ge500$ 时）。","question_types":[{"type":"弱电解质电离平衡与电离常数计算"}]},{"id":"H05-K02","name":"水的电离与溶液pH","key_content":"水的离子积 $K_w=c(\\mathrm{H^+})c(\\mathrm{OH^-})$，常温 $K_w=1.0\\times10^{-14}$；$\\mathrm{pH}=-\\lg c(\\mathrm{H^+})$。强酸/强碱混合、稀释时先求 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})$ 或 $c(\\mathrm{OH^-})$，注意碱溶先算 $\\mathrm{OH^-}$。","question_types":[{"type":"水的离子积与pH计算"}]},{"id":"H05-K03","name":"盐类水解","key_content":"弱酸根或弱碱阳离子水解（谁弱谁水解、越弱越水解、无弱不水解）；规律：强酸弱碱盐显酸性、强碱弱酸盐显碱性。电荷守恒、物料守恒、质子守恒用于离子浓度大小比较。","question_types":[{"type":"盐类水解规律与离子浓度大小比较"},{"type":"水解应用（离子共存/配制/除杂）"}]},{"id":"H05-K04","name":"沉淀溶解平衡","key_content":"难溶电解质存在 $K_{sp}$（溶度积），只与温度有关；溶度积规则：$Q_c>K_{sp}$ 沉淀生成、$Q_c=K_{sp}$ 饱和、$Q_c<K_{sp}$ 溶解；沉淀转化向 $K_{sp}$ 更小方向进行。","question_types":[{"type":"沉淀溶解平衡与Ksp计算"}]}]},{"id":"H06","name":"金属及其化合物","book":"必修 第一册（金属及其化合物）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H06-K01","name":"钠及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Na}$ 活泼，与 $\\mathrm{O_2}$、$\\mathrm{H_2O}$、$\\mathrm{酸}$ 反应；$\\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$ 与 $\\mathrm{H_2O}$/$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ 反应供氧；$\\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$ 与 $\\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$ 性质差异（热稳定性、与酸/碱反应）；焰色反应（Na 黄色）。","question_types":[{"type":"钠及其化合物的性质与转化"},{"type":"碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠的鉴别与比较"}]},{"id":"H06-K02","name":"铝及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Al}$、$\\mathrm{Al_2O_3}$、$\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}$ 具两性（与强酸、强碱均反应）；“铝三角”转化：$\\mathrm{Al^{3+}}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{AlO_2^-}$（或 $\\mathrm{Al(OH)_4^-}$）。","question_types":[{"type":"铝及其化合物的两性（铝三角）转化"}]},{"id":"H06-K03","name":"铁及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Fe}$ 有 $+2$、$+3$ 价；$\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ 浅绿具还原性，$\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$ 黄色具氧化性；$\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$ 检验：加 $\\mathrm{KSCN}$ 显血红色、加苯酚显紫色；$\\mathrm{Fe(OH)_2}$ 白色易氧化为灰绿最终红褐。","question_types":[{"type":"铁及其化合物的性质与Fe2+/Fe3+转化检验"}]},{"id":"H06-K04","name":"铜及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Cu}$ 与 $\\mathrm{O_2}$、浓硫酸、硝酸反应；$\\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$ 蓝色；$\\mathrm{Cu(OH)_2}$ 悬浊液用于醛基检验（斐林/班氏试剂，生成砖红 $\\mathrm{Cu_2O}$）；铜绿 $\\mathrm{Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3}$。","question_types":[{"type":"铜及其化合物的性质"}]}]},{"id":"H07","name":"非金属及其化合物","book":"必修 第一册 / 必修 第二册（非金属及其化合物）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H07-K01","name":"氯及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ 黄绿色、与水/碱反应（$\\mathrm{Cl_2+H_2O\\rightleftharpoons HCl+HClO}$，$\\mathrm{HClO}$ 漂白）；漂白粉 $\\mathrm{Ca(ClO)_2}$ 有效成分；实验室制 $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$：$\\mathrm{MnO_2+4HCl(浓)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta} MnCl_2+Cl_2\\uparrow+2H_2O}$。","question_types":[{"type":"氯及其化合物的性质与制备"}]},{"id":"H07-K02","name":"硫及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{S}$ 与 $\\mathrm{O_2}$ 生成 $\\mathrm{SO_2}$；$\\mathrm{SO_2}$ 漂白（化合）、还原性（$\\mathrm{使溴水/高锰酸钾褪色}$）、酸性氧化物通性；浓硫酸特性：吸水性、脱水性、强氧化性（$\\mathrm{与 Cu/C}$ 反应）。","question_types":[{"type":"硫及其化合物的性质（SO2/浓硫酸）"}]},{"id":"H07-K03","name":"氮及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{N_2}$ 稳定；$\\mathrm{NH_3}$ 碱性、易液化、催化氧化；$\\mathrm{HNO_3}$ 强氧化性（与 Cu 生成 $\\mathrm{NO}$/$\\mathrm{NO_2}$）；铵盐与碱共热放 $\\mathrm{NH_3}$（检验）；硝酸工业：$\\mathrm{NH_3\\rightarrow NO\\rightarrow NO_2\\rightarrow HNO_3}$。","question_types":[{"type":"氮及其化合物的性质与转化（NH3/HNO3）"},{"type":"铵盐检验与氨的制备"}]},{"id":"H07-K04","name":"硅及其化合物","key_content":"$\\mathrm{Si}$ 半导体；$\\mathrm{SiO_2}$ 酸性氧化物但不溶于水和酸（除 HF），与 $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ 反应；硅酸盐（如 $\\mathrm{Na_2SiO_3}$ 水玻璃）用于建材；光导纤维主要成分 $\\mathrm{SiO_2}$。","question_types":[{"type":"硅及其化合物的性质"}]}]},{"id":"H08","name":"有机化学基础","book":"必修 第二册 + 选择性必修3 有机化学基础","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H08-K01","name":"烃（烷/烯/炔/苯）","key_content":"烷烃（饱和，$\\mathrm{C_nH_{2n+2}}$）取代；烯烃（含 $\\mathrm{C=C}$）加成/氧化/加聚；炔烃（含 $\\mathrm{C\\equiv C}$）；苯环特殊稳定性，易取代（卤代、硝化、磺化）、难加成。同系物结构相似、组成差 $\\mathrm{CH_2}$。","question_types":[{"type":"烃的结构与性质（烷/烯/炔/苯）"}]},{"id":"H08-K02","name":"官能团与烃的衍生物","key_content":"卤代烃（水解/消去）、醇（$\\mathrm{-OH}$，酯化、氧化）、酚（酸性、显色）、醛（$\\mathrm{-CHO}$，银镜、斐林）、羧酸（$\\mathrm{-COOH}$，酸性、酯化）、酯（水解）。官能团决定特性。","question_types":[{"type":"官能团性质与特征反应"}]},{"id":"H08-K03","name":"同分异构体","key_content":"碳链异构、位置异构、官能团异构；书写遵循“碳链由长到短、支链由整到散、位置由心到边”；$\\mathrm{C_4H_9Cl}$、$\\mathrm{C_5H_{10}}$（烯烃）等常见数目需熟练。","question_types":[{"type":"同分异构体数目与结构书写"}]},{"id":"H08-K04","name":"有机反应类型与推断","key_content":"取代、加成、消去、氧化、还原、加聚、缩聚；推断依据：官能团特征反应、分子式不饱和度、反应条件（浓 $\\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$/$\\mathrm{NaOH}$/催化的含义）。","question_types":[{"type":"有机反应类型判断"},{"type":"有机推断与合成路线"}]}]},{"id":"H09","name":"化学实验基础","book":"贯穿各册（化学实验）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H09-K01","name":"常见仪器与基本操作","key_content":"仪器识别与用途：量筒、容量瓶、滴定管、分液漏斗等；分离提纯：过滤、蒸发结晶、蒸馏、萃取分液、升华；加热、溶解、洗涤等基本操作正误判断。","question_types":[{"type":"仪器识别与基本操作正误判断"}]},{"id":"H09-K02","name":"物质的制备实验","key_content":"气体制备（发生—净化—收集—尾气处理）：$\\mathrm{O_2}$（$\\mathrm{KClO_3/MnO_2}$、$\\mathrm{H_2O_2}$）、$\\mathrm{Cl_2}$、$\\mathrm{NH_3}$、$\\mathrm{CO_2}$、$\\mathrm{H_2}$；装置连接顺序与试剂选择。","question_types":[{"type":"气体制备与装置连接"}]},{"id":"H09-K03","name":"物质的检验、分离与提纯","key_content":"常见离子检验（$\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$、$\\mathrm{NH_4^+}$、$\\mathrm{Cl^-}$、$\\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}$、$\\mathrm{CO_3^{2-}}$）；除杂原则“不增、不减、易分离”；提纯用沉淀、萃取、重结晶等。","question_types":[{"type":"离子/物质检验与除杂分离"}]},{"id":"H09-K04","name":"定量实验与实验设计","key_content":"中和滴定原理 $c_{待}=\\dfrac{c_{标}V_{标}}{V_{待}}$（酸碱），操作：查漏—润洗—装液—滴定—读数；误差分析看 $V_{标}$ 偏差；探究实验设计遵循对照、单一变量。","question_types":[{"type":"中和滴定（原理/操作/误差）"},{"type":"实验方案设计与评价"}]}]},{"id":"H10","name":"物质结构与性质（选必）","book":"选择性必修2 物质结构与性质","knowledge_points":[{"id":"H10-K01","name":"原子结构与元素性质","key_content":"能级 $\\mathrm{1s,2s,2p\\cdots}$、轨道（s1/p3/d5/f7）；电子排布式与价电子排布；第一电离能（同周期总体增大、ⅡA/ⅤA 反常）、电负性（同周期增大、同主族减小，F 最大）。","question_types":[{"type":"电子排布式与电离能/电负性判断"}]},{"id":"H10-K02","name":"分子结构与共价键","key_content":"杂化：$\\mathrm{sp}$（直线）、$\\mathrm{sp^2}$（平面三角）、$\\mathrm{sp^3}$（四面/三角锥/V形）；VSEPR 预测空间构型；$\\sigma$/$\\pi$ 键；配位键；分子极性由空间对称性与键极性共同决定。","question_types":[{"type":"杂化方式与分子空间构型判断"}]},{"id":"H10-K03","name":"晶体结构与性质","key_content":"四类晶体：原子（共价）、离子、分子、金属晶体，比较微粒、作用力、熔沸点、导电性。晶胞“均摊法”（顶点 $1/8$、棱 $1/4$、面 $1/2$、体心 $1$）；配位数与密度计算。","question_types":[{"type":"晶体类型与晶胞计算（均摊法）"}]},{"id":"H10-K04","name":"配合物","key_content":"配合物由中心原子（过渡金属离子）与配体（提供孤电子对，如 $\\mathrm{H_2O,NH_3,CN^-}$）通过配位键构成；配位数常见 2/4/6；内界稳定、外界易电离。","question_types":[{"type":"配合物的组成与成键"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-H01-K01-1","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K01","question_type":"阿伏伽德罗常数相关判断（NA题）","content":"设 $N_A$ 为阿伏伽德罗常数的值。标准状况下 $22.4\\ \\mathrm{L}$ 氦气（$\\mathrm{He}$）中含有的原子数为多少？","solution_method":"标准状况下 $22.4\\ \\mathrm{L}$ 为 $1\\ \\mathrm{mol}$ 气体；$n=\\dfrac{V}{V_m}=\\dfrac{22.4}{22.4}=1\\ \\mathrm{mol}$。$\\mathrm{He}$ 为单原子分子，故原子数为 $1\\times N_A=N_A$。注意单原子分子（稀有气体）与多原子分子区别。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H01-K01-2","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K01","question_type":"物质的量与质量/微粒数换算","content":"$49\\ \\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ 的物质的量是多少？其中含氧原子的数目约为多少（以 $N_A$ 表示）？","solution_method":"$M(\\mathrm{H_2SO_4})=98\\ \\mathrm{g\\cdot mol^{-1}}$，$n=\\dfrac{m}{M}=\\dfrac{49}{98}=0.5\\ \\mathrm{mol}$。每个 $\\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ 含 4 个 O 原子，故 $n(\\mathrm{O})=0.5\\times4=2\\ \\mathrm{mol}$，数目 $=2N_A$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H01-K02-1","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K02","question_type":"标况下气体体积与物质的量换算","content":"标准状况下，$5.6\\ \\mathrm{L}$ $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ 的物质的量是多少？所含分子数为多少？","solution_method":"$n=\\dfrac{V}{V_m}=\\dfrac{5.6}{22.4}=0.25\\ \\mathrm{mol}$，分子数 $N=nN_A=0.25N_A$。强调只有气体且标况下才能用 $V_m=22.4\\ \\mathrm{L\\cdot mol^{-1}}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H01-K02-2","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K02","question_type":"阿伏伽德罗定律推论应用","content":"同温同压下，等质量的 $\\mathrm{CH_4}$ 与 $\\mathrm{O_2}$ 所占体积之比是多少？","solution_method":"同温同压下 $\\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}=\\dfrac{n_1}{n_2}$。设质量均为 $m$，$n(\\mathrm{CH_4})=\\dfrac{m}{16}$，$n(\\mathrm{O_2})=\\dfrac{m}{32}$，体积比 $=\\dfrac{m/16}{m/32}=2:1$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H01-K03-1","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K03","question_type":"物质的量浓度计算","content":"将 $58.5\\ \\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 溶于水配成 $500\\ \\mathrm{mL}$ 溶液，求溶液物质的量浓度。","solution_method":"$n(\\mathrm{NaCl})=\\dfrac{58.5}{58.5}=1\\ \\mathrm{mol}$，$V=0.5\\ \\mathrm{L}$，$c=\\dfrac{n}{V}=\\dfrac{1}{0.5}=2\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$。注意 $V$ 用溶液体积而非水体积。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H01-K03-2","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K03","question_type":"一定物质的量浓度溶液的配制与误差分析","content":"配制 $100\\ \\mathrm{mL}$ $0.1\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$ $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 溶液时，若定容时俯视刻度线，所配溶液浓度偏高还是偏低？","solution_method":"俯视刻度线使实际加水量偏少，溶液体积 $V$ 偏小；由 $c=\\dfrac{n}{V}$，$n$ 不变、$V$ 偏小，故 $c$ 偏高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H01-K04-1","module_id":"H01","knowledge_point_id":"H01-K04","question_type":"分散系分类与胶体性质判断","content":"用一束光照射 $\\mathrm{Fe(OH)_3}$ 胶体与 $\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$ 溶液，现象有何不同？该现象叫什么？","solution_method":"胶体粒子直径 $1\\sim100\\ \\mathrm{nm}$，对光散射形成光亮“通路”，即丁达尔效应；溶液无此现象。故胶体中出现光亮通路，溶液无。丁达尔效应可用于鉴别胶体与溶液。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H02-K01-1","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K01","question_type":"原子结构（质子数中子数电子数）与同位素判断","content":"$\\mathrm{^{35}_{17}Cl}$ 与 $\\mathrm{^{37}_{17}Cl}$ 是否为同位素？它们的质子数、中子数、电子数各为多少？","solution_method":"二者质子数均为 17、电子数均为 17，中子数分别为 $35-17=18$、$37-17=20$，属同种元素不同核素，互为同位素。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H02-K02-1","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K02","question_type":"元素周期律（半径/金属性/非金属性）比较判断","content":"比较原子半径：$\\mathrm{Na}$、$\\mathrm{Mg}$、$\\mathrm{Cl}$ 的大小；并比较它们最高价氧化物水化物的酸碱性。","solution_method":"同周期自左向右半径减小：$\\mathrm{Na>Mg>Cl}$。金属性 $\\mathrm{Na>Mg}$（Cl 为非金属），故碱性 $\\mathrm{NaOH>Mg(OH)_2}$，$\\mathrm{HClO_4}$ 为最强含氧酸。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H02-K02-2","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K02","question_type":"元素推断（位-构-性）","content":"短周期元素 X 最高正价为 $+5$、最低负价为 $-3$，Y 原子最外层有 6 个电子且与 X 同周期，推断 X、Y 及二者形成化合物的化学式。","solution_method":"最高正价 $+5$、最低 $-3$ 且同周期，X 为第ⅤA 族（N 或 P）；Y 最外层 6 电子为第ⅥA 族（O 或 S）。若同周期第二周期则 X 为 N、Y 为 O，化合物如 $\\mathrm{N_2O_5}$、$\\mathrm{NO_2}$ 等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H02-K03-1","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K03","question_type":"周期表结构与位置推断","content":"某元素原子序数为 17，指出其在周期表中的位置（周期、族）及电子层结构特点。","solution_method":"原子序数 17 为 Cl；核外电子排布 2、8、7，位于第三周期ⅦA 族；最外层 7 电子，易得 1 电子达稳定结构。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H02-K04-1","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K04","question_type":"化学键类型判断","content":"判断下列物质所含化学键类型：$\\mathrm{NaCl}$、$\\mathrm{H_2O}$、$\\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$、$\\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 仅离子键；$\\mathrm{H_2O}$ 仅共价键（极性）；$\\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$ 含离子键与 $\\mathrm{O-O}$ 非极性共价键；$\\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$ 含离子键与 $\\mathrm{N-H}$ 极性共价键（及配位键）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H02-K04-2","module_id":"H02","knowledge_point_id":"H02-K04","question_type":"电子式与结构式书写","content":"写出 $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 与 $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ 的电子式。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 为离子化合物，电子式 $\\mathrm{Na^+[\\colon\\ddot{Cl}\\colon]^-}$；$\\mathrm{H_2O}$ 为共价分子，电子式 $\\mathrm{H\\colon\\ddot{O}\\colon H}$（O 上下各一对孤电子对）。注意离子化合物须标电荷、阴离子加括号。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H03-K01-1","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K01","question_type":"反应热（ΔH）正负与吸放热判断","content":"已知某反应 $\\Delta H=-241.8\\ \\mathrm{kJ\\cdot mol^{-1}}$，该反应是放热还是吸热？生成物总能量与反应物总能量大小关系如何？","solution_method":"$\\Delta H<0$ 为放热反应，生成物总能量低于反应物总能量（差值即放出热量）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H03-K02-1","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K02","question_type":"热化学方程式书写与正误判断","content":"写出 $\\mathrm{H_2}$ 与 $\\mathrm{O_2}$ 生成液态水的热化学方程式（已知 $1\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\ \\mathrm{H_2}$ 燃烧放热 $285.8\\ \\mathrm{kJ}$）。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{H_2(g)+\\dfrac{1}{2}O_2(g)=H_2O(l)}\\quad \\Delta H=-285.8\\ \\mathrm{kJ\\cdot mol^{-1}}$。须注明状态，系数与 $\\Delta H$ 对应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H03-K03-1","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K03","question_type":"盖斯定律计算反应热","content":"已知 (1) $\\mathrm{C(s)+O_2(g)=CO_2(g)}\\ \\Delta H_1=-393.5$；(2) $\\mathrm{CO(g)+\\dfrac{1}{2}O_2(g)=CO_2(g)}\\ \\Delta H_2=-283.0$。求 $\\mathrm{C(s)+\\dfrac{1}{2}O_2(g)=CO(g)}$ 的 $\\Delta H$。","solution_method":"目标式 = (1) - (2)：故 $\\Delta H=\\Delta H_1-\\Delta H_2=-393.5-(-283.0)=-110.5\\ \\mathrm{kJ\\cdot mol^{-1}}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H03-K04-1","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K04","question_type":"原电池原理与电极反应式书写","content":"写出锌铜原电池（稀硫酸为电解质）的两极反应式与总反应。","solution_method":"负极（Zn，氧化）：$\\mathrm{Zn-2e^-=Zn^{2+}}$；正极（Cu，还原）：$\\mathrm{2H^++2e^-=H_2\\uparrow}$；总反应 $\\mathrm{Zn+2H^+=Zn^{2+}+H_2\\uparrow}$。电子由 Zn 经导线流向 Cu。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H03-K05-1","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K05","question_type":"电解池原理与电极反应","content":"电解饱和食盐水，写出阴阳极反应式与总反应，并说明产物。","solution_method":"阴极（还原）：$\\mathrm{2H_2O+2e^-=H_2\\uparrow+2OH^-}$（或 $2\\mathrm{H^+}+2e^-=\\mathrm{H_2}$）；阳极（氧化）：$\\mathrm{2Cl^--2e^-=Cl_2\\uparrow}$；总反应 $\\mathrm{2NaCl+2H_2O\\xrightarrow{电解}2NaOH+H_2\\uparrow+Cl_2\\uparrow}$。产物为 $\\mathrm{H_2}$、$\\mathrm{Cl_2}$、$\\mathrm{NaOH}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H03-K05-2","module_id":"H03","knowledge_point_id":"H03-K05","question_type":"电解应用（氯碱工业/电镀/精炼铜）","content":"用含 Zn、Ag 杂质的粗铜作阳极电解精炼铜，阴极析出什么？阳极泥中含有哪些金属？","solution_method":"阳极粗铜溶解（Cu 及比 Cu 活泼的 Zn 失去电子），阴极 $\\mathrm{Cu^{2+}+2e^-=Cu}$ 析出纯铜。比 Cu 不活泼的 Ag 等不溶解，沉于阳极泥中。故阴极析出纯铜，阳极泥含 Ag 等。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H04-K01-1","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K01","question_type":"反应速率计算与比较","content":"反应 $\\mathrm{N_2+3H_2\\rightleftharpoons 2NH_3}$ 中，若 $\\mathrm{N_2}$ 的反应速率为 $0.1\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}\\cdot s^{-1}}$，求 $\\mathrm{H_2}$ 与 $\\mathrm{NH_3}$ 的速率。","solution_method":"速率比等于系数比：$v(\\mathrm{H_2})=3v(\\mathrm{N_2})=0.3$，$v(\\mathrm{NH_3})=2v(\\mathrm{N_2})=0.2$（单位同）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H04-K02-1","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K02","question_type":"速率影响因素分析（控制变量）","content":"已知反应 $\\mathrm{Zn+2HCl=ZnCl_2+H_2\\uparrow}$，下列措施中哪些可加快反应速率：①升温 ②增大盐酸浓度 ③改用等质量锌粉 ④加少量 $\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$？","solution_method":"①升温、②增大 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})$、③增大接触面积均加快；④形成 Zn-Cu 原电池也加快。故 ①②③④ 均加快。属控制变量法分析。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H04-K03-1","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K03","question_type":"化学平衡移动方向判断（勒夏特列原理）","content":"对于 $\\mathrm{2NO_2(g)\\rightleftharpoons N_2O_4(g)}\\ \\Delta H<0$，增大压强、升高温度分别使平衡向何方向移动？","solution_method":"增压：气体分子数减小方向（右）移动；升温：向吸热（逆，左）方向移动。勒夏特列原理：平衡总是削弱改变。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H04-K04-1","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K04","question_type":"平衡常数K与转化率计算","content":"某温度下反应 $\\mathrm{H_2(g)+I_2(g)\\rightleftharpoons 2HI(g)}$ 的平衡常数 $K_c=50$。起始 $c(\\mathrm{H_2})=c(\\mathrm{I_2})=0.1\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$，求平衡时各物质浓度与 $\\mathrm{H_2}$ 转化率。","solution_method":"设转化 $x$：$K_c=\\dfrac{(2x)^2}{(0.1-x)^2}=50$，解得 $x\\approx0.0783$。平衡 $c(\\mathrm{H_2})=c(\\mathrm{I_2})=0.0217$，$c(\\mathrm{HI})=0.157$。转化率 $\\alpha=\\dfrac{x}{0.1}\\approx78.3\\%$。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H04-K04-2","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K04","question_type":"平衡常数K与转化率计算","content":"反应 $\\mathrm{N_2+3H_2\\rightleftharpoons 2NH_3}$ 的 $K_c$ 表达式如何书写？$K_c$ 是否随压强变化而改变？","solution_method":"$K_c=\\dfrac{c^2(\\mathrm{NH_3})}{c(\\mathrm{N_2})c^3(\\mathrm{H_2})}$。平衡常数只与温度有关，与压强、浓度无关，故改变压强 $K_c$ 不变（仅平衡移动）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H04-K05-1","module_id":"H04","knowledge_point_id":"H04-K05","question_type":"化学平衡图像分析","content":"某可逆反应 $A(g)+B(g)\\rightleftharpoons C(g)\\ \\Delta H<0$ 的 $c-t$ 图像显示两条曲线同时出现拐点且 $T_2$ 先达平衡，判断 $T_1$ 与 $T_2$ 大小及升温对 C 含量的影响。","solution_method":"“先拐先平温度高”，$T_2$ 先平衡故 $T_2>T_1$。升温平衡向吸热（逆）移动，C 含量降低。定一议二分析。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H05-K01-1","module_id":"H05","knowledge_point_id":"H05-K01","question_type":"弱电解质电离平衡与电离常数计算","content":"常温下设 $0.10\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$ 醋酸（$\\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$，$K_a=1.8\\times10^{-5}$）溶液，近似求 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})$。","solution_method":"弱酸近似 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})\\approx\\sqrt{K_a c}=\\sqrt{1.8\\times10^{-5}\\times0.10}\\approx1.34\\times10^{-3}\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$（满足 $c/K_a>500$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H05-K02-1","module_id":"H05","knowledge_point_id":"H05-K02","question_type":"水的离子积与pH计算","content":"常温下将 $\\mathrm{pH}=2$ 的强酸与 $\\mathrm{pH}=12$ 的强碱等体积混合，求混合后溶液 $\\mathrm{pH}$。","solution_method":"强酸 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})=10^{-2}$，强碱 $c(\\mathrm{OH^-})=10^{-2}$，等体积混合 $n(\\mathrm{H^+})=n(\\mathrm{OH^-})$ 恰好中和，溶液呈中性，$\\mathrm{pH}=7$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H05-K03-1","module_id":"H05","knowledge_point_id":"H05-K03","question_type":"盐类水解规律与离子浓度大小比较","content":"比较 $0.1\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$ $\\mathrm{CH_3COONa}$ 溶液中各离子浓度大小，并写出电荷守恒式。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{CH_3COO^-}$ 水解使溶液显碱性：$c(\\mathrm{Na^+})>c(\\mathrm{CH_3COO^-})>c(\\mathrm{OH^-})>c(\\mathrm{H^+})$。电荷守恒：$c(\\mathrm{Na^+})+c(\\mathrm{H^+})=c(\\mathrm{CH_3COO^-})+c(\\mathrm{OH^-})$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H05-K03-2","module_id":"H05","knowledge_point_id":"H05-K03","question_type":"水解应用（离子共存/配制/除杂）","content":"配制 $\\mathrm{FeCl_3}$ 溶液时为何要加入少量稀盐酸？","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}+3H_2O\\rightleftharpoons Fe(OH)_3+3H^+}$ 易水解生成沉淀；加盐酸增大 $c(\\mathrm{H^+})$ 抑制水解，防止溶液浑浊。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H05-K04-1","module_id":"H05","knowledge_point_id":"H05-K04","question_type":"沉淀溶解平衡与Ksp计算","content":"常温下 $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ 的 $K_{sp}=1.8\\times10^{-10}$，求其在纯水中的溶解度（以 $\\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$ 表示）。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{AgCl(s)\\rightleftharpoons Ag^++Cl^-}$，设溶解度 $s$，则 $K_{sp}=s^2$，$s=\\sqrt{1.8\\times10^{-10}}\\approx1.34\\times10^{-5}\\ \\mathrm{mol\\cdot L^{-1}}$。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H06-K01-1","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K01","question_type":"钠及其化合物的性质与转化","content":"写出 $\\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$ 分别与 $\\mathrm{H_2O}$、$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ 反应的化学方程式，并指出其用途。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{2Na_2O_2+2H_2O=4NaOH+O_2\\uparrow}$；$\\mathrm{2Na_2O_2+2CO_2=2Na_2CO_3+O_2}$。$\\mathrm{Na_2O_2}$ 兼具供氧与漂白（强氧化性）作用，用于潜水、呼吸面具。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H06-K01-2","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K01","question_type":"碳酸钠与碳酸氢钠的鉴别与比较","content":"不用其他试剂，如何区别 $\\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$ 与 $\\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$ 两种固体？二者热稳定性如何？","solution_method":"加热：分解出 $\\mathrm{CO_2}$（使澄清石灰水变浑浊）的是 $\\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$（$\\mathrm{2NaHCO_3\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}Na_2CO_3+CO_2\\uparrow+H_2O}$），$\\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$ 受热不分解。$\\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$ 热稳定性更强。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H06-K02-1","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K02","question_type":"铝及其化合物的两性（铝三角）转化","content":"向 $\\mathrm{AlCl_3}$ 溶液中逐滴加入 NaOH 溶液至过量，描述现象并写出相关离子方程式。","solution_method":"先产生白色沉淀：$\\mathrm{Al^{3+}+3OH^-=Al(OH)_3\\downarrow}$；NaOH 过量沉淀溶解：$\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3+OH^-=AlO_2^-+2H_2O}$（或 $\\mathrm{[Al(OH)_4]^-}$）。体现两性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H06-K03-1","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K03","question_type":"铁及其化合物的性质与Fe2+/Fe3+转化检验","content":"如何检验某溶液中是否含有 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$？并写出 $\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ 被 $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ 氧化的离子方程式。","solution_method":"加 $\\mathrm{KSCN}$ 溶液变血红色即含 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$。$\\mathrm{2Fe^{2+}+Cl_2=2Fe^{3+}+2Cl^-}$。$\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ 具还原性易被氧化为 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H06-K03-2","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K03","question_type":"铁及其化合物的性质与Fe2+/Fe3+转化检验","content":"用 $\\mathrm{Cu(OH)_2}$ 悬浊液检验醛基时涉及铁的哪一化合物作对比？简述生成砖红色沉淀的反应。","solution_method":"（关联）含醛基物质与新制 $\\mathrm{Cu(OH)_2}$ 在加热下生成砖红色 $\\mathrm{Cu_2O}$：$\\mathrm{RCHO+2Cu(OH)_2+NaOH\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}RCOONa+Cu_2O\\downarrow+3H_2O}$。此处为铜的化合物性质。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H06-K04-1","module_id":"H06","knowledge_point_id":"H06-K04","question_type":"铜及其化合物的性质","content":"写出 Cu 分别与浓硫酸、稀硝酸反应的化学方程式。","solution_method":"浓硫酸（加热）：$\\mathrm{Cu+2H_2SO_4(浓)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}CuSO_4+SO_2\\uparrow+2H_2O}$；稀硝酸：$\\mathrm{3Cu+8HNO_3(稀)=3Cu(NO_3)_2+2NO\\uparrow+4H_2O}$。体现 Cu 的还原性与酸的氧化性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H07-K01-1","module_id":"H07","knowledge_point_id":"H07-K01","question_type":"氯及其化合物的性质与制备","content":"实验室用 $\\mathrm{MnO_2}$ 与浓盐酸制 $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$，写出方程式并指出收集与尾气处理方法。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{MnO_2+4HCl(浓)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}MnCl_2+Cl_2\\uparrow+2H_2O}$。向上排空气法收集（密度大于空气）；多余 $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ 用 $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ 溶液吸收防污染。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H07-K02-1","module_id":"H07","knowledge_point_id":"H07-K02","question_type":"硫及其化合物的性质（SO2/浓硫酸）","content":"$\\mathrm{SO_2}$ 能使溴水褪色，体现了它的什么性质？写出反应方程式。","solution_method":"体现还原性：$\\mathrm{SO_2+Br_2+2H_2O=H_2SO_4+2HBr}$。注意与漂白性（与有色物质化合）不同，使溴水褪色是氧化还原反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H07-K03-1","module_id":"H07","knowledge_point_id":"H07-K03","question_type":"氮及其化合物的性质与转化（NH3/HNO3）","content":"写出氨的催化氧化反应方程式，并说明硝酸工业中 $\\mathrm{NO_2}$ 转化为 $\\mathrm{HNO_3}$ 的反应。","solution_method":"催化氧化：$\\mathrm{4NH_3+5O_2\\xrightarrow{催化剂,\\Delta}4NO+6H_2O}$；$\\mathrm{3NO_2+H_2O=2HNO_3+NO}$。工业上循环氧化吸收制硝酸。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H07-K03-2","module_id":"H07","knowledge_point_id":"H07-K03","question_type":"铵盐检验与氨的制备","content":"如何检验某固体为铵盐（如 $\\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$）？简述实验现象。","solution_method":"加 NaOH 溶液并加热，产生刺激性气味气体使湿润红色石蕊试纸变蓝，即 $\\mathrm{NH_3}$，证明含 $\\mathrm{NH_4^+}$：$\\mathrm{NH_4^++OH^-\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}NH_3\\uparrow+H_2O}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H07-K04-1","module_id":"H07","knowledge_point_id":"H07-K04","question_type":"硅及其化合物的性质","content":"写出 $\\mathrm{SiO_2}$ 与 $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ 溶液反应的化学方程式，并说明盛放 NaOH 的试剂瓶为何不能用玻璃塞。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{SiO_2+2NaOH=Na_2SiO_3+H_2O}$。生成的 $\\mathrm{Na_2SiO_3}$ 具粘性，会使玻璃塞与瓶口黏结，故用橡胶塞。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H08-K01-1","module_id":"H08","knowledge_point_id":"H08-K01","question_type":"烃的结构与性质（烷/烯/炔/苯）","content":"乙烯使溴水褪色的反应类型是什么？写出化学方程式。","solution_method":"加成反应：$\\mathrm{CH_2=CH_2+Br_2\\rightarrow CH_2Br-CH_2Br}$。区别于取代，双键打开、两个 Br 加成到两个碳上。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H08-K02-1","module_id":"H08","knowledge_point_id":"H08-K02","question_type":"官能团性质与特征反应","content":"乙酸与乙醇在浓硫酸催化下加热生成什么？写出酯化反应方程式，并说明浓硫酸作用。","solution_method":"生成乙酸乙酯：$\\mathrm{CH_3COOH+C_2H_5OH\\xrightarrow[\\Delta]{浓H_2SO_4}CH_3COOC_2H_5+H_2O}$。浓硫酸作催化剂与吸水剂，促进平衡右移。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H08-K03-1","module_id":"H08","knowledge_point_id":"H08-K03","question_type":"同分异构体数目与结构书写","content":"分子式为 $\\mathrm{C_4H_9Cl}$ 的卤代烃共有多少种同分异构体（不考虑立体异构）？","solution_method":"丁基（$\\mathrm{-C_4H_9}$）有 4 种碳骨架，故 $\\mathrm{C_4H_9Cl}$ 有 4 种（1-氯丁烷、2-氯丁烷、1-氯-2-甲基丙烷、2-氯-2-甲基丙烷）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H08-K04-1","module_id":"H08","knowledge_point_id":"H08-K04","question_type":"有机反应类型判断","content":"判断下列反应类型：①乙醇制乙烯 ②油脂制肥皂 ③乙醛制乙醇。","solution_method":"①消去反应（分子内脱水）；②皂化（水解/取代）；③还原反应（加氢，$\\mathrm{-CHO\\rightarrow -CH_2OH}$）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H08-K04-2","module_id":"H08","knowledge_point_id":"H08-K04","question_type":"有机推断与合成路线","content":"以乙烯为原料合成乙酸乙酯，给出合理路线（用反应条件箭头表示）。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{CH_2=CH_2\\xrightarrow{H_2O/催化剂}CH_3CH_2OH\\xrightarrow{[O]}CH_3CHO\\xrightarrow{[O]}CH_3COOH}$，再与乙醇酯化得 $\\mathrm{CH_3COOC_2H_5}$。依据官能团转化（烯→醇→醛→酸→酯）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H09-K01-1","module_id":"H09","knowledge_point_id":"H09-K01","question_type":"仪器识别与基本操作正误判断","content":"下列操作是否正确：①用温度计代替玻璃棒搅拌 ②用已灼热的坩埚直接放在桌面上 ③给试管中液体加热时液体不超过 1/3。","solution_method":"①错误（温度计不可作搅拌棒，易断）；②错误（应放在石棉网上冷却）；③正确（防液体溅出）。逐项依据基本操作规范判断。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H09-K02-1","module_id":"H09","knowledge_point_id":"H09-K02","question_type":"气体制备与装置连接","content":"实验室制取并收集干燥 $\\mathrm{NH_3}$，指出发生、干燥、收集装置及注意事项。","solution_method":"发生：固+固加热（$\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2+2NH_4Cl\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}CaCl_2+2NH_3\\uparrow+2H_2O}$）；干燥用碱石灰（不可用浓硫酸/P₂O₅）；向下排空气法收集（密度小于空气）；验满用湿润红色石蕊试纸。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H09-K03-1","module_id":"H09","knowledge_point_id":"H09-K03","question_type":"离子/物质检验与除杂分离","content":"如何检验某溶液中是否含 $\\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}$？","solution_method":"先加稀盐酸酸化（排除 $\\mathrm{CO_3^{2-}}$、$\\mathrm{Ag^+}$ 干扰），无沉淀后再加 $\\mathrm{BaCl_2}$ 溶液，产生白色 $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ 沉淀则含 $\\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}$。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-H09-K04-1","module_id":"H09","knowledge_point_id":"H09-K04","question_type":"中和滴定（原理/操作/误差）","content":"以已知浓度 NaOH 滴定未知浓度盐酸，若滴定前滴定管尖嘴有气泡、滴定后气泡消失，测得盐酸浓度偏高还是偏低？","solution_method":"气泡消失使读出的 $V_{标}(\\mathrm{NaOH})$ 偏大；由 $c_{待}=\\dfrac{c_{标}V_{标}}{V_{待}}$，$V_{标}$ 偏大使 $c_{待}$ 偏高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H09-K04-2","module_id":"H09","knowledge_point_id":"H09-K04","question_type":"实验方案设计与评价","content":"设计实验探究 $\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ 与 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$ 的还原性/氧化性相对强弱，写出步骤与结论。","solution_method":"向 $\\mathrm{FeCl_2}$ 中加 $\\mathrm{KSCN}$ 无血红色，再加新制氯水变红，证 $\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}$ 被氧化为 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$（还原性 $\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}>Cl^-}$）；向 $\\mathrm{FeCl_3}$ 加 KI-淀粉变蓝，证 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}$ 氧化 $\\mathrm{I^-}$（氧化性 $\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}>I_2}$）。遵循对照与单一变量。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H10-K01-1","module_id":"H10","knowledge_point_id":"H10-K01","question_type":"电子排布式与电离能/电负性判断","content":"写出 N（原子序数 7）的基态电子排布式与价电子排布，并说明其第一电离能比 O 大的原因。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{1s^22s^22p^3}$，价电子 $\\mathrm{2s^22p^3}$。N 的 2p 为半充满稳定结构，失电子较难，故第一电离能 N > O（ⅤA 反常）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H10-K02-1","module_id":"H10","knowledge_point_id":"H10-K02","question_type":"杂化方式与分子空间构型判断","content":"判断 $\\mathrm{CH_4}$、$\\mathrm{BF_3}$、$\\mathrm{NH_3}$、$\\mathrm{H_2O}$ 的中心原子杂化方式及空间构型。","solution_method":"中心原子价层电子对数：$\\mathrm{CH_4}$ 4 对→$\\mathrm{sp^3}$、正四面体；$\\mathrm{BF_3}$ 3 对→$\\mathrm{sp^2}$、平面三角形；$\\mathrm{NH_3}$ 4 对（1 孤对）→$\\mathrm{sp^3}$、三角锥；$\\mathrm{H_2O}$ 4 对（2 孤对）→$\\mathrm{sp^3}$、V 形。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H10-K02-2","module_id":"H10","knowledge_point_id":"H10-K02","question_type":"杂化方式与分子空间构型判断","content":"指出 $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ 与 $\\mathrm{C_2H_4}$ 中碳原子的杂化方式及分子极性。","solution_method":"$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ 中 C 为 sp 杂化、直线形、非极性分子；$\\mathrm{C_2H_4}$ 中 C 为 $\\mathrm{sp^2}$ 杂化、平面结构、含 $\\mathrm{C=C}$，整体非极性（对称）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-H10-K03-1","module_id":"H10","knowledge_point_id":"H10-K03","question_type":"晶体类型与晶胞计算（均摊法）","content":"NaCl 晶胞中 Na⁺ 位于顶点与面心、Cl⁻ 位于棱心与体心，用均摊法求一个晶胞含 Na⁺ 与 Cl⁻ 的数目。","solution_method":"顶点 8×1/8=1，面心 6×1/2=3，共 4 个 Na⁺；棱心 12×1/4=3，体心 1，共 4 个 Cl⁻。故晶胞含 4 个 $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ 单元，配位数 6。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-H10-K04-1","module_id":"H10","knowledge_point_id":"H10-K04","question_type":"配合物的组成与成键","content":"指出配合物 $\\mathrm{[Cu(NH_3)_4]SO_4}$ 的中心原子、配体、配位数及内界。","solution_method":"中心原子 $\\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$，配体 $\\mathrm{NH_3}$（提供孤电子对），配位数 4，内界 $\\mathrm{[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}}$，外界 $\\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}}$。配位键由 N 提供孤对电子、Cu 提供空轨道形成。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"高中生物","metadata":{"subject":"高中生物","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"B01","name":"细胞的结构与功能","book":"必修1《分子与细胞》第三、四章（细胞的基本结构、细胞的物质输入和输出）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B01-K01","name":"细胞膜的结构与功能","key_content":"流动镶嵌模型：磷脂双分子层为骨架，蛋白质镶嵌/贯穿/覆盖，外侧糖被（糖蛋白/糖脂）；结构特点流动性、功能特点选择透过性；功能（边界、控制物质进出、信息交流）。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞膜成分与结构模型判断"},{"type":"细胞膜的功能与实验分析(选择透过性/信息交流)"}]},{"id":"B01-K02","name":"细胞器与生物膜系统","key_content":"线粒体（有氧呼吸主场所）、叶绿体（光合作用）、内质网（蛋白质加工/脂质合成）、高尔基体（加工分类包装）、核糖体（蛋白质合成）、溶酶体、液泡、中心体；分泌蛋白：核糖体→内质网→高尔基体→细胞膜（线粒体供能）；生物膜系统（细胞膜+细胞器膜+核膜）。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞器的结构与功能辨识"},{"type":"分泌蛋白的合成与分泌(同位素标记)"},{"type":"生物膜系统"}]},{"id":"B01-K03","name":"细胞核的结构与功能","key_content":"核膜（双层膜、核孔）、核仁（rRNA合成与核糖体组装）、染色质（DNA+蛋白质，与染色体为同种物质不同时期存在形式）；功能（遗传信息库、代谢与遗传的控制中心）；核孔具选择性。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞核结构辨析(核孔/染色质/核仁)"},{"type":"细胞核功能实验(伞藻嫁接、核移植)"}]},{"id":"B01-K04","name":"物质进出细胞的方式","key_content":"被动运输（自由扩散、协助扩散，顺浓度梯度、不需能量）；主动运输（逆浓度、需载体需能量，体现选择透过性）；胞吞胞吐（依赖膜流动性、耗能、运输大分子）。","question_types":[{"type":"跨膜运输方式判断(自由/协助/主动)"},{"type":"影响主动运输的因素(能量/载体)"}]},{"id":"B01-K05","name":"原核细胞与真核细胞","key_content":"原核细胞（无核膜包被的细胞核、拟核、核糖体为唯一细胞器、细胞壁成分为肽聚糖，如细菌、蓝藻）；真核细胞（有核膜）；统一性（都有细胞膜、核糖体、DNA）；病毒无细胞结构、必须寄生生活。","question_types":[{"type":"原核细胞与真核细胞比较"},{"type":"病毒与细胞结构"}]}]},{"id":"B02","name":"细胞代谢","book":"必修1《分子与细胞》第一、二、五章（组成细胞的分子、酶和ATP、细胞呼吸、光合作用）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B02-K01","name":"细胞的分子组成","key_content":"蛋白质（氨基酸脱水缩合、肽键数=氨基酸数-肽链数、结构多样性）；核酸（DNA/RNA组成与鉴定，甲基绿吡罗红）；糖类（单糖/二糖/多糖）与脂质（脂肪储能、磷脂膜结构、固醇）；水（自由水/结合水）与无机盐。","question_types":[{"type":"蛋白质的结构与功能"},{"type":"核酸、糖类与脂质"},{"type":"水与无机盐"}]},{"id":"B02-K02","name":"酶与ATP","key_content":"酶本质（绝大多数为蛋白质，少数为RNA）；特性（高效性、专一性、作用条件温和）；酶活性受温度/pH影响；ATP（A-P~P~P，两个高能磷酸键）与ADP快速相互转化供能。","question_types":[{"type":"酶的本质与特性(高效/专一/温和)"},{"type":"酶促反应影响因素"},{"type":"ATP的结构与功能"}]},{"id":"B02-K03","name":"细胞呼吸","key_content":"有氧呼吸三阶段（细胞质基质：葡萄糖→丙酮酸+[H]+少量ATP；线粒体基质：丙酮酸+H2O→CO2+[H]；线粒体内膜：[H]+O2→H2O+大量ATP）；无氧呼吸（酒精+CO2 或 乳酸）；影响因素（O2、温度、含水量）。","question_types":[{"type":"有氧呼吸的过程与场所"},{"type":"无氧呼吸(酒精/乳酸发酵)"},{"type":"细胞呼吸的影响因素与实验"}]},{"id":"B02-K04","name":"光合作用","key_content":"光合色素（叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素，吸收红光蓝紫光）；色素提取分离实验；光反应（类囊体薄膜：H2O光解、ATP/NADPH生成）与暗反应（基质：CO2固定为C3、C3还原）；影响因素（光照、CO2、温度）。","question_types":[{"type":"光合色素的提取与分离"},{"type":"光反应与暗反应的过程"},{"type":"光合作用的影响因素"}]}]},{"id":"B03","name":"细胞的生命历程","book":"必修1《分子与细胞》第六章（细胞的生命历程）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B03-K01","name":"细胞周期与有丝分裂","key_content":"细胞周期（连续分裂细胞的分裂间期+分裂期，间期长）；有丝分裂各期特征（间期DNA复制、前期核膜核仁消失出现纺锤体染色体、中期染色体排列赤道板、后期着丝点分裂姐妹染色单体分开、末期重建）；观察根尖分生区。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞周期的概念与图象"},{"type":"有丝分裂各时期特征(尤其染色体行为)"},{"type":"有丝分裂曲线与实验(观察根尖)"}]},{"id":"B03-K02","name":"减数分裂与配子形成","key_content":"减数第一次分裂（同源染色体联会成四分体、后期同源分离非同源自由组合）；减数第二次分裂（类似有丝分裂，着丝点分裂）；精子（均等分裂形成4个）与卵细胞（不均等分裂形成1个卵+3极体）形成比较。","question_types":[{"type":"减数分裂过程与图象(染色体行为)"},{"type":"精子与卵细胞形成比较"},{"type":"减数分裂中染色体/DNA数目变化"}]},{"id":"B03-K03","name":"细胞的分化、衰老与凋亡","key_content":"细胞分化（实质为基因选择性表达，遗传物质不变，具普遍性、持久性、不可逆性）；细胞衰老特征（水分减少、酶活性降低、色素积累、核体积增大）；细胞凋亡（由基因决定、对个体发育有利）。","question_types":[{"type":"细胞分化的实质与特点"},{"type":"细胞衰老与凋亡的特征及意义"}]},{"id":"B03-K04","name":"细胞癌变","key_content":"癌细胞特征（无限增殖、形态结构改变、表面糖蛋白减少使黏着性降低易扩散转移）；致癌因子（物理/化学/病毒）；原癌基因（调节细胞周期）与抑癌基因（阻止异常增殖）突变导致癌变。","question_types":[{"type":"癌细胞的主要特征"},{"type":"致癌因子与防癌"}]}]},{"id":"B04","name":"遗传的基本规律","book":"必修2《遗传与进化》第一、二章（遗传因子的发现、基因和染色体的关系）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B04-K01","name":"分离定律","key_content":"孟德尔豌豆杂交实验；分离定律实质（减数分裂时等位基因随同源染色体分开进入不同配子）；显隐性判断；基因型与表现型推断；杂合子连续自交后代纯合子比例按 $1/2^n$ 递增。","question_types":[{"type":"分离定律的实质与验证(豌豆杂交)"},{"type":"基因型与表现型推断(显隐性判断)"},{"type":"概率计算(1/2^n、自交)"}]},{"id":"B04-K02","name":"自由组合定律","key_content":"自由组合定律实质（减数分裂时非同源染色体上的非等位基因自由组合）；双杂合子自交表现型比9:3:3:1；基因型推断用分支法/棋盘法；特殊比例（致死、累加、互补）为9:3:3:1的变式。","question_types":[{"type":"自由组合定律的实质(9:3:3:1)"},{"type":"遗传题基因型推断(分支法/棋盘法)"},{"type":"致死与特殊比例"}]},{"id":"B04-K03","name":"伴性遗传","key_content":"伴X隐性遗传（男性患者多于女性、交叉遗传、女病父子必病，如红绿色盲）；伴X显性遗传（女性患者多于男性、男病母女必病）；伴Y遗传（父传子）；细胞质遗传（母系遗传）。","question_types":[{"type":"伴X隐性/显性遗传的特点"},{"type":"系谱图判断遗传方式"},{"type":"伴性遗传与常染色体遗传辨析"}]}]},{"id":"B05","name":"遗传的分子基础","book":"必修2《遗传与进化》第三、四章（DNA分子的结构、基因的表达）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B05-K01","name":"DNA分子的结构","key_content":"双螺旋结构（反向平行双链、磷酸-脱氧核糖交替构成外侧骨架、碱基互补配对A=T、G≡C在内侧靠氢键连接）；碱基数量关系（A=T、G=C，嘌呤数=嘧啶数=总碱基数一半）；多样性与特异性。","question_types":[{"type":"DNA双螺旋结构特点"},{"type":"DNA分子的多样性和特异性"}]},{"id":"B05-K02","name":"DNA的复制","key_content":"半保留复制（以解旋后的两条母链为模板，按碱基互补配对合成子链）；需要模板、原料、酶（解旋酶、DNA聚合酶）、能量；同位素标记（15N/14N密度梯度离心）证明半保留。","question_types":[{"type":"DNA半保留复制的过程与特点"},{"type":"同位素标记(15N/14N)实验分析"}]},{"id":"B05-K03","name":"基因的表达（转录与翻译）","key_content":"转录（主要在细胞核，以DNA一条链为模板合成mRNA，需RNA聚合酶，碱基U替T）；翻译（mRNA上每3个碱基为1密码子决定1氨基酸，tRNA反密码子识别，核糖体上脱水缩合）；中心法则（DNA→RNA→蛋白质，及逆转录、RNA复制）。","question_types":[{"type":"转录的过程与特点"},{"type":"翻译的过程与密码子"},{"type":"中心法则"}]},{"id":"B05-K04","name":"基因表达的相关数量关系","key_content":"碱基数数量关系：$DNA_{碱基数}:RNA_{碱基数}:氨基酸数=6:3:1$（不考虑终止密码子）；DNA复制n次产生 $2^n$ 个DNA分子，含最初母链的始终2个。","question_types":[{"type":"DNA:RNA:氨基酸=6:3:1计算"},{"type":"复制与表达中的碱基数计算"}]}]},{"id":"B06","name":"变异、育种与进化","book":"必修2《遗传与进化》第五、六章（基因突变及其他变异、生物的进化）+ 选择性必修3 育种","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B06-K01","name":"基因突变与基因重组","key_content":"基因突变（DNA分子中碱基对增添/缺失/替换导致基因结构改变，具低频性、随机性、不定向性、多害少利性）；基因重组（减数第一次分裂后期非同源自由组合、四分体时期交叉互换）。","question_types":[{"type":"基因突变的概念与特点"},{"type":"基因重组的类型"}]},{"id":"B06-K02","name":"染色体变异","key_content":"染色体结构变异（缺失、重复、倒位、易位）与数目变异；单倍体（由配子发育，可能含多个染色体组）、多倍体（≥3个染色体组，茎粗叶大营养物质多）；秋水仙素/低温抑制纺锤体形成使染色体加倍。","question_types":[{"type":"染色体结构/数目变异"},{"type":"单倍体与多倍体"}]},{"id":"B06-K03","name":"育种","key_content":"杂交育种（基因重组，连续自交选育，年限长）；诱变育种（基因突变，提高变异率）；单倍体育种（花药离体培养+秋水仙素，明显缩短年限）；多倍体育种；基因工程育种（定向改造）。","question_types":[{"type":"杂交育种与诱变育种"},{"type":"单倍体/多倍体育种"},{"type":"基因工程育种"}]},{"id":"B06-K04","name":"现代生物进化理论","key_content":"种群是进化基本单位，进化实质是种群基因频率改变；基因频率计算；哈迪-温伯格平衡 $(p+q)^2=p^2+2pq+q^2$；突变和基因重组提供原材料、自然选择决定方向、隔离（地理/生殖）导致物种形成，生殖隔离是新物种标志。","question_types":[{"type":"种群基因频率的计算"},{"type":"哈迪-温伯格定律"},{"type":"隔离与物种形成"}]}]},{"id":"B07","name":"动物生命活动的调节","book":"选择性必修1《稳态与调节》第一、二、三章（内环境与稳态、神经、体液、免疫）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B07-K01","name":"内环境稳态","key_content":"内环境（血浆、组织液、淋巴，及细胞内液）组成与物质交换（血浆↔组织液↔细胞内液，淋巴单向回血浆）；稳态是理化性质动态平衡，由神经-体液-免疫调节网络维持。","question_types":[{"type":"内环境组成与相互关系"},{"type":"稳态的调节与意义"}]},{"id":"B07-K02","name":"神经调节","key_content":"反射与反射弧（感受器→传入神经→神经中枢→传出神经→效应器，反射需完整反射弧）；静息电位（外正内负，K+外流）与动作电位（外负内正，Na+内流）；突触传递（电信号→化学信号→电信号，单向）。","question_types":[{"type":"反射与反射弧"},{"type":"兴奋在神经纤维上的传导"},{"type":"兴奋在突触间的传递"}]},{"id":"B07-K03","name":"体液调节","key_content":"激素调节（微量高效、通过体液运输、作用于靶器官靶细胞）；血糖平衡（胰岛素降血糖、胰高血糖素升血糖，拮抗）；甲状腺激素分级调节与负反馈；体温与水盐平衡调节。","question_types":[{"type":"激素调节(甲状腺激素、血糖)"},{"type":"血糖平衡调节"},{"type":"体温与水盐平衡"}]},{"id":"B07-K04","name":"免疫调节","key_content":"非特异性免疫（第一、二道防线）与特异性免疫（第三道防线）；体液免疫（抗原→B细胞→浆细胞→抗体）与细胞免疫（T细胞→效应T细胞→裂解靶细胞）；二次免疫、疫苗、免疫失调。","question_types":[{"type":"免疫系统的组成与非特异性免疫"},{"type":"特异性免疫(体液/细胞免疫)"},{"type":"免疫失调与免疫学应用"}]}]},{"id":"B08","name":"植物激素调节","book":"选择性必修1《稳态与调节》第五章（植物生命活动的调节）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B08-K01","name":"生长素的发现与作用","key_content":"发现实验（达尔文、鲍森·詹森、拜尔、温特：感光在尖端、弯曲在尖端下部、尖端产生促进生长物质即生长素）；极性运输（形态学上端→下端，主动运输）；两重性（低浓度促进、高浓度抑制，顶端优势、根的向地性）。","question_types":[{"type":"生长素的发现实验(达尔文、温特)"},{"type":"生长素的运输(极性)与作用特点(两重性)"}]},{"id":"B08-K02","name":"其他植物激素","key_content":"五大类激素：生长素（促生长）、赤霉素（促细胞伸长）、细胞分裂素（促细胞分裂）、脱落酸（促衰老脱落、抑制生长）、乙烯（促果实成熟）；激素间协同与拮抗（生长素与乙烯、赤霉素与脱落酸）。","question_types":[{"type":"五大类植物激素的功能"},{"type":"植物激素间的相互关系"}]},{"id":"B08-K03","name":"生长素生理作用及探究","key_content":"向性运动（向光性：单侧光使生长素分布不均；根的向地性：重力使近地侧生长素多而抑制）；探究生长素类似物促进扦插枝条生根的最适浓度（预实验确定范围、设置浓度梯度）。","question_types":[{"type":"向性运动(向光/向地/背地)"},{"type":"探究生长素类似物促进生根的最适浓度"}]}]},{"id":"B09","name":"生物与环境","book":"选择性必修2《生物与环境》（种群、群落、生态系统、生态环境的保护）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B09-K01","name":"种群","key_content":"种群数量特征（种群密度、出生率/死亡率、迁入率/迁出率、年龄组成、性别比例）；数量变化（J型：理想条件无K，指数增长；S型：资源有限有K，逻辑斯谛增长，K/2时增长速率最大）。","question_types":[{"type":"种群的数量特征"},{"type":"种群数量变化('J'型与'S'型)"},{"type":"K值与种群增长"}]},{"id":"B09-K02","name":"群落","key_content":"物种组成（丰富度）；种间关系（竞争、捕食、寄生、互利共生）；空间结构（垂直分层、水平镶嵌）；群落演替（初生演替无土壤、次生演替保留土壤，方向一般为草本→灌木→森林）。","question_types":[{"type":"群落的物种组成与种间关系"},{"type":"群落的空间结构"},{"type":"群落的演替"}]},{"id":"B09-K03","name":"生态系统","key_content":"组成成分（生产者、消费者、分解者、非生物的物质和能量）；营养结构（食物链、食物网，从生产者开始）；能量流动（单向流动、逐级递减，传递效率10%~20%）；物质循环（碳循环，形式CO2）；信息传递（物理/化学/行为）。","question_types":[{"type":"生态系统的结构(成分、食物链食物网)"},{"type":"能量流动"},{"type":"物质循环与信息传递"}]},{"id":"B09-K04","name":"生态系统的稳定性与生态保护","key_content":"抵抗力稳定性（组分越多、营养结构越复杂越强）与恢复力稳定性（一般与抵抗力相反）；生物多样性价值（直接/间接/潜在）；保护措施（就地保护即建立自然保护区最有效）。","question_types":[{"type":"生态系统的稳定性(抵抗力/恢复力)"},{"type":"生物多样性与生态保护"}]}]},{"id":"B10","name":"生物技术实践与现代生物科技","book":"选择性必修3《生物技术与工程》（发酵工程、细胞工程、基因工程、胚胎工程）","knowledge_points":[{"id":"B10-K01","name":"发酵工程","key_content":"传统发酵（果酒：酵母菌无氧、约20℃；果醋：醋酸菌有氧、30~35℃；腐乳：毛霉）；微生物培养（培养基成分、无菌技术，灭菌与消毒区别、高压蒸汽灭菌）。","question_types":[{"type":"传统发酵技术(果酒、果醋、腐乳)"},{"type":"微生物的培养与利用"}]},{"id":"B10-K02","name":"细胞工程","key_content":"植物细胞工程（植物组织培养：外植体→愈伤组织脱分化→再分化→植株，原理全能性；植物体细胞杂交）；动物细胞工程（动物细胞培养、核移植/克隆、单克隆抗体）。","question_types":[{"type":"植物细胞工程(组织培养、体细胞杂交)"},{"type":"动物细胞培养与核移植"},{"type":"单克隆抗体"}]},{"id":"B10-K03","name":"基因工程","key_content":"工具（限制酶切特定序列、DNA连接酶连磷酸二酯键、载体如质粒需标记基因和复制原点）；基本步骤（获取目的基因→构建表达载体→导入受体细胞→检测与鉴定）；PCR（高温变性-复性-延伸，Taq酶，指数扩增 $2^n$）。","question_types":[{"type":"基因工程的工具(限制酶、DNA连接酶、载体)"},{"type":"基因工程的基本步骤"},{"type":"PCR与DNA重组"}]},{"id":"B10-K04","name":"胚胎工程","key_content":"体外受精（超数排卵、获能、体外受精）与早期胚胎培养；胚胎移植（将早期胚胎移入同期发情受体）；胚胎分割（桑葚胚/囊胚期，内细胞团均分，得同卵双胎）；胚胎干细胞具发育全能性。","question_types":[{"type":"体外受精与早期胚胎培养"},{"type":"胚胎移植与胚胎分割"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-B01-K01-1","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K01","question_type":"细胞膜成分与结构模型判断","content":"下列关于细胞膜流动镶嵌模型的描述，哪一项正确？判断蛋白质分布、磷脂双分子层骨架与糖被位置。","solution_method":"流动镶嵌模型要点：磷脂双分子层构成膜的基本支架（具流动性），蛋白质分子镶嵌、贯穿或覆盖于其中，糖被（糖蛋白）只分布于细胞膜外表面；胆固醇维持膜流动性稳定。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B01-K01-2","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K01","question_type":"细胞膜的功能与实验分析(选择透过性/信息交流)","content":"用台盼蓝染液处理动物细胞，活细胞不着色而死细胞被染成蓝色，说明什么？","solution_method":"活细胞的细胞膜具有选择透过性，能阻止台盼蓝等染料进入；死细胞细胞膜失去选择透过性，染料进入而着色，可用于鉴别细胞死活。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B01-K02-1","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K02","question_type":"细胞器的结构与功能辨识","content":"指出含色素的细胞器及具双层膜的细胞器，并说明叶绿体和液泡色素的区别。","solution_method":"含色素的细胞器为叶绿体（含叶绿素、类胡萝卜素）和液泡（含花青素）；具双层膜的有线粒体、叶绿体；叶绿体色素参与光合作用，液泡色素主要与花色果实颜色有关。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B01-K02-2","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K02","question_type":"分泌蛋白的合成与分泌(同位素标记)","content":"用3H标记亮氨酸研究分泌蛋白合成运输，放射性依次出现在哪些结构？","solution_method":"分泌蛋白合成运输途径：核糖体（合成肽链）→内质网（加工、折叠、糖基化）→高尔基体（分类、包装、运输）→囊泡→细胞膜（胞吐）；全程由线粒体供能；放射性出现顺序为核糖体→内质网→高尔基体→细胞膜。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B01-K02-3","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K02","question_type":"生物膜系统","content":"生物膜系统由哪些膜构成？其在代谢中的作用是什么？","solution_method":"生物膜系统包括细胞膜、细胞器膜和核膜；它为多种酶提供附着位点，使细胞内各种化学反应区室化、高效有序进行，并参与物质运输与信息传递。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B01-K03-1","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K03","question_type":"细胞核结构辨析(核孔/染色质/核仁)","content":"辨析核孔、核仁、染色质的功能，并说明核孔是否允许任意大分子自由通过。","solution_method":"核孔实现核质之间的频繁物质交换和信息交流（具选择性，大分子如mRNA、蛋白质主动运输通过）；核仁与rRNA合成及核糖体组装有关；染色质主要由DNA和蛋白质组成，是遗传信息的载体，与染色体为同种物质不同时期的存在形式。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B01-K03-2","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K03","question_type":"细胞核功能实验(伞藻嫁接、核移植)","content":"伞藻嫁接与核移植实验可得出什么结论？","solution_method":"伞藻“帽”的形态由细胞核控制；将一种伞藻的细胞核移植到另一种去核细胞中，长出的“帽”与提供细胞核的一方相同，说明细胞核是遗传和代谢的控制中心。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B01-K04-1","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K04","question_type":"跨膜运输方式判断(自由/协助/主动)","content":"根据坐标图（浓度梯度、是否需载体、是否耗能）判断自由扩散、协助扩散、主动运输。","solution_method":"顺浓度、不需载体和能量为自由扩散（如O2、CO2、水、甘油）；顺浓度、需载体为协助扩散（如葡萄糖进红细胞）；逆浓度、需载体和能量为主动运输（如小肠吸收葡萄糖、氨基酸、离子）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B01-K04-2","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K04","question_type":"影响主动运输的因素(能量/载体)","content":"分析O2浓度、温度、载体数量对主动运输速率的影响曲线。","solution_method":"主动运输消耗能量，故O2浓度（影响呼吸供能）和温度（影响载体蛋白活性）均影响速率；速率还受载体数量限制，存在饱和值；低温抑制、高温使载体蛋白变性失活。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B01-K05-1","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K05","question_type":"原核细胞与真核细胞比较","content":"比较原核细胞与真核细胞在细胞核、细胞器、细胞壁成分上的主要区别。","solution_method":"原核细胞无核膜包被的成形细胞核（有拟核），只有核糖体一种细胞器，细胞壁成分为肽聚糖；真核细胞有核膜包被的细胞核，具多种复杂细胞器；二者均以DNA为遗传物质，共有细胞膜和核糖体，体现统一性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B01-K05-2","module_id":"B01","knowledge_point_id":"B01-K05","question_type":"病毒与细胞结构","content":"病毒与细胞结构生物相比有何特点？其增殖方式是什么？","solution_method":"病毒无细胞结构，仅由核酸（DNA或RNA）和蛋白质衣壳（部分有囊膜）构成，不能独立代谢，必须寄生在活细胞内利用宿主原料和场所增殖。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B02-K01-1","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K01","question_type":"蛋白质的结构与功能","content":"某多肽由51个氨基酸形成2条肽链，求其肽键数、脱去水分子数及相对分子质量减少量。","solution_method":"肽键数=氨基酸数-肽链数=51-2=49；脱去水分子数=肽键数=49；相对分子质量减少量=49×18=882。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K01-2","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K01","question_type":"核酸、糖类与脂质","content":"比较DNA与RNA在五碳糖、碱基组成上的差异，并说明甲基绿吡罗红染色结果。","solution_method":"DNA含脱氧核糖、碱基A/T/C/G；RNA含核糖、碱基A/U/C/G；甲基绿使DNA呈绿色（主要分布在细胞核），吡罗红使RNA呈红色（主要分布在细胞质）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B02-K01-3","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K01","question_type":"水与无机盐","content":"自由水/结合水比值与代谢、抗逆性的关系如何？举例说明无机盐的功能。","solution_method":"自由水比例越高代谢越旺盛、抗逆性越弱；结合水比例升高增强抗逆性。无机盐功能如Mg2+是叶绿素成分、Fe2+是血红蛋白成分、血钙过低抽搐、HCO3-维持酸碱平衡。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B02-K02-1","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K02","question_type":"酶的本质与特性(高效/专一/温和)","content":"设计实验说明酶具有高效性和专一性。","solution_method":"高效性：比较过氧化氢酶与Fe3+催化H2O2分解的速率，酶催化效率远高于无机催化剂；专一性：用淀汾酶分别作用于淀粉和蔗糖，加斐林试剂检测，仅淀粉组出现砖红色沉淀，说明一种酶催化一种或一类反应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K02-2","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K02","question_type":"酶促反应影响因素","content":"绘制并解释温度、pH对酶活性的影响曲线。","solution_method":"在最适温度、最适pH处酶活性最高；高温使酶空间结构破坏而永久失活（曲线下降不恢复），低温只抑制活性（可恢复）；过酸过碱同样使酶变性失活。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K02-3","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K02","question_type":"ATP的结构与功能","content":"写出ATP的结构简式并说明其供能特点。","solution_method":"ATP结构简式为A-P~P~P，含两个高能磷酸键；远离A的高能磷酸键易水解断裂释放能量供生命活动，ATP与ADP快速相互转化，是细胞内的直接能源物质。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B02-K03-1","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K03","question_type":"有氧呼吸的过程与场所","content":"写出有氧呼吸三个阶段的场所、反应物、产物及产能情况。","solution_method":"第一阶段（细胞质基质）：葡萄糖→2丙酮酸+4[H]+少量ATP；第二阶段（线粒体基质）：2丙酮酸+6H2O→6CO2+20[H]+少量ATP；第三阶段（线粒体内膜）：24[H]+6O2→12H2O+大量ATP。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K03-2","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K03","question_type":"无氧呼吸(酒精/乳酸发酵)","content":"酵母菌和乳酸菌、以及土豆块茎在缺氧条件下的呼吸产物分别是什么？","solution_method":"酵母菌、大多数植物细胞缺氧进行酒精发酵产酒精+CO2；乳酸菌、动物细胞和马铃薯块茎缺氧进行乳酸发酵产乳酸；二者均只在第一阶段释放少量能量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K03-3","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K03","question_type":"细胞呼吸的影响因素与实验","content":"如何贮存粮食和蔬菜以减少有机物消耗？","solution_method":"降低细胞呼吸速率：粮食应低温、低氧、干燥贮存；蔬菜瓜果需低温、低氧并一定湿度（避免干燥失水），抑制呼吸同时保鲜。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K04-1","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K04","question_type":"光合色素的提取与分离","content":"色素提取与分离实验中各试剂作用及滤纸条上四条色素带顺序。","solution_method":"无水乙醇溶解提取色素；SiO2助研磨；CaCO3防止叶绿素被破坏；层析液分离色素。滤纸条从上到下依次为胡萝卜素（橙黄）、叶黄素（黄）、叶绿素a（蓝绿）、叶绿素b（黄绿），色素在层析液中溶解度高的扩散快。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B02-K04-2","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K04","question_type":"光反应与暗反应的过程","content":"说明光反应与暗反应的场所、物质变化和能量变化及二者联系。","solution_method":"光反应在类囊体薄膜：H2O光解产生O2和[H]（NADPH）、ADP+Pi合成ATP；暗反应在基质：CO2与C5固定生成C3，C3在[H]、ATP和酶作用下还原为糖类并再生C5；光反应为暗反应提供[H]和ATP。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B02-K04-3","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K04","question_type":"光合作用的影响因素","content":"突然停止光照，短时间内C3、C5、[H]、ATP的含量分别如何变化？","solution_method":"停止光照→光反应停止→[H]、ATP下降；C3因还原受阻而积累上升，C5因再生受阻且仍被消耗而下降；若增加CO2供应则C3上升、C5下降。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B02-K04-4","module_id":"B02","knowledge_point_id":"B02-K04","question_type":"光合作用的影响因素","content":"从光合作用影响因素角度，提出冬季大棚增产的措施并说明理由。","solution_method":"措施：补充光照（增强光反应）、提高CO2浓度（如通风或施气肥，促进暗反应）、增大昼夜温差（白天适温促光合、夜间低温抑呼吸）、合理密植（改善通风透光）；综合提高净光合积累。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B03-K01-1","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K01","question_type":"细胞周期的概念与图象","content":"判断哪些细胞具有细胞周期，并说明细胞周期的组成。","solution_method":"只有连续分裂的细胞才有细胞周期（如根尖分生区、皮肤生发层）；细胞周期=分裂间期（时间长，进行DNA复制和有关蛋白质合成）+分裂期（时间短）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B03-K01-2","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K01","question_type":"有丝分裂各时期特征(尤其染色体行为)","content":"某植物细胞（2n=4）有丝分裂后期染色体、DNA数目各多少？","solution_method":"间期DNA复制后染色体数仍为4、DNA数为8；后期着丝点分裂，姐妹染色单体分开成为独立染色体，染色体数暂时加倍为8，核DNA仍为8；末期结束恢复为4条染色体。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B03-K01-3","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K01","question_type":"有丝分裂曲线与实验(观察根尖)","content":"观察根尖分生区有丝分裂实验中解离、漂洗、染色、制片的目的分别是什么？","solution_method":"解离用盐酸和酒精使组织中的细胞相互分离开并杀死固定；漂洗洗去解离液防止过度解离并利于染色；染色用龙胆紫或醋酸洋红使染色体着色；制片使细胞分散成单层便于观察；分生区细胞呈正方形、排列紧密。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B03-K02-1","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K02","question_type":"减数分裂过程与图象(染色体行为)","content":"如何根据图象判断该细胞处于减数第一次分裂还是减数第二次分裂？","solution_method":"减数第一次分裂各期细胞含同源染色体，前期发生联会形成四分体、后期同源染色体分离非同源自由组合；减数第二次分裂细胞中无同源染色体，类似有丝分裂，后期着丝点分裂。看有无同源染色体及是否发生联会、同源分离是判断关键。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B03-K02-2","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K02","question_type":"精子与卵细胞形成比较","content":"精原细胞与卵原细胞减数分裂在分裂方式上有何不同？","solution_method":"一个精原细胞经减数分裂形成4个均等的有功能的精子；一个卵原细胞经减数分裂形成1个大的卵细胞和3个小的极体（不均等分裂），极体最终退化，故卵细胞形成过程中细胞质不均等分配。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B03-K02-3","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K02","question_type":"减数分裂中染色体/DNA数目变化","content":"二倍体生物（2n）减数分裂过程中染色体和核DNA数目如何变化？","solution_method":"减Ⅰ前、中染色体2n、DNA4n；减Ⅰ末同源分离，子细胞染色体、DNA均减半（n、2n）；减Ⅱ后期着丝点分裂染色体暂时为2n，末期结束形成配子为n、DNA为n；DNA复制一次、细胞分裂两次，配子染色体数为体细胞一半。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B03-K03-1","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K03","question_type":"细胞分化的实质与特点","content":"同一个体的神经细胞与心肌细胞遗传物质是否相同？为何形态功能不同？","solution_method":"相同；细胞分化过程中遗传物质不变，其实质是基因的选择性表达，不同细胞中表达的基因不同，合成特异性蛋白质，导致形态、结构和功能差异。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B03-K03-2","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K03","question_type":"细胞衰老与凋亡的特征及意义","content":"列举细胞衰老的特征，并说明细胞凋亡与细胞坏死的区别。","solution_method":"衰老特征：细胞内水分减少、细胞萎缩、代谢减慢，多种酶活性降低，色素积累，细胞核体积增大、染色质收缩；细胞凋亡是由基因决定的编程性死亡，对个体发育有利，属于正常生理过程；细胞坏死是不利因素引起的病理性死亡。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B03-K04-1","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K04","question_type":"癌细胞的主要特征","content":"癌细胞为何容易在体内分散和转移？","solution_method":"癌细胞表面糖蛋白等物质减少，使细胞间黏着性降低，易于扩散和转移；同时癌细胞能无限增殖、形态结构发生显著变化。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B03-K04-2","module_id":"B03","knowledge_point_id":"B03-K04","question_type":"致癌因子与防癌","content":"原癌基因与抑癌基因发生突变后会导致什么后果？举出几类致癌因子。","solution_method":"原癌基因负责调节细胞周期，抑癌基因阻止细胞不正常增殖；二者发生突变导致正常细胞的生长和分裂失控而癌变；致癌因子包括物理致癌因子（紫外线、X射线）、化学致癌因子（亚硝胺、黄曲霉毒素）、病毒致癌因子（某些病毒）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K01-1","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K01","question_type":"分离定律的实质与验证(豌豆杂交)","content":"如何验证分离定律（F1产生配子的种类及比例）？","solution_method":"用测交法：让F1（杂合子）与隐性纯合子杂交，若后代显性:隐性=1:1，说明F1产生两种比例相等的配子，直接证明等位基因在形成配子时彼此分离。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B04-K01-2","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K01","question_type":"基因型与表现型推断(显隐性判断)","content":"具有相对性状的纯合亲本杂交，子一代表现一种性状；子一代自交后代表现型出现3:1，如何判断显隐性？","solution_method":"具相对性状亲本杂交，子一代表现的性状为显性；子一代自交后代出现性状分离，则子一代性状（分离比中占3/4者）为显性，新出现的为隐性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K01-3","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K01","question_type":"概率计算(1/2^n、自交)","content":"杂合子（Aa）连续自交n代，子代中杂合子比例是多少？","solution_method":"杂合子连续自交，每代杂合子比例减半，自交n代后杂合子比例为 $(1/2)^n$，纯合子比例为 $1-(1/2)^n$；据此可推算子代基因型及概率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K01-4","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K01","question_type":"概率计算(1/2^n、自交)","content":"基因型为Aa的豌豆连续自交3代后，子代中纯合子的比例是多少？","solution_method":"杂合子比例按 $(1/2)^n$ 递减，自交3代杂合子比例为 $(1/2)^3=1/8$，故纯合子比例=1-1/8=7/8。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K02-1","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K02","question_type":"自由组合定律的实质(9:3:3:1)","content":"双杂合子（YyRr）自交，后代为何出现9:3:3:1的表现型比例？","solution_method":"两对基因独立遗传，每对均按分离定律产生3:1，组合得(3:1)×(3:1)=9:3:3:1；实质是减数分裂时非同源染色体上的非等位基因自由组合。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K02-2","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K02","question_type":"遗传题基因型推断(分支法/棋盘法)","content":"已知双亲基因型YyRr×Yyrr，用分支法求子代基因型与表现型比例。","solution_method":"分解为两对分离：Yy×Yy→1YY:2Yy:1yy（表现型3黄:1绿），Rr×rr→1Rr:1rr（表现型1圆:1皱）；两对相乘得子代表现型比例为黄圆:黄皱:绿圆:绿皱=3:3:1:1。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K02-3","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K02","question_type":"致死与特殊比例","content":"F2出现9:3:4或12:3:1等特殊比例，应如何分析？","solution_method":"特殊比例仍是9:3:3:1的变式：9:3:4对应某隐性纯合致死或基因互作（aa掩盖B/b），12:3:1对应显性上位；先按自由组合写出9:3:3:1原始比例，再据题干条件合并或剔除某类个体即可。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B04-K03-1","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K03","question_type":"伴X隐性/显性遗传的特点","content":"红绿色盲为伴X隐性遗传，说明其遗传特点。","solution_method":"伴X隐性遗传特点：男性患者多于女性；交叉遗传（男性的致病基因来自母亲、传给女儿）；女病则其父子必病（女患者XbXb，父必XbY、子必XbY）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B04-K03-2","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K03","question_type":"系谱图判断遗传方式","content":"据系谱图判断是常染色体显性、常染色体隐性、伴X显性或伴X隐性遗传。","solution_method":"先判显隐：无中生有为隐性，有中生无为显性；再判位置：隐性看女病（女病父子均病→伴X隐性，否则常隐）；显性看男病（男病母女均病→伴X显性，否则常显）；伴Y则全男性且父传子。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B04-K03-3","module_id":"B04","knowledge_point_id":"B04-K03","question_type":"伴性遗传与常染色体遗传辨析","content":"伴X遗传与常染色体遗传在计算子代概率时的主要差别是什么？","solution_method":"伴性遗传中基因位于性染色体上，男女（雌雄）基因型种类与传递规律不同（如男性只有一条X），概率需分性别计算；常染色体遗传与性别无关，按常规分离/自由组合计算即可。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K01-1","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K01","question_type":"DNA双螺旋结构特点","content":"简述DNA双螺旋结构的主要特点。","solution_method":"两条脱氧核苷酸链反向平行盘旋；磷酸和脱氧核糖交替连接构成基本骨架，排列在外侧；碱基排列在内侧，通过氢键互补配对（A=T、G≡C）；碱基对平面垂直于螺旋轴。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K01-2","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K01","question_type":"DNA分子的多样性和特异性","content":"DNA分子的多样性和特异性由什么决定？","solution_method":"多样性由碱基排列顺序的千变万化决定（n个碱基对可有4^n种排列）；特异性由每个DNA分子特定的碱基排列顺序决定，可作为个体身份识别依据。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K02-1","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K02","question_type":"DNA半保留复制的过程与特点","content":"无论DNA复制多少次，含最初母链的DNA分子有几个？","solution_method":"DNA复制为半保留复制，每个子代DNA各保留一条母链；无论复制多少代，最初两条母链始终分布在2个DNA分子中，故含最初母链的DNA始终为2个。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K02-2","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K02","question_type":"同位素标记(15N/14N)实验分析","content":"将15N标记的大肠杆菌转入14N培养基，连续培养两代后离心结果如何？说明什么？","solution_method":"亲代（15N/15N）为重带；子一代（15N/14N）为中带；子二代出现1/4中带+3/4轻带（14N/14N）；结果证明DNA复制为半保留复制。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B05-K03-1","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K03","question_type":"转录的过程与特点","content":"转录的场所、模板、原料和产物分别是什么？","solution_method":"转录主要在细胞核（线粒体、叶绿体也可），以DNA的一条链为模板，以4种游离核糖核苷酸为原料，在RNA聚合酶催化下合成RNA（mRNA、tRNA、rRNA）；碱基配对为A-U、T-A、G-C、C-G。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K03-2","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K03","question_type":"翻译的过程与密码子","content":"翻译过程中密码子与反密码子如何对应关系？一个mRNA可结合几个核糖体？","solution_method":"mRNA上相邻3个碱基构成一个密码子决定1种氨基酸；tRNA一端反密码子与mRNA上密码子互补配对、另一端携带对应氨基酸；一个mRNA可同时结合多个核糖体，提高翻译效率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K03-3","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K03","question_type":"中心法则","content":"写出中心法则所包含的遗传信息流动方向。","solution_method":"中心法则：DNA→DNA（复制）、DNA→RNA（转录）、RNA→蛋白质（翻译）；少数病毒补充RNA→RNA（RNA复制）和RNA→DNA（逆转录）；体现遗传信息的传递规律。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K04-1","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K04","question_type":"DNA:RNA:氨基酸=6:3:1计算","content":"合成含100个氨基酸的一条多肽链，控制它的DNA分子至少含有多少个碱基？","solution_method":"按碱基数关系 $DNA_{碱基数}:RNA_{碱基数}:氨基酸数=6:3:1$，100个氨基酸对应mRNA至少300个碱基、DNA（双链）至少600个碱基。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B05-K04-2","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K04","question_type":"复制与表达中的碱基数计算","content":"某DNA片段含100个碱基对、其中腺嘌呤40个，复制3次需消耗游离的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸多少个？","solution_method":"该DNA片段T=A=40个；复制3次得2^3=8个DNA，相当于新合成7个DNA，需T=40×(2^3-1)=40×7=280个。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B05-K04-3","module_id":"B05","knowledge_point_id":"B05-K04","question_type":"复制与表达中的碱基数计算","content":"含1000个碱基对的DNA片段，其中一条链上A+T占40%，以此DNA为模板转录出的mRNA中G+C最多可能有多少个？","solution_method":"整个DNA中A+T占40%，则G+C占60%即1200个碱基；转录出的mRNA碱基数约1000，其中G+C比例最多等于模板链对应比例，由DNA双链G+C=1200可知mRNA中G+C最多为600个（取决于哪条链为模板）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B06-K01-1","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K01","question_type":"基因突变的概念与特点","content":"基因突变是否一定导致生物性状改变？说明基因突变的特点。","solution_method":"不一定（如隐性突变、同义突变、发生在非编码区）；特点：低频性、随机性（生物个体发育任何时期和部位均可发生）、不定向性、多害少利性；基因突变是生物变异的根本来源。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K01-2","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K01","question_type":"基因重组的类型","content":"基因重组发生在什么过程中？有哪两种主要类型？","solution_method":"基因重组发生于减数分裂过程中，是生物变异的重要来源；类型一为减数第一次分裂后期非同源染色体上的非等位基因自由组合，类型二为减数第一次分裂四分体时期同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体交叉互换。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K02-1","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K02","question_type":"染色体结构/数目变异","content":"猫叫综合征属于哪类变异？21三体综合征呢？","solution_method":"猫叫综合征由第5号染色体部分缺失引起，属染色体结构变异；21三体综合征患者多了一条21号染色体，属染色体数目变异（个别染色体数目增减）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K02-2","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K02","question_type":"单倍体与多倍体","content":"由花粉（配子）直接发育成的植株是几倍体？为什么多倍体植株茎秆粗壮、果实较大？","solution_method":"由配子发育成的个体称单倍体，其染色体组数取决于该物种配子中的组数（可能含多个染色体组）；多倍体（染色体组≥3）因细胞体积大、有机物积累多，表现为茎秆粗壮、叶片果实种子较大、营养物质含量较高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K03-1","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K03","question_type":"杂交育种与诱变育种","content":"培育矮秆抗病小麦（ddTT）一般用什么育种方法？原理是什么？","solution_method":"用杂交育种：高秆抗病(DDTT)与矮秆易感(ddtt)杂交得F1，自交并连续选育纯合矮秆抗病个体；原理是基因重组；缺点是育种年限较长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K03-2","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K03","question_type":"单倍体/多倍体育种","content":"单倍体育种如何明显缩短育种年限？","solution_method":"取F1花药进行离体培养获得单倍体幼苗，再用秋水仙素处理使染色体加倍得到纯合二倍体，经筛选即可获得稳定遗传的优良品种，无需连续自交纯化，故能明显缩短育种年限。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B06-K03-3","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K03","question_type":"基因工程育种","content":"基因工程育种相比杂交育种的最大优势是什么？简述其基本步骤。","solution_method":"最大优势是可克服远缘杂交不亲和、定向改造生物性状；步骤：获取目的基因→构建基因表达载体→将目的基因导入受体细胞→目的基因的检测与鉴定。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B06-K04-1","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K04","question_type":"种群基因频率的计算","content":"某种群中AA占30%、Aa占60%、aa占10%，求A和a的基因频率。","solution_method":"A频率=AA%+Aa%/2=30%+60%/2=60%；a频率=aa%+Aa%/2=10%+30%=40%（或1-60%=40%）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B06-K04-2","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K04","question_type":"哈迪-温伯格定律","content":"某常染色体隐性遗传病在人群中的发病率为1/10000，求携带者（Aa）的概率。","solution_method":"据哈迪-温伯格平衡 $(p+q)^2=p^2+2pq+q^2$，患者aa=q^2=1/10000，故q=1/100、p=99/100；携带者Aa=2pq=2×(99/100)×(1/100)≈1/50（约2%）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B06-K04-3","module_id":"B06","knowledge_point_id":"B06-K04","question_type":"隔离与物种形成","content":"新物种形成的标志是什么？地理隔离与生殖隔离的关系如何？","solution_method":"生殖隔离的形成是新物种形成的标志；地理隔离使种群间不能基因交流，长期积累遗传差异，最终导致生殖隔离；有时不经地理隔离也可直接产生生殖隔离（如多倍体形成）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K01-1","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K01","question_type":"内环境组成与相互关系","content":"简述血浆、组织液、淋巴之间的关系，并判断消化液是否属于内环境。","solution_method":"血浆与组织液可相互渗透（血浆→组织液：毛细血管动脉端；组织液→血浆：静脉端）；部分组织液渗入毛细淋巴管形成淋巴，淋巴经淋巴循环单向回流入血浆；消化道、肺泡、尿道等与外界相通，其内液体不属于内环境。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K01-2","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K01","question_type":"稳态的调节与意义","content":"内环境稳态的调节机制及意义是什么？","solution_method":"稳态是正常机体通过神经-体液-免疫调节网络，使各器官系统协调活动，维持内环境理化性质（温度、pH、渗透压、血糖等）相对稳定；稳态是机体进行正常生命活动的必要条件。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B07-K02-1","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K02","question_type":"反射与反射弧","content":"若反射弧中传出神经受损，刺激感受器还能引起效应器反应吗？","solution_method":"不能；反射的完成必须依赖结构完整的反射弧（感受器→传入神经→神经中枢→传出神经→效应器），任何环节受损反射均不能完成；但神经冲动仍可在受损点之前传导。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K02-2","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K02","question_type":"兴奋在神经纤维上的传导","content":"描述神经纤维上静息电位和动作电位的形成机制及传导方向。","solution_method":"静息时K+外流形成外正内负的静息电位；受刺激时Na+内流使膜电位反转为外负内正的动作电位；兴奋部位与未兴奋部位间形成局部电流，兴奋在单根神经纤维上双向传导。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B07-K02-3","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K02","question_type":"兴奋在突触间的传递","content":"兴奋在神经元之间的传递为何是单向的？信号如何转换？","solution_method":"突触前膜释放神经递质，经突触间隙扩散作用于突触后膜受体；递质只能由前膜释放、作用于后膜，故传递单向；信号转换为电信号→化学信号→电信号。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K02-4","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K02","question_type":"兴奋在突触间的传递","content":"神经递质发挥作用后为何要被迅速分解或回收？","solution_method":"递质发挥作用后若不及时清除（被酶分解或重吸收），会持续作用于突触后膜，导致兴奋或抑制状态延续；及时清除可使突触后膜恢复静息状态，保证神经调节的灵敏和精准。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B07-K03-1","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K03","question_type":"激素调节(甲状腺激素、血糖)","content":"甲状腺激素分泌过多会抑制下丘脑和垂体，这属于什么调节？","solution_method":"属于负反馈调节；血液中甲状腺激素含量升高会反作用于下丘脑和垂体，抑制TRH和TSH分泌，使甲状腺激素维持在相对稳定水平。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K03-2","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K03","question_type":"血糖平衡调节","content":"饭后血糖升高时，机体如何使血糖恢复平衡？","solution_method":"血糖升高→胰岛B细胞分泌胰岛素增加，同时胰岛A细胞分泌胰高血糖素减少；胰岛素促进组织细胞摄取、利用和储存葡萄糖（氧化分解、合成糖原、转化为非糖物质），使血糖下降；二者为拮抗作用。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K03-3","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K03","question_type":"体温与水盐平衡","content":"大量出汗后尿量如何变化？其调节机制是什么？","solution_method":"大量出汗使细胞外液渗透压升高→下丘脑渗透压感受器兴奋→垂体释放抗利尿激素(ADH)增多→促进肾小管和集合管对水的重吸收→尿量减少，以维持水盐平衡。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B07-K04-1","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K04","question_type":"免疫系统的组成与非特异性免疫","content":"人体的三道防线分别是什么？哪些属于非特异性免疫？","solution_method":"第一道（皮肤、黏膜及其分泌物）、第二道（体液中的杀菌物质和吞噬细胞）为非特异性免疫，生来就有、对多种病原体有效；第三道（免疫器官和免疫细胞借助血液循环和淋巴循环组成）为特异性免疫，针对特定病原体。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B07-K04-2","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K04","question_type":"特异性免疫(体液/细胞免疫)","content":"体液免疫与细胞免疫在发挥作用上有什么区别？","solution_method":"体液免疫主要靠B细胞增殖分化为浆细胞分泌抗体，清除细胞外液中的抗原（如细菌外毒素）；细胞免疫靠T细胞增殖分化为效应T细胞，与靶细胞密切接触使其裂解，清除宿主细胞内的抗原（如病毒、结核杆菌）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B07-K04-3","module_id":"B07","knowledge_point_id":"B07-K04","question_type":"免疫失调与免疫学应用","content":"接种疫苗预防疾病的原理是什么？过敏反应属于哪类免疫异常？","solution_method":"疫苗相当于抗原，接种后使机体产生特异性抗体和记忆细胞，当真正病原体入侵时可发生更快更强的二次免疫；过敏反应是已免疫的机体再次接受相同抗原时所发生的组织损伤或功能紊乱，属体液免疫过强（特异性免疫失调）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B08-K01-1","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K01","question_type":"生长素的发现实验(达尔文、温特)","content":"达尔文的胚芽鞘实验与温特实验分别证明了什么？","solution_method":"达尔文实验表明胚芽鞘向光弯曲与尖端有关，感受光刺激的部位是尖端、弯曲部位在尖端下部；温特实验证明尖端确实产生一种促进生长的化学物质（后命名为生长素），并可由琼脂块运输到下部促进生长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B08-K01-2","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K01","question_type":"生长素的运输(极性)与作用特点(两重性)","content":"什么是生长素的极性运输？顶端优势说明了生长素作用的什么特点？","solution_method":"极性运输指生长素只能从形态学上端运输到形态学下端，为主动运输，与重力无关；顶端优势是顶芽优先生长而侧芽受抑制，因顶芽产生的生长素向下运输在侧芽积累，高浓度抑制侧芽生长，体现生长素作用的两重性（低浓度促进、高浓度抑制）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B08-K02-1","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K02","question_type":"五大类植物激素的功能","content":"分别说明生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、乙烯的主要生理作用。","solution_method":"生长素促进生长、促进生根、防止落花落果；赤霉素促进细胞伸长、引起植株增高、促进种子萌发和果实发育；细胞分裂素促进细胞分裂、诱导芽分化；脱落酸抑制细胞分裂、促进叶和果实衰老脱落、提高抗逆性；乙烯促进果实成熟。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B08-K02-2","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K02","question_type":"植物激素间的相互关系","content":"生长素与乙烯、赤霉素与脱落酸之间分别是什么关系？","solution_method":"生长素浓度升高到一定值会促进乙烯合成，乙烯增多反而抑制生长素促进细胞伸长的作用，二者表现为拮抗；赤霉素促进生长、脱落酸抑制生长并促进衰老脱落，二者相互拮抗；细胞分裂素与脱落酸也在种子萌发等方面拮抗。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B08-K03-1","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K03","question_type":"向性运动(向光/向地/背地)","content":"植物根的向地性和茎的背地性如何用生长素解释？","solution_method":"重力使生长素在根、茎近地侧分布较多；根对生长素敏感，近地侧高浓度抑制生长、远地侧低浓度促进，故根向地生长；茎对生长素不敏感，近地侧促进更强生长更快，故茎背地（向上）生长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B08-K03-2","module_id":"B08","knowledge_point_id":"B08-K03","question_type":"探究生长素类似物促进生根的最适浓度","content":"探究NAA促进扦插枝条生根的最适浓度实验，为何要先做预实验？","solution_method":"预实验可为正式实验摸索适宜的浓度范围、减少盲目性并检验实验设计可行性；正式实验在预试范围内设置更细的浓度梯度，以生长情况（生根数/根长）为指标，最适浓度两侧浓度往往促进效果相同。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B09-K01-1","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K01","question_type":"种群的数量特征","content":"年龄组成有哪几种类型？它们与种群数量变化的关系如何？","solution_method":"年龄组成分增长型（幼年个体多，种群数量将增大）、稳定型（各年龄比例适中，数量相对稳定）、衰退型（老年个体多，数量将减小）；年龄组成可预测种群数量变化趋势，性别比例影响出生率。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K01-2","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K01","question_type":"种群数量变化('J'型与'S'型)","content":"S型增长曲线中K值和K/2处种群增长速率分别有何特点？","solution_method":"S型（逻辑斯谛）增长受环境阻力，种群数量趋于环境容纳量K；在K/2时种群增长速率最大，资源利用和种群恢复最快；渔业捕捞后应使种群数量保持在K/2左右以实现可持续高产。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K01-3","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K01","question_type":"K值与种群增长","content":"J型和S型增长曲线的形成条件有何不同？","solution_method":"J型出现在理想条件（食物和空间充足、无天敌、气候适宜）下，种群数量呈指数增长，无K值；S型出现在自然条件（资源有限、存在种内斗争和天敌）下，增长受环境容纳量K限制。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B09-K02-1","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K02","question_type":"群落的物种组成与种间关系","content":"用曲线图区分捕食、竞争、互利共生三种种间关系。","solution_method":"互利共生：两物种数量同增同减、同步变化；捕食：被捕食者先增先减、捕食者后增后减，呈“追尾”波动；竞争：一方数量上升另一方下降、甚至被淘汰（你死我活）。寄生则一方受益一方受害。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K02-2","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K02","question_type":"群落的空间结构","content":"群落垂直分层的意义是什么？举例说明。","solution_method":"垂直结构指群落分层现象：森林中乔木、灌木、草本分层，动物随之分层；水域中藻类等垂直分布；垂直分层显著提高群落对阳光等环境资源的利用能力。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B09-K02-3","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K02","question_type":"群落的演替","content":"初生演替与次生演替有什么区别？以裸岩和弃耕农田为例说明。","solution_method":"初生演替起始于无土壤、无植被的裸岩等，经历地衣→苔藓→草本→灌木→森林，速度慢、历时长；次生演替发生于保留土壤和繁殖体的弃耕农田等，速度快；二者最终均可达到与当地气候相适应的顶极群落。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K03-1","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K03","question_type":"生态系统的结构(成分、食物链食物网)","content":"一个生态系统的组成成分有哪些？食物链从什么开始？","solution_method":"组成成分：非生物的物质和能量、生产者（自养，主要是绿色植物）、消费者（异养）、分解者（将有机物分解为无机物）；营养结构为食物链和食物网；食物链从生产者开始，止于最高级消费者，不包含分解者和非生物成分。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K03-2","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K03","question_type":"能量流动","content":"能量沿食物链流动的特点及传递效率是多少？","solution_method":"能量流动具单向流动、逐级递减的特点；相邻营养级间能量传递效率约为10%~20%；计算时某一营养级同化量=摄入量-粪便量，流入下一营养级的能量只是其同化量的一部分。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B09-K03-3","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K03","question_type":"物质循环与信息传递","content":"碳在生物群落与无机环境之间主要以什么形式循环？信息传递有何作用？","solution_method":"碳在生物群落与无机环境之间主要以CO2形式循环（通过光合作用和细胞呼吸），在生物群落内部以含碳有机物形式传递；信息传递（物理、化学、行为信息）能调节种间关系、维持生态系统稳定，并利于生物种群繁衍。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K03-4","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K03","question_type":"能量流动","content":"从能量流动角度，如何提高人工生态系统的能量利用率？","solution_method":"调整能量流动关系，使能量持续高效地流向对人类最有益的部分：如合理设计食物链实现多级利用（秸秆→食用菌→家畜）、减少呼吸消耗和缩短食物链、增加可再生资源投入，从而提高总能量利用率（注意不能提高传递效率）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K04-1","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K04","question_type":"生态系统的稳定性(抵抗力/恢复力)","content":"为什么物种丰富、营养结构复杂的生态系统抵抗力稳定性更强？","solution_method":"生态系统组分越多、食物网越复杂，其自我调节能力越强，抵抗外界干扰保持原状的能力（抵抗力稳定性）越强；恢复力稳定性一般与抵抗力稳定性呈相反关系（如草原恢复力较强、森林较弱），但二者并非绝对对立。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B09-K04-2","module_id":"B09","knowledge_point_id":"B09-K04","question_type":"生物多样性与生态保护","content":"生物多样性的间接价值指什么？保护生物多样性最有效的措施是什么？","solution_method":"间接价值指生物多样性对生态系统起重要调节功能（如森林涵养水源、湿地净化水质）的生态价值，远大于直接价值；就地保护（建立自然保护区）是保护生物多样性最有效的方式，此外还有迁地保护、建立种子库等。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-B10-K01-1","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K01","question_type":"传统发酵技术(果酒、果醋、腐乳)","content":"制作果酒和果醋所用的微生物及发酵条件有何不同？","solution_method":"果酒用酵母菌，无氧、约20℃进行酒精发酵；果醋用醋酸菌，为好氧细菌，需持续通气、30~35℃，当氧气和糖源充足时直接将糖分解为醋酸；腐乳主要依靠毛霉等产生蛋白酶、脂肪酶分解豆腐。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K01-2","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K01","question_type":"微生物的培养与利用","content":"灭菌与消毒有何区别？培养基一般含有哪些成分？","solution_method":"灭菌是用强烈理化因素杀灭物体内外所有微生物（包括芽孢），如高压蒸汽灭菌；消毒仅杀死部分有害微生物、不要求杀灭芽孢，如煮沸、酒精擦拭；培养基一般含碳源、氮源、水、无机盐，有的还需生长因子。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K02-1","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K02","question_type":"植物细胞工程(组织培养、体细胞杂交)","content":"植物组织培养的原理和一般流程是什么？","solution_method":"原理是植物细胞全能性；流程：离体的植物器官/组织/细胞（外植体）→脱分化形成愈伤组织→再分化形成胚状体或丛芽、根→移栽获得完整植株；整个过程需无菌和适宜激素比例。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K02-2","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K02","question_type":"动物细胞培养与核移植","content":"动物细胞培养为何要用胰蛋白酶处理？核移植中受体细胞是什么？","solution_method":"动物细胞间有蛋白质（胶原纤维）连接，用胰蛋白酶（或胶原蛋白酶）分散成单个细胞便于培养；核移植（克隆）将体细胞的细胞核移入去核的MⅡ期卵母细胞中，使其发育为克隆个体（如多莉羊）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B10-K02-3","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K02","question_type":"单克隆抗体","content":"单克隆抗体制备过程中为什么要进行细胞融合和筛选？","solution_method":"将已免疫的B淋巴细胞（能产生特异性抗体但不能无限增殖）与骨髓瘤细胞（能无限增殖）融合形成杂交瘤细胞，再经选择性培养基和克隆化培养筛选出既能无限增殖又分泌单一特异性抗体的细胞，从而获得高纯度单克隆抗体。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-B10-K03-1","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K03","question_type":"基因工程的工具(限制酶、DNA连接酶、载体)","content":"基因工程的三种基本工具及其作用分别是什么？","solution_method":"限制酶识别特定核苷酸序列并在特定位点切割DNA（产生黏性末端或平末端）；DNA连接酶连接两个DNA片段形成磷酸二酯键；载体（常用质粒）需有复制原点、标记基因、一至多个限制酶切点，以运载目的基因进入受体细胞。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K03-2","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K03","qu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DNA聚合酶，使每次循环后酶不失活，DNA呈指数扩增（$2^n$）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K03-4","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K03","question_type":"PCR与DNA重组","content":"设计PCR引物时应注意哪些原则？","solution_method":"引物应与模板DNA两端互补配对；一对引物之间不应有互补序列以免自身形成二聚体；引物长度一般15~30个碱基、GC含量适中、Tm值相近；3'端应为稳定配对，以保证DNA聚合酶延伸。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K04-1","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K04","question_type":"体外受精与早期胚胎培养","content":"体外受精的主要步骤有哪些？","solution_method":"主要步骤：①对雌性供体进行超数排卵处理并采集卵母细胞；②对精子进行获能处理；③体外受精（获能精子与成熟卵母细胞在体外结合）；④早期胚胎培养至适宜阶段（如桑葚胚或囊胚）用于移植。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-B10-K04-2","module_id":"B10","knowledge_point_id":"B10-K04","question_type":"胚胎移植与胚胎分割","content":"胚胎分割时应注意什么？为何用桑葚胚或囊胚期？","solution_method":"胚胎分割应选择发育良好的桑葚胚或囊胚，分割时务必将内细胞团均等分割（否则影响发育）；此时期细胞全能性仍较高，分割后每块可发育为完整个体，用于获得遗传性状相同的同卵双胎/多胎。","difficulty":"难"}]},{"subject":"高中政治","metadata":{"subject":"高中政治","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 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）。A. 纯粹的公有制经济 B. 非公有制经济 C. 混合所有制经济中的国有成分和集体成分 D. 私营经济","solution_method":"抓住'国有控股上市公司吸收民营资本'——这是国有资本与民营资本交叉持股，属于混合所有制经济；其中国有资本控股部分属于公有制经济中的国有成分。选C。注意混合所有制本身不单独算一种'所有制'，要看控股权归属判断公有制或非公有制成分。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z01-K01-2","module_id":"Z01","knowledge_point_id":"Z01-K01","question_type":"主观题（原因类）：说明为什么要坚持'两个毫不动摇'","content":"运用我国基本经济制度的知识，说明国家为什么要'毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展'。","solution_method":"原因类'为什么'从必要性和重要性作答：①我国坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度；②非公有制经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，是稳定经济增长和改善民生的重要力量、创业就业的主要领域、技术创新的重要主体、国家税收的重要来源；③有利于激发市场活力、促进生产力发展。做到'知识+材料'结合。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z01-K02-1","module_id":"Z01","knowledge_point_id":"Z01-K02","question_type":"传导题：国企改革的经济效应","content":"推导深化国有企业混合所有制改革带来的积极效应（选择正确的传导路径）：①引入非公有资本→②完善法人治理结构→③提高企业运行效率→④增强国有经济竞争力。","solution_method":"传导题遵循'引起与被引起'逻辑链条：混改引入民营资本（①）带来股权多元化，推动建立规范董事会、完善法人治理结构（②），进而优化决策与激励、提高运行效率（③），最终放大国有资本功能、增强国有经济竞争力（④）。按①③②④或①→②→③→④顺序排，排除首尾倒置项。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z01-K03-1","module_id":"Z01","knowledge_point_id":"Z01-K03","question_type":"选择题：市场调节弊端的判断（自发性/盲目性/滞后性）","content":"某药企在疫情中为牟取暴利囤积居奇、哄抬价格，扰乱市场秩序。这主要体现了市场调节的（ ）。A. 自发性 B. 盲目性 C. 滞后性 D. 竞争性","solution_method":"区分三弊端：自发性=为逐利不择手段（制假售假、坑蒙拐骗）；盲目性=分散经营、信息不全导致'一哄而上/一哄而退'；滞后性=价格信号滞后于供求变化。'为暴利哄抬价格'属逐利失范，是自发性。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z01-K04-1","module_id":"Z01","knowledge_point_id":"Z01-K04","question_type":"传导题：财政/货币政策调控经济的传导路径","content":"为应对经济下行压力，央行下调存款准备金率。请推导其对实体经济发展的传导路径。","solution_method":"货币政策传导：央行降准（释放流动性）→商业银行可贷资金增加→企业融资成本下降、信贷可得性提高→扩大投资与生产→拉动经济增长、稳定就业。答题用'箭头+关键词'呈现因果链，注意区分'降准'属宽松货币政策而非财政政策。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z01-K05-1","module_id":"Z01","knowledge_point_id":"Z01-K05","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何完善社会主义市场经济体制/处理好政府与市场关系","content":"结合材料，运用社会主义市场经济体制的知识，说明政府应如何更好发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用并弥补市场失灵。","solution_method":"措施类'如何做'：①尊重市场规律，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，建设统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系；②实行科学的宏观调控，运用经济、法律、行政手段弥补自发性盲目性滞后性等市场弊端；③处理好政府与市场关系，推进放管服改革，优化营商环境，激发市场主体活力。分主体、分层作答。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K01-1","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K01","question_type":"选择题：判断分配方式（按劳分配/按生产要素分配）","content":"某国企工程师小张的月工资、奖金属于（ ），其将闲置资金炒股获得的收益属于（ ）。A. 按劳分配；按资本要素分配 B. 按劳动要素分配；按资本要素分配 C. 按劳分配；按劳分配 D. 按劳动要素分配；按劳分配","solution_method":"国企属于公有制经济，工资奖金在公有制范围内取得，属按劳分配；炒股收益来自资本投入，属按资本要素分配。注意私企外企的工资才属'按劳动要素分配'。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K01-2","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K01","question_type":"选择题：区分居民收入类型（劳动性/财产性/经营性/转移性）","content":"下列居民收入中，属于财产性收入的是（ ）。A. 工资 B. 银行存款利息 C. 个体户经营利润 D. 养老金","solution_method":"财产性收入=凭借动产不动产获得的收入（利息、租金、红利、专利收入等）；工资是劳动性收入，经营利润是经营性收入，养老金属转移性收入。选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K02-1","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K02","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：为什么要促进收入分配公平/实现共同富裕","content":"运用收入分配的知识，说明我国扎实推进共同富裕的意义。","solution_method":"意义类从'对谁、哪方面'作答：①共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的本质要求，是社会主义市场经济的根本目标；②有利于缩小收入差距、扩大内需、拉动经济增长；③有利于维护社会公平正义、促进社会和谐稳定；④彰显社会主义制度优越性。用'有利于……'句式，多角度分层。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K02-2","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K02","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：怎样促进收入分配公平","content":"请从收入分配角度，为缩小城乡居民收入差距提出合理化建议。","solution_method":"措施类：①坚持在经济增长的同时实现居民收入同步增长、在劳动生产率提高的同时实现劳动报酬同步提高；②完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，增加居民劳动性收入和财产性收入；③履行好政府再分配调节职能，健全税收、社保、转移支付等调节机制；④发挥第三次分配作用（慈善等）。区分初次分配与再分配。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K03-1","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K03","question_type":"选择题：区分社会保障的四种形式","content":"对最低生活保障、基本养老保险、优抚安置、社会福利，依次对应的社会保障形式是（ ）。A. 社会救助、社会保险、社会优抚、社会福利 B. 社会保险、社会救助、社会福利、社会优抚","solution_method":"社会保险是核心（养老、医疗、失业等）；社会救助是兜底（低保、救灾）；社会优抚针对军人军属；社会福利是最高层次（公共福利设施）。低保→社会救助，养老→社会保险，优抚→社会优抚，福利→社会福利。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K04-1","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K04","question_type":"选择题：财政三大作用区分","content":"国家财政加大对欠发达地区义务教育、基本医疗的投入，主要体现了财政的（ ）。A. 促进资源合理配置 B. 促进社会公平、改善人民生活 C. 促进国民经济平稳运行","solution_method":"看指向：投入教育医疗、保障民生→促进社会公平改善人民生活；投向基础设施等市场不愿投的领域→促进资源合理配置；逆周期调节总需求→促进国民经济平稳运行。本题属民生保障，选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z02-K05-1","module_id":"Z02","knowledge_point_id":"Z02-K05","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：减税降费的意义","content":"运用经济生活知识，分析国家实施大规模减税降费的意义。","solution_method":"意义类多角度：①降低企业税费负担，激发市场主体活力，促进企业扩大投资与创新；②优化营商环境，稳定就业；③发挥财政税收调节作用，促进社会公平；④助力供给侧结构性改革、推动高质量发展。结合'企业—市场—宏观'逻辑链作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K01-1","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K01","question_type":"选择题：判断材料体现的新发展理念","content":"某地推进城乡义务教育一体化、完善医保全覆盖，让发展成果惠及全体人民。这主要贯彻了新发展理念中的（ ）。A. 创新 B. 协调 C. 共享 D. 绿色","solution_method":"五大理念对应：创新=科技动力；协调=城乡区域、经济社会平衡；绿色=生态文明；开放=内外联动；共享=共同富裕、成果惠民。'惠及全体人民'是共享。选C。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K01-2","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K01","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何贯彻新发展理念推动高质量发展","content":"运用新发展理念，说明某地应如何推动经济高质量发展。","solution_method":"措施类按五大理念展开：①创新：实施创新驱动，突破关键核心技术；②协调：统筹城乡区域、经济社会协调发展；③绿色：绿色发展，形成节约资源保护环境的空间格局；④开放：扩大高水平开放，参与国际竞争合作；⑤共享：补齐民生短板，实现共同富裕。注意'理念+具体举措'对应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K02-1","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K02","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何建设现代化经济体系/推动高质量发展","content":"结合材料，说明我国应如何建设现代化经济体系、推动经济高质量发展。","solution_method":"措施类：①大力发展实体经济，深化供给侧结构性改革；②建设创新引领、协同发展的产业体系，提高自主创新能力；③实施乡村振兴战略和区域协调发展战略；④加快完善社会主义市场经济体制，推动开放朝着优化结构、拓展深度、提高效益转变。突出'实体经济是着力点''供给侧改革'关键词。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K03-1","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K03","question_type":"选择题：经济全球化的表现与载体","content":"苹果手机的设计在美国、零部件来自多国、组装在中国，这体现了经济全球化的（ ）。A. 生产全球化 B. 贸易全球化 C. 金融全球化","solution_method":"经济全球化三表现：生产全球化=生产过程国际分工（跨国生产链条）；贸易全球化=国际商品交换；金融全球化=资本跨国流动。'设计、零部件、组装分散多国'是生产环节国际分工，属生产全球化。选A。跨国公司是其重要载体。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K04-1","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K04","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：我国扩大对外开放的意义","content":"运用经济全球化与对外开放的知识，分析我国扩大高水平对外开放的意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①顺应经济全球化潮流，利用国际国内两个市场两种资源，促进生产力发展；②参与国际竞争合作，提升产业水平和创新能力；③为世界经济增长提供动力，推动建设开放型世界经济；④助力构建双循环新发展格局。结合'对我国+对世界'双重视角。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z03-K04-2","module_id":"Z03","knowledge_point_id":"Z03-K04","question_type":"选择题：双循环新发展格局","content":"关于'以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进'的新发展格局，理解正确的是（ ）。A. 放弃国际市场 B. 立足内需又联通国际 C. 闭关锁国","solution_method":"双循环强调以国内大循环为主体（立足强大国内市场），同时国内国际循环相互促进（不是放弃开放）。选B。排除割裂内外循环的极端表述。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K01-1","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K01","question_type":"选择题：区分公民的政治权利与义务","content":"下列属于公民政治权利的是（ ），属于政治义务的是（ ）。①选举人大代表 ②依法纳税 ③批评政府 ④服兵役","solution_method":"政治权利：选举权与被选举权、政治自由、监督权（①③属监督权与选举权）；政治义务：维护国家统一和民族团结、遵守宪法法律、维护国家安全荣誉利益、服兵役和参加民兵组织（②④）。注意监督权是权利不是义务。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K01-2","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K01","question_type":"选择题：参与政治生活的基本原则","content":"某公民在行使言论自由时捏造事实诽谤他人被依法处理，说明参与政治生活要坚持（ ）。A. 法律面前一律平等 B. 权利与义务统一 C. 个人利益服从国家利益","solution_method":"三原则：平等（守法平等、司法平等）、权利义务统一（享受权利同时履行义务）、个人利益与国家利益结合。'行使自由却违法'说明享有权利须以履行义务（守法）为前提，体现权利义务统一。选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K02-1","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K02","question_type":"选择题：区分民主决策与民主监督的途径","content":"政府就地铁票价调整召开听证会听取意见，属于（ ）；公民通过信访渠道举报官员违纪，属于（ ）。A. 民主决策；民主监督 B. 民主监督；民主决策","solution_method":"决策阶段听取意见（社情民意、专家咨询、公示、听证）=民主决策；决策执行后批评、建议、检举=民主监督。听证会在决策前，属民主决策；信访举报针对已发生行为，属民主监督。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K03-1","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K03","question_type":"选择题：判断政府履行的职能","content":"政府开展扫黑除恶专项斗争，保障人民生命财产安全，履行了（ ）。A. 保障人民民主和维护国家长治久安 B. 组织经济建设 C. 加强社会建设","solution_method":"五大职能判断：打击违法犯罪、维护治安→保障人民民主和维护国家长治久安；宏观调控市场监管→经济建设；教科文卫→文化建设；社保就业医疗→社会建设；环保→生态文明建设。扫黑除恶属治安职能，选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K03-2","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K03","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：政府应如何做某事（履行职能/转变职能/依法行政）","content":"为治理城市交通拥堵，运用政府的有关知识，说明政府应怎样作为。","solution_method":"措施类：①履行组织社会主义经济建设职能，加强市场监管、科学规划；②加强社会建设，完善公共交通等基础设施；③转变政府职能，建设服务型政府，简政放权；④坚持依法行政、科学民主依法决策，自觉接受监督。按'职能+方式+原则'展开。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z04-K04-1","module_id":"Z04","knowledge_point_id":"Z04-K04","question_type":"选择题：政府工作的基本原则（对人民负责）","content":"某地政府推行'最多跑一次'改革，方便群众办事，体现了政府坚持（ ）。A. 对人民负责的原则 B. 依法治国方略 C. 民主集中制","solution_method":"对人民负责三要求：为人民服务的工作态度、求真务实的工作作风、从群众中来到群众中去的工作方法。'最多跑一次'便民利民、求真务实，体现对人民负责原则。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K01-1","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K01","question_type":"选择题：区分人大的职权与人大代表的权利","content":"全国人大表决通过《民法典》，体现人大行使（ ）；人大代表在审议中提出修正案，行使的是（ ）。A. 立法权；提案权 B. 决定权；质询权 C. 立法权；表决权","solution_method":"人大职权（立法、决定、任免、监督）属'机关'；人大代表权利（审议、表决、提案、质询）属'个人'。通过法律=立法权；提出修正案=提案权。选A。注意'表决通过'是人大立法权，代表个人'表决'才是表决权，审题分清主体。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K01-2","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K01","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：人大行使职权/人大代表履职的意义","content":"说明全国人大常委会就个人信息保护开展专题询问、人大代表深入基层听取民意的意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①人大行使监督权，专题询问督促政府改进工作，彰显人民代表大会制度优势；②人大代表密切联系群众、反映民意，更好代表人民行使国家权力；③有利于推进依法治国、保障人民当家作主。区分'人大'与'人大代表'两个主体作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K02-1","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K02","question_type":"选择题：党的领导地位与性质","content":"中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心。这表明（ ）。A. 党直接管理国家行政事务 B. 党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质特征 C. 党可以替代人大立法","solution_method":"党是领导核心、最本质特征、最大优势；但党不直接管理行政（由政府依法行政），也不替代人大立法。选B。排除'替代''直接管理'的错误表述。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K02-2","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K02","question_type":"主观题（原因类）：为什么要坚持党对一切工作的领导","content":"运用政治生活知识，说明为什么要'坚持党对一切工作的领导'。","solution_method":"原因类：①党的性质（两个先锋队）和宗旨（全心全意为人民服务）决定；②中国共产党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征和最大优势，是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势；③只有坚持党的领导，才能保证中国特色社会主义正确方向、凝聚力量、实现伟大复兴。从'性质—地位—意义'作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K03-1","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K03","question_type":"选择题：人民政协的性质与职能","content":"关于人民政协，正确的是（ ）。A. 是国家权力机关 B. 是爱国统一战线组织，履行政治协商、民主监督、参政议政职能 C. 是国家行政机关","solution_method":"政协不是国家机关（非权力机关、非行政机关），是爱国统一战线组织；职能是政治协商、民主监督、参政议政。选B。易错点：政协'参政议政'不等于'执政'，也不是国家机构。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K04-1","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K04","question_type":"选择题：民族原则与民族区域自治制度","content":"我国处理民族关系的基本原则是（ ）。A. 民族平等、民族团结、各民族共同繁荣 B. 民族区域自治 C. 宗教信仰自由","solution_method":"处理民族关系三原则：平等、团结、共同繁荣；民族区域自治是基本政治制度（不是原则）；宗教信仰自由是宗教政策。选A。区分'原则'与'制度'。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K05-1","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K05","question_type":"选择题：国际关系的决定因素（国家利益）","content":"国家间出现合作或冲突，从根本上说是由（ ）决定的。A. 国家力量 B. 国家利益 C. 国家性质 D. 国际组织","solution_method":"国际关系的决定性因素是国家利益；国家间的共同利益是合作的基础，利益对立是冲突的根源。国家力量是影响国际关系的重要因素但非决定因素。选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z05-K05-2","module_id":"Z05","knowledge_point_id":"Z05-K05","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：我国外交政策/构建人类命运共同体的意义","content":"运用当代国际社会知识，说明中国倡导构建人类命运共同体的意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①符合和平与发展的时代主题，顺应世界多极化、经济全球化潮流；②有利于维护我国国家利益，为我国发展营造良好国际环境；③倡导共商共建共享，推动建立国际政治经济新秩序；④展现负责任大国形象，促进世界和平与发展。从'时代—本国—世界'分层。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K01-1","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K01","question_type":"选择题：文化的社会作用","content":"'文化兴国运兴，文化强民族强'表明（ ）。A. 文化决定经济社会发展 B. 文化越来越成为综合国力竞争的重要因素 C. 文化就是经济政治","solution_method":"文化作为一种精神力量，能在实践中转化为物质力量；与经济政治相互影响交融，越来越成为综合国力竞争的重要因素。但文化不能'决定'经济（经济是基础），也不是经济政治本身。选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K01-2","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K01","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：发展某文化的意义","content":"运用文化的作用知识，说明传承弘扬红色文化有什么意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①文化作为一种精神力量，能转化为物质力量，促进社会发展；②优秀文化塑造人生，丰富精神世界、增强精神力量、促进全面发展；③弘扬红色文化有利于培育社会主义核心价值观、增强文化自信、凝聚民族力量。从'社会—人—价值观'作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K02-1","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K02","question_type":"选择题：传统文化的特点","content":"春节、中秋等传统节日在当代仍被重视，但其庆祝方式随时代变化。这体现了传统文化的（ ）。A. 相对稳定性 B. 鲜明民族性 C. 两者都是","solution_method":"相对稳定性=基本特征保留、具体内涵因时而变（节日保留但方式变）；鲜明民族性=具有民族特色。题干'仍被重视+方式变化'体现相对稳定性，'春节中秋'也体现民族性。选C更全，若单选突出'方式变化'则选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K03-1","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K03","question_type":"选择题：文化创新的途径","content":"某国产动画既汲取传统神话元素又借鉴国外先进技术，获得成功。这给我们的启示是文化创新要（ ）。A. 继承传统、推陈出新，面向世界、博采众长 B. 全盘西化 C. 固守传统","solution_method":"文化创新基本途径：①继承传统、推陈出新（汲取传统神话）；②面向世界、博采众长（借鉴国外技术）。要克服守旧主义、封闭主义、民族虚无主义、历史虚无主义。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K03-2","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K03","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何实现文化创新","content":"运用文化创新的知识，说明如何推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展。","solution_method":"措施类：①根本途径是立足中国特色社会主义实践；②继承传统、推陈出新，取其精华去其糟粕，赋予时代内涵；③面向世界、博采众长，吸收外来优秀文化成果；④坚持正确方向，反对错误倾向。结合'创造性转化、创新性发展'关键词。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K04-1","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K04","question_type":"选择题：中华民族精神的核心与内涵","content":"中华民族精神的核心是（ ）。A. 爱国主义 B. 自强不息 C. 团结统一","solution_method":"中华民族精神以爱国主义为核心，包括伟大创造精神、奋斗精神、团结精神、梦想精神。B、C是民族精神的具体内涵而非核心。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K05-1","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K05","question_type":"选择题：文化自信的来源/社会主义核心价值观","content":"我们的文化自信，来自（ ）。①对时代发展趋势的深刻把握 ②对自身文化价值的充分肯定 ③对文化生命力的坚定信念。A. ①②③ B. 仅①② C. 仅②③","solution_method":"文化自信来自对时代发展趋势、中国特色社会主义实践的深刻把握，来自对自身文化价值的充分肯定、对自身文化生命力的坚定信念。①②③都正确。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z06-K05-2","module_id":"Z06","knowledge_point_id":"Z06-K05","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何建设社会主义文化强国/增强文化自信","content":"运用文化生活知识，说明如何坚定文化自信、建设社会主义文化强国。","solution_method":"措施类：①坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位；②坚守中华文化立场，推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化创新性发展；③培育和践行社会主义核心价值观；④推动文化事业和文化产业发展，增强文化软实力。从'指导思想—传统文化—核心价值观—文化产业'展开。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K01-1","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K01","question_type":"选择题：哲学基本问题","content":"哲学的基本问题是（ ）。A. 思维和存在的关系问题 B. 物质和意识的辩证关系 C. 实践和认识的关系","solution_method":"哲学基本问题=思维和存在（意识和物质）的关系问题，包括何者第一性、有无同一性。B是马克思主义哲学对二者的科学回答（不等于基本问题本身），C是认识论问题。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K01-2","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K01","question_type":"选择题：唯物主义与唯心主义的区分","content":"下列观点中属于唯物主义的是（ ），属于唯心主义的是（ ）。①气者，理之依也 ②存在即被感知 ③形存则神存，形谢则神灭 ④物是观念的集合","solution_method":"唯物主义认为物质第一性（①③朴素/古代唯物）；唯心主义认为意识第一性（②主观唯心'感知'、④主观唯心'观念'）。区分关键：把'物质/气/形'当本原→唯物；把'感知/观念/心'当本原→唯心。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K02-1","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K02","question_type":"选择题：物质、运动与规律","content":"'天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡'说明（ ）。A. 规律是客观的，不以人的意志为转移 B. 规律是可以创造和消灭的 C. 人只能服从规律","solution_method":"规律是客观的、普遍的，既不能被创造也不能被消灭，必须尊重；但人能认识和利用规律。'不为尧存不为桀亡'强调规律客观性。选A。C错在'只能服从'，忽视人的主观能动性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K02-2","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K02","question_type":"主观题（措施类/体现类）：如何按客观规律办事","content":"某地违背自然规律围湖造田，导致生态恶化；后实施退田还湖恢复生态。运用规律的知识谈谈启示。","solution_method":"体现/措施类：①规律是客观的、普遍的，必须尊重规律、按客观规律办事，不能违背（围湖造田受惩罚）；②人在规律面前不是无能为力的，可以认识和利用规律（退田还湖）；③要把发挥主观能动性与尊重客观规律结合起来。先分析违背规律的后果，再讲如何遵循。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K03-1","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K03","question_type":"选择题：意识的能动作用","content":"面对疫情，科研人员发挥主动性研制疫苗，说明（ ）。A. 意识能直接改造客观世界 B. 意识对改造客观世界具有指导作用 C. 意识是客观世界的主观映象","solution_method":"意识能动作用：认识世界（目的性选择性创造性）和改造世界（指导实践）。'发挥主动性研制疫苗'体现意识指导实践改造世界。A错在'直接'（需通过实践）；C是意识的本质，不贴切。选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K03-2","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K03","question_type":"主观题（体现类）：材料如何体现一切从实际出发/意识的能动作用","content":"某村根据本地实际（山区、生态好）制定乡村旅游规划，又动员群众转变观念，最终脱贫。分析其中蕴含的唯物论道理。","solution_method":"体现类：①物质决定意识，要一切从实际出发、实事求是（根据山区生态实际制定规划）；②意识具有能动作用，正确意识促进事物发展（动员群众转变观念）；③把发挥主观能动性与尊重客观规律结合起来。'材料做法+对应原理'逐点对应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K04-1","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K04","question_type":"选择题：实践与认识的关系","content":"袁隆平通过大量田间试验才确立杂交水稻理论，说明（ ）。A. 实践是认识的来源 B. 认识是实践的目的 C. 认识决定实践","solution_method":"实践是认识的基础：来源、动力、检验标准、目的。'田间试验确立理论'体现实践是认识的来源。实践是认识的目的（B倒置），实践决定认识（C倒置）。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K04-2","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K04","question_type":"主观题（体现类）：材料如何体现实践是认识的基础","content":"我国航天人通过一次次发射任务积累经验、修正理论，推动航天技术飞跃。运用认识论说明。","solution_method":"体现类：①实践是认识的来源（发射任务中获得直接经验）；②实践是认识发展的动力（任务需求推动技术理论进步）；③实践是检验认识真理性的唯一标准（试验验证理论）；④实践是认识的目的（技术运用于发展）。逐句对应材料与四点。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z07-K04-3","module_id":"Z07","knowledge_point_id":"Z07-K04","question_type":"主观题（辨析类）：真理是绝对的/认识具有反复性无限性","content":"有人认为：'真理一旦获得就永远不变。'请运用真理的知识加以评析。","solution_method":"辨析类先判再析：①该观点片面。真理是标志主观与客观相符合的哲学范畴，具有客观性；②但真理是具体的、有条件的，任何真理都有自己适用的条件和范围，超出条件会转化为谬误，并非'永远不变'；③认识具有反复性无限性上升性，追求真理是过程，要与时俱进、开拓创新。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K01-1","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K01","question_type":"选择题：整体与部分的关系","content":"'不谋全局者，不足谋一域'强调（ ）。A. 整体居于主导地位，要树立全局观念 B. 部分决定整体 C. 整体等于部分之和","solution_method":"整体与部分：整体统率部分，居主导地位，要立足整体、统筹全局（题干）；关键部分的功能变化甚至对整体起决定作用（但非'部分决定整体'一般表述）；整体不等于部分简单相加（系统优化）。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K01-2","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K01","question_type":"主观题（体现类）：材料如何体现联系的观点","content":"长江经济带'共抓大保护、不搞大开发'，统筹上下游、左右岸治理。运用联系观分析。","solution_method":"体现类：①联系普遍性客观性，要用联系观点看问题（上下游关联）；②整体与部分辩证统一，要立足整体、统筹全局（流域统筹）；③掌握系统优化方法，用综合思维认识事物（左右岸协同）。每点'原理+材料'。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K02-1","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K02","question_type":"选择题：发展观（前进性与曲折性、量变与质变）","content":"'宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来'主要体现（ ）。A. 事物发展是前进性与曲折性的统一 B. 量变必然引起质变 C. 新事物不可战胜","solution_method":"发展观：方向前进、道路曲折（'磨砺''苦寒'体现曲折，'锋''香'体现前进成果）→前进性与曲折性统一；量变达到一定程度才引起质变（B'必然'错误）；题干侧重过程艰辛终有成果。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K02-2","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K02","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何用量变引起质变的道理看问题","content":"运用量变与质变的辩证关系，说明青少年应如何实现人生理想。","solution_method":"措施类：①量变是质变的必要准备，要重视量的积累（脚踏实地、从小事做起）；②质变是量变的必然结果，要抓住时机促成飞跃（抓住机遇实现理想）；③坚持适度原则。把'积累—飞跃'逻辑用于个人成长。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K03-1","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K03","question_type":"选择题：区分主次矛盾与矛盾的主次方面","content":"评价一个人'功大于过'，运用的是（ ）；抓扶贫工作中'最难啃的硬骨头'，运用的是（ ）。A. 矛盾主次方面；主次矛盾 B. 主次矛盾；矛盾主次方面","solution_method":"关键字：'评价/权衡利弊/主流'→矛盾主次方面（看问题分主流）；'抓重点/关键/中心/硬骨头'→主次矛盾（办事情抓重点）。'功大于过'是评价主流→主次方面；'硬骨头'是重点→主次矛盾。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K03-2","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K03","question_type":"主观题（体现类）：材料如何体现矛盾分析法/具体问题具体分析","content":"我国对东部地区与西部贫困地区实行差异化扶持政策。运用矛盾观分析其合理性。","solution_method":"体现类：①矛盾具有特殊性，要具体问题具体分析（东西部差异施策）；②矛盾普遍性与特殊性相互联结，要在共性指导下分析个性；③坚持两点论与重点论统一。突出'差异化=具体问题具体分析'这一马克思主义活的灵魂。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K03-3","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K03","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何坚持两点论与重点论的统一","content":"在乡村振兴中，既要统筹推进产业、人才、文化、生态、组织五大振兴，又要重点抓好产业振兴。说明如何坚持两点论与重点论的统一。","solution_method":"措施类：①两点论：既要看到主要矛盾也要看到次要矛盾、既要看到矛盾主要方面也要看到次要方面（统筹推进五大振兴，全面看问题）；②重点论：着重把握主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面（重点抓产业振兴）；③反对一点论和均衡论，做到统筹兼顾、抓关键。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K04-1","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K04","question_type":"选择题：辩证否定的实质（扬弃）","content":"对待传统文化'取其精华、去其糟粕'，从哲学上看就是（ ）。A. 辩证否定，即扬弃 B. 彻底否定 C. 外在否定","solution_method":"辩证否定是事物自身的否定，实质是'扬弃'（既克服又保留）。'取精华去糟粕'既保留又克服，是扬弃。B'彻底否定'是形而上学；C'外在否定'也违背自我否定。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K04-2","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K04","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：创新的社会作用","content":"运用创新是民族进步灵魂的知识，说明科技创新对我国发展的意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①创新推动社会生产力发展（科技是第一生产力，提高生产效率）；②创新推动生产关系和社会制度的变革；③创新推动人类思维和文化的发展。结合'科技创新'突出生产力层面，再延伸到综合国力。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z08-K04-3","module_id":"Z08","knowledge_point_id":"Z08-K04","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何树立创新意识","content":"请运用辩证法的革命批判精神，说明青年应如何树立创新意识。","solution_method":"措施类：①辩证法是批判的革命的，要密切关注变化发展着的实际，敢于突破与实际不相符合的成规陈说；②注重研究新情况，善于提出新问题，敢于寻找新思路；③既肯定又否定，做到'扬弃'。落脚到'破旧立新、求真务实'。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K01-1","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K01","question_type":"选择题：社会存在与社会意识的关系","content":"'仓廪实而知礼节，衣食足而知荣辱'说明（ ）。A. 社会存在决定社会意识 B. 社会意识对社会存在起促进作用 C. 社会意识具有相对独立性","solution_method":"社会存在决定社会意识，社会意识是社会存在的反映。'仓廪实/衣食足'（物质条件）决定'知礼节/知荣辱'（观念），体现社会存在决定社会意识。B错在忽视社会意识有正误之分。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K01-2","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K01","question_type":"主观题（体现类）：材料如何体现社会存在决定社会意识","content":"随着我国社会主要矛盾转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，党提出了高质量发展理念。运用历史唯物主义分析。","solution_method":"体现类：①社会存在决定社会意识，社会意识是社会存在的反映（主要矛盾变化这一社会存在，决定高质量发展理念这一社会意识）；②社会意识具有相对独立性，先进社会意识促进社会存在发展（高质量发展理念引领发展）。先讲决定，再讲反作用。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K02-1","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K02","question_type":"选择题：社会基本矛盾运动","content":"我国进行经济体制改革，调整生产关系以适应生产力发展，这体现了（ ）。A. 生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律 B. 上层建筑决定经济基础 C. 改革是社会发展的根本动力","solution_method":"社会基本矛盾：生产力决定生产关系、经济基础决定上层建筑；生产关系要适合生产力、上层建筑要适合经济基础。改革是强大动力（非根本动力，根本动力是社会基本矛盾）。选A。B颠倒决定关系。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K02-2","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K02","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：改革/以人民为中心的哲学依据","content":"运用社会历史发展的规律，说明为什么要全面深化改革、坚持以人民为中心。","solution_method":"措施类：①生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾是社会基本矛盾，改革是社会主义制度的自我完善，要使生产关系适应生产力、上层建筑适应经济基础（改革依据）；②人民群众是历史的创造者，要坚持以人民为中心、坚持群众观点和群众路线（以人民为中心依据）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K03-1","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K03","question_type":"选择题：人民群众是历史的创造者","content":"'人民，只有人民，才是创造世界历史的动力。'这说明（ ）。A. 人民群众是社会变革的决定力量 B. 英雄人物决定历史 C. 人民群众是指少数杰出人物","solution_method":"人民群众是社会物质财富、精神财富的创造者，是社会变革的决定力量，是历史的创造者。B是英雄史观（唯心），C缩小了人民群众范围。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K03-2","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K03","question_type":"主观题（意义类）：坚持以人民为中心/群众路线的意义","content":"运用人民群众是历史创造者的知识，说明党坚持'以人民为中心'发展思想的意义。","solution_method":"意义类：①人民群众是历史的创造者，坚持群众观点和群众路线，有利于发挥人民主体作用；②有利于制定符合人民利益的政策，实现好维护好发展好最广大人民根本利益；③有利于汇聚磅礴力量，推动社会发展进步。从'依据—现实—结果'作答。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K04-1","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K04","question_type":"选择题：价值观的导向作用","content":"同样的挫折，有人一蹶不振，有人愈挫愈勇，原因在于（ ）。A. 价值观对人生道路选择具有导向作用 B. 挫折决定人生 C. 客观条件不同","solution_method":"价值观对人们认识改造世界和人生道路选择具有重要导向作用，不同价值观导致不同人生态度。B'挫折决定'是机械唯物；题干强调主观选择差异源于价值观。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K04-2","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K04","question_type":"主观题（措施类）：如何实现人生价值/作出正确价值判断","content":"运用价值观的知识，说明新时代青年应如何实现人生价值。","solution_method":"措施类：①树立正确的价值观，作出正确的价值判断与价值选择（遵循社会发展规律、站在最广大人民立场）；②在劳动和奉献中创造价值（积极投身为人民服务的实践）；③在个人与社会的统一中实现价值；④在砥砺自我中走向成功（发挥主观能动性、提高素质、坚定理想信念）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-Z09-K04-3","module_id":"Z09","knowledge_point_id":"Z09-K04","question_type":"主观题（辨析类）：个人价值与社会价值的关系","content":"有人认为：'人生的真正价值在于向社会索取。'请运用人生价值的知识评析。","solution_method":"辨析类：①该观点错误。人生价值包括社会价值（个人对社会的贡献）和自我价值（社会对个人的满足），二者是统一的；②人生的真正价值在于对社会的贡献（社会价值是根本），因为人只有在奉献中才能实现价值；③在贡献的同时合理获得回报，但应以奉献为先。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K01-1","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K01","question_type":"选择题：国际组织的分类与联合国","content":"联合国属于（ ）。A. 政府间、世界性国际组织 B. 非政府、区域性国际组织 C. 政府间、区域性国际组织","solution_method":"按成员性质：政府间（成员为主权国家）/非政府（民间）；按地理范围：世界性/区域性。联合国由主权国家组成、成员遍布全球，是政府间、世界性国际组织。选A。易混淆：WTO也是政府间世界性；东盟是区域性。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K02-1","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K02","question_type":"选择题：民事权利的判断（物权/债权/知识产权）","content":"下列权利中，属于物权的是（ ），属于知识产权的是（ ）。①房屋所有权 ②著作权 ③合同债权 ④专利权","solution_method":"物权是对物的直接支配权（所有权、用益物权、担保物权），①房屋所有权属物权；知识产权包括著作权、专利、商标等，②④属知识产权；债权是基于合同的请求权，③属债权。区分'支配权（物权）'与'请求权（债权）'。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K02-2","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K02","question_type":"主观题（案例分析）：合同纠纷/侵权责任的认定","content":"甲与乙签订买卖合同，甲收货后以'市场跌价'为由拒绝付款。乙能否要求甲付款并赔偿损失？请运用合同与违约责任知识分析。","solution_method":"案例分析：①合同依法成立即生效，对双方具有法律约束力（甲乙买卖合同有效）；②甲无正当理由拒付构成违约，应承担继续履行（付款）、采取补救措施或赔偿损失等违约责任；③'市场跌价'不属于法定免责事由。结论：乙可要求甲付款并赔偿逾期损失。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K03-1","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K03","question_type":"选择题：全面依法治国的基本要求","content":"全面推进依法治国的基本要求是（ ）。A. 科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法 B. 有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究 C. 依法治国与以德治国结合","solution_method":"新时代全面依法治国新要求：科学立法（前提）、严格执法（关键）、公正司法（防线）、全民守法（基础）。B是旧十六字方针表述；C是治国方略结合。选A（若兼容可 noting B为传统表述）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K04-1","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K04","question_type":"选择题：判断推理类型（演绎/归纳/类比）","content":"由'金属都能导电，铁是金属，所以铁能导电'的推理属于（ ）。A. 演绎推理 B. 归纳推理 C. 类比推理","solution_method":"推理类型：演绎=从一般到个别（三段论，一般原理推出个别结论）；归纳=从个别到一般；类比=从个别到个别。'金属一般→铁个别'是演绎推理（三段论）。选A。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-Z10-K04-2","module_id":"Z10","knowledge_point_id":"Z10-K04","question_type":"选择题：逻辑思维基本规律（同一律/矛盾律/排中律）的违反","content":"某人在论证中先说'所有鸟都会飞'，后又说'企鹅是鸟但不会飞'，这违反了（ ）。A. 矛盾律 B. 同一律 C. 排中律","solution_method":"三律：同一律=概念命题保持同一（偷换概念）；矛盾律=不自相矛盾（同时肯定矛盾命题为假）；排中律=不容两不可（同时否定矛盾命题为假）。'所有鸟会飞'与'企鹅鸟不会飞'同时肯定构成自相矛盾，违反矛盾律。选A。","difficulty":"中"}]},{"subject":"高中历史","metadata":{"subject":"高中历史","structure_note":"module → knowledge_point → question_type(仅type)；例题在顶层 examples 承载 solution_method/difficulty；公式 LaTeX 化。"},"modules":[{"id":"L01","name":"中国古代政治制度的演变（中央集权、选官制、监察）","book":"中外历史纲要（上）第一、二、三、七单元；选必1 国家制度与社会治理","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L01-K01","name":"先秦政治制度（分封制、宗法制、礼乐制）","key_content":"西周分封制（封邦建国、诸侯义务与权利）、宗法制（嫡长子继承、大宗小宗、血缘纽带）、礼乐制；两者互为表里，奠定早期政治等级秩序。","question_types":[{"type":"分封制与宗法制的特点及关系分析"},{"type":"先秦政治制度选择题"}]},{"id":"L01-K02","name":"秦朝中央集权制度的确立","key_content":"皇帝制度（皇权至上、皇位世袭）、三公九卿制（丞相、太尉、御史大夫）、全面推行郡县制；中央垂直管理地方，奠定两千年政治制度基本格局。","question_types":[{"type":"郡县制与分封制比较"},{"type":"皇帝制度与三公九卿制内涵"}]},{"id":"L01-K03","name":"汉至元中央集权的加强（地方制度）","key_content":"汉初郡国并行→汉武帝推恩令削弱王国；唐设节度使致藩镇割据；宋文官知州、通判、转运使收权；元行中书省（行省）加强中央对辽阔疆域管理。","question_types":[{"type":"地方行政制度演变脉络梳理"},{"type":"行省制的历史影响"}]},{"id":"L01-K04","name":"汉至元君主专制的演进（中枢权力）","key_content":"汉武帝设中外朝削弱相权；隋唐三省六部制（中书决策、门下审议、尚书执行）分割相权；宋二府三司；元中书省一省制。总体相权不断被分割、皇权加强。","question_types":[{"type":"中枢权力机构演变（三省六部等）"},{"type":"君主专制强化趋势论述"}]},{"id":"L01-K05","name":"古代选官制度（察举、九品中正、科举）","key_content":"西汉察举制（德行、才能）；魏晋九品中正制（门第为主）；隋唐科举制打破门第、加强皇权、笼络士人、促进阶层流动与文化发展。","question_types":[{"type":"科举制的兴衰与历史作用"},{"type":"选官制度演变趋势概括"}]},{"id":"L01-K06","name":"古代监察与谏议制度","key_content":"秦御史大夫、汉刺史（监察地方）、唐御史台、明清都察院与六科给事中；监察服务于皇权、整肃吏治，但难以约束君主。","question_types":[{"type":"古代监察制度的特点与作用"}]}]},{"id":"L02","name":"中国古代经济的发展（农业、手工业、商业、经济重心南移）","book":"中外历史纲要（上）第二、四、十一单元；选必2 经济与社会生活","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L02-K01","name":"古代农业（小农经济、土地与赋税）","key_content":"以小农经济（男耕女织、精耕细作、自给自足）为主；土地制度由井田制到封建土地私有；赋税制度演变：租庸调→两税法→一条鞭法→摊丁入亩。","question_types":[{"type":"小农经济的特点分析"},{"type":"赋税制度演变（租庸调、两税法、一条鞭、摊丁入亩）"}]},{"id":"L02-K02","name":"古代手工业（官营、民营、家庭）","key_content":"官营手工业长期占主导（规模大、技艺高、不计成本）；民营和的家庭手工业是农户副业；明中叶后民营丝织等超过官营。","question_types":[{"type":"官营手工业的主导地位与特点"}]},{"id":"L02-K03","name":"古代商业（市坊、货币、政策）","key_content":"市坊制度由严格（唐）到打破（宋）；唐柜坊飞钱、北宋交子（世界最早纸币）；对外贸易陆海丝路；长期推行重农抑商，明清海禁与闭关锁国。","question_types":[{"type":"市坊制度变迁与商业发展"},{"type":"重农抑商与海禁政策评价"}]},{"id":"L02-K04","name":"经济重心南移","key_content":"魏晋南北朝开始南移，安史之乱后加快，南宋'苏湖熟天下足'标志完成；原因含北人南迁带劳力技术、南方自然环境、政治中心南移。","question_types":[{"type":"经济重心南移的过程与原因"}]}]},{"id":"L03","name":"中国古代的思想文化与科技","book":"中外历史纲要（上）第二、九、十一单元；选必3 文化交流与传播","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L03-K01","name":"先秦诸子百家（儒道法墨）","key_content":"儒（孔仁礼、孟性善、荀性恶隆礼）；道（老庄无为、辩证法）；法（韩非集权法治）；墨（兼爱非攻尚贤）；百家争鸣奠定传统文化根基。","question_types":[{"type":"儒法道墨思想主张比较"}]},{"id":"L03-K02","name":"汉代儒学（董仲舒新儒学）","key_content":"董仲舒倡'天人感应、君权神授、春秋大一统'，汉武帝'罢黜百家、独尊儒术'，儒学成正统，但糅合法道阴阳。","question_types":[{"type":"董仲舒新儒学的内容与影响"}]},{"id":"L03-K03","name":"宋明理学（程朱、陆王）","key_content":"北宋二程、南宋朱熹倡'天理''格物致知''存天理灭人欲'（客观唯心）；南宋陆九渊、明王守仁倡'心即理''致良知''知行合一'（主观唯心）。","question_types":[{"type":"程朱理学与陆王心学比较"}]},{"id":"L03-K04","name":"明清进步思潮（早期启蒙）","key_content":"李贽反教条；黄宗羲批判君主专制、主张工商皆本；顾炎武倡经世致用、天下兴亡匹夫有责；王夫之唯物、主张革新。具早期启蒙色彩但非资产阶级思想。","question_types":[{"type":"明清早期启蒙思想的特点"}]},{"id":"L03-K05","name":"古代科技（四大发明等）","key_content":"四大发明：造纸（汉）、活字印刷（北宋毕昇）、火药（唐末用于军事）、指南针（北宋航海）；还有农医天算成就；明清渐落后于西方。","question_types":[{"type":"四大发明的世界影响"}]},{"id":"L03-K06","name":"古代文学与艺术","key_content":"文学：诗经楚辞、汉赋、唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清小说（红楼等）；书法（篆隶楷行草）、绘画（文人画、山水画）体现时代精神与文人意趣。","question_types":[{"type":"古代文学体裁的时代特征"},{"type":"书画艺术的发展脉络"}]}]},{"id":"L04","name":"近代中国列强侵华与民主革命","book":"中外历史纲要（上）第五、六、七、八、九、十单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L04-K01","name":"列强侵华（条约与阶段）","key_content":"鸦片战争《南京条约》(1842)、第二次鸦片《天津》《北京》(1858/1860)、甲午《马关条约》(1895)、八国联军《辛丑条约》(1901)；中国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会。","question_types":[{"type":"不平等条约内容与危害"},{"type":"列强侵华阶段特征"}]},{"id":"L04-K02","name":"太平天国运动","key_content":"1851金田起义，《天朝田亩制度》反封建但空想，《资政新篇》(洪仁玕)具资本主义色彩；沉重打击清廷与侵略，1864失败。","question_types":[{"type":"《天朝田亩制度》与《资政新篇》评价"}]},{"id":"L04-K03","name":"戊戌变法与辛亥革命","key_content":"1898戊戌变法（维新、君主立宪，百日而败）；1911辛亥革命推翻清廷，1912建中华民国，结束帝制、使民主共和观念深入人心。","question_types":[{"type":"辛亥革命的历史意义"},{"type":"维新变法与辛亥革命比较"}]},{"id":"L04-K04","name":"新民主主义革命开端","key_content":"1919五四运动（无产阶级登上舞台、新民主主义革命开端）；1921中共成立（开天辟地大事变）；中国革命面貌焕然一新。","question_types":[{"type":"五四运动的历史地位"}]},{"id":"L04-K05","name":"国民革命与土地革命（国共对峙）","key_content":"1924-1927国民革命（北伐基本推翻北洋军阀）；1927起义、井冈山道路（工农武装割据）；1934-1936长征保存革命力量、遵义会议转折点。","question_types":[{"type":"长征的意义"}]},{"id":"L04-K06","name":"抗日战争","key_content":"1937-1945全民族抗战；抗日民族统一战线形成（1937国共合作）；两个战场（正面、敌后）；1945胜利，近代首次反侵略完全胜利、大国地位提升。","question_types":[{"type":"抗日战争胜利的原因与意义"},{"type":"抗日民族统一战线的形成"}]},{"id":"L04-K07","name":"解放战争","key_content":"1946爆发，战略防御—反攻（1947刘邓跃进）—决战（三大战役）—渡江解放南京(1949)；推翻国民党统治，为新中国成立奠基。","question_types":[{"type":"解放战争胜利的原因"}]}]},{"id":"L05","name":"中国现代社会主义建设道路","book":"中外历史纲要（上）第十一、十二、十三单元；选必1/2/3相关","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L05-K01","name":"过渡时期（1949-1956）","key_content":"土地改革废封建土地制；1953-1957一五计划奠定工业化初步基础；1953-1956三大改造（农工商）确立社会主义公有制，1956社会主义制度基本建立。","question_types":[{"type":"三大改造与社会主义制度确立"},{"type":"一五计划的意义"}]},{"id":"L05-K02","name":"社会主义建设探索（曲折）","key_content":"1958大跃进（浮夸）、人民公社化（一大二公）违背规律；1960八字方针（调整巩固充实提高）纠正；总体探索有成就也有失误。","question_types":[{"type":"大跃进与人民公社化教训"}]},{"id":"L05-K03","name":"改革开放与市场经济","key_content":"1978十一届三中全会伟大转折；农村家庭联产承包、城市国企改革；1980经济特区；1992十四大确立社会主义市场经济体制目标；2001入世。","question_types":[{"type":"改革开放历程与社会主义市场经济体制"},{"type":"经济特区的作用"}]},{"id":"L05-K04","name":"祖国统一与外交成就","key_content":"一国两制构想（邓小平）；1997香港、1999澳门回归；外交：和平共处五项原则、重返联合国(1971)、中美建交(1979)、全方位外交。","question_types":[{"type":"一国两制与港澳回归"},{"type":"新中国外交成就（和平共处五项原则等）"}]}]},{"id":"L06","name":"世界古代与近代政治（古希腊罗马、英美法代议制）","book":"中外历史纲要（下）第一、二、九单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L06-K01","name":"古希腊民主政治","key_content":"城邦小国寡民；雅典民主（梭伦奠基、克利斯提尼确立、伯利克里黄金）；公民直接民主、轮番而治；仅限于成年男性公民，奴隶外邦排除。","question_types":[{"type":"雅典民主政治的特点与评价"}]},{"id":"L06-K02","name":"罗马法","key_content":"《十二铜表法》(前449，成文法开端)；公民法→万民法（适应帝国）；查士丁尼《民法大全》完备；维系罗马、影响近代西方法律。","question_types":[{"type":"罗马法的发展脉络与影响"}]},{"id":"L06-K03","name":"英国君主立宪制","key_content":"1688光荣革命；1689《权利法案》限制王权；18世纪中期责任内阁制确立；国王统而不治，议会至上。","question_types":[{"type":"英国君主立宪制确立过程与特点"}]},{"id":"L06-K04","name":"美国共和制（1787宪法）","key_content":"1787宪法确立联邦制、三权分立（立法行政司法相互制衡）、共和政体；第一部资产阶级成文宪法，但有保留奴隶等局限。","question_types":[{"type":"1787宪法的内容与原则"}]},{"id":"L06-K05","name":"法国共和制","key_content":"法国大革命(1789)曲折反复，1875法兰西第三共和国宪法最终确立共和制；体现民主力量与专制势力长期斗争。","question_types":[{"type":"法国共和制确立的艰难历程"}]}]},{"id":"L07","name":"资本主义世界市场与工业革命","book":"中外历史纲要（下）第三、六、七单元；选必2","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L07-K01","name":"新航路开辟","key_content":"动因（寻金、奥斯曼阻断、传播宗教）与条件（航海造船）；迪亚士、达伽马、哥伦布、麦哲伦；引起商业革命、价格革命，世界市场雏形出现。","question_types":[{"type":"新航路开辟的背景与影响"}]},{"id":"L07-K02","name":"早期殖民扩张","key_content":"西葡先行、荷兰'海上马车夫'、英国'日不落'（打败西荷法）；三角贸易；殖民扩张拓展世界市场、资本原始积累。","question_types":[{"type":"早期殖民扩张与世界市场拓展"}]},{"id":"L07-K03","name":"第一次工业革命","key_content":"18c60s英国始（棉纺织、瓦特蒸汽机）；工厂制、蒸汽时代；蒸汽机车铁路；英国成'世界工厂'，确立资产阶级统治、世界市场基本形成。","question_types":[{"type":"第一次工业革命的成就与影响"}]},{"id":"L07-K04","name":"第二次工业革命","key_content":"19c70s始，电力、内燃机、化学；多国同时、科学与技术结合、出现垄断组织；电气时代，世界市场最终形成。","question_types":[{"type":"第二次工业革命的特点"}]}]},{"id":"L08","name":"世界现代史与二战后的格局","book":"中外历史纲要（下）第四、八、九、十、十一、十二、十三单元","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L08-K01","name":"第一次世界大战","key_content":"1914-1918，根源帝国主义政治经济发展不平衡、三国同盟vs协约；萨拉热窝导火索；战后凡尔赛—华盛顿体系；削弱欧洲、美日崛起。","question_types":[{"type":"第一次世界大战的背景与影响"}]},{"id":"L08-K02","name":"俄国革命与苏联建设","key_content":"1917十月革命建第一个社会主义国家；战时共产主义（余粮收集）→1921新经济政策（粮食税、容许市场）恢复经济；斯大林模式（高度集中计划经济）。","question_types":[{"type":"新经济政策与斯大林模式比较"}]},{"id":"L08-K03","name":"第二次世界大战","key_content":"1939-1945，法西斯侵略；反法西斯同盟（1942《联合国家宣言》）；斯大林格勒转折；雅尔塔等会议安排战后；反法西斯正义胜利。","question_types":[{"type":"第二次世界大战的性质与影响"}]},{"id":"L08-K04","name":"冷战与两极格局","key_content":"雅尔塔体系奠基；1947杜鲁门主义（冷战开始）、马歇尔计划、北约(1949)与华约(1955)对峙，两极格局形成。","question_types":[{"type":"冷战的表现与两极格局形成"}]},{"id":"L08-K05","name":"多极化趋势","key_content":"欧共体(1967)、日本崛起、不结盟运动(1961)、中国振兴；1991苏联解体，两极结束，多极化趋势加强（'一超多强'）。","question_types":[{"type":"多极化趋势的出现与发展"}]}]},{"id":"L09","name":"史学理论与方法（史料实证、唯物史观、论述题方法）","book":"统编教材《史学入门》《史料研读》；新高考历史学科核心素养","knowledge_points":[{"id":"L09-K01","name":"史料实证（史料分类与辨析）","key_content":"史料分一手/二手、文献/实物/口述；实证原则：论从史出、孤证不立、多重互证、辨析真伪与立场；材料题须先判史料价值再论证。","question_types":[{"type":"史料分类与价值辨析"},{"type":"史料实证类题型作答"}]},{"id":"L09-K02","name":"唯物史观","key_content":"生产力决定生产关系、经济基础决定上层建筑；社会存在决定社会意识；人民群众是历史创造者；阶级斗争是阶级社会发展动力；用唯物史观解释历史变迁。","question_types":[{"type":"运用唯物史观分析历史现象"}]},{"id":"L09-K03","name":"历史论述题方法（42题类开放性论述）","key_content":"开放性论述题（全国卷42题、各省小论文）：明确论题→选取史实论证（史论结合）→小结升华；另有观点评述类（同意/反对/辩证）。","question_types":[{"type":"开放性论述题（42题类）作答"},{"type":"观点评述类题型作答"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-L01-K01-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K01","question_type":"分封制与宗法制的特点及关系分析","content":"阅读材料：'天子适诸侯曰巡狩……诸侯朝于天子曰述职。'结合所学，分析西周分封制与宗法制的关系。","solution_method":"指出分封制是政治上的封邦建国、宗法制是血缘嫡庶等级；两者互为表里——宗法血缘是分封的基础，分封是宗法在政治疆域上的体现，共同维护周王统治秩序。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K01-2","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K01","question_type":"先秦政治制度选择题","content":"（选）西周宗法制的核心特征是：A. 禅让 B. 嫡长子继承 C. 察举 D. 皇帝制","solution_method":"宗法制以嫡长子继承制为核心，确立大小宗等级；禅让属原始社会、察举属汉、皇帝制属秦。故选B。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-L01-K02-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K02","question_type":"郡县制与分封制比较","content":"比较秦朝郡县制与西周分封制在官员来源与中央地方关系上的不同。","solution_method":"分封制下诸侯世袭、相对独立；郡县制下郡县长官由皇帝直接任免、不得世袭，听命中央，实现中央对地方垂直管理。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K02-2","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K02","question_type":"皇帝制度与三公九卿制内涵","content":"（选）秦朝三公中负责监察百官的是：A. 丞相 B. 太尉 C. 御史大夫 D. 郡守","solution_method":"三公中丞相助皇帝处理政事、太尉掌军事、御史大夫掌监察及图籍；故选C。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-L01-K03-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K03","question_type":"地方行政制度演变脉络梳理","content":"概括从汉到元地方行政制度的演变线索，并指出总体趋势。","solution_method":"汉郡国并行→武帝推恩令削弱王国；唐藩镇；宋文官知州+通判；元行省。趋势：中央对地方控制不断加强、割据因素被削弱。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K03-2","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K03","question_type":"行省制的历史影响","content":"简述元朝行省制的历史意义。","solution_method":"行省便利中央对辽阔疆域的管理，加强中央集权与统一多民族国家；其区划原则影响明清及现代省级建制。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K04-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K04","question_type":"中枢权力机构演变（三省六部等）","content":"说明隋唐三省六部制如何分割相权。","solution_method":"中书省起草政令、门下省封驳审议、尚书省执行，相权一分为三，彼此牵制，最终集权于皇帝。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K04-2","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K04","question_type":"君主专制强化趋势论述","content":"（论述）结合汉至元中枢机构变化，论述中国古代君主专制的发展趋势。","solution_method":"以中外朝、三省六部、二府三司、中书省为例，论证相权逐步被分割、皇权不断加强；用唯物史观说明其服务于大一统中央集权统治需要。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L01-K05-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K05","question_type":"科举制的兴衰与历史作用","content":"评价科举制度的历史作用及其在明清的变化。","solution_method":"积极作用：打破门第、公平选才、加强皇权、促阶层流动与文化教育；明清八股取士渐僵化束缚思想，1905年废除。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K05-2","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K05","question_type":"选官制度演变趋势概括","content":"概括中国古代选官制度演变的主要趋势。","solution_method":"标准由门第→才学；方式由举荐→考试；选官权由地方豪强→中央朝廷；皇权不断加强。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L01-K06-1","module_id":"L01","knowledge_point_id":"L01-K06","question_type":"古代监察制度的特点与作用","content":"（选）汉武帝设刺史主要是为了：A. 管理地方行政 B. 监察地方郡国 C. 征收赋税 D. 统率军队","solution_method":"刺史代表中央监察州部郡国，位卑权重；故选B。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L02-K01-1","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K01","question_type":"小农经济的特点分析","content":"分析中国古代小农经济的主要特点。","solution_method":"以家庭为单位、男耕女织、精耕细作、自给自足；规模小、脆弱、封闭，是国家赋税徭役主要承担者。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L02-K01-2","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K01","question_type":"赋税制度演变（租庸调、两税法、一条鞭、摊丁入亩）","content":"指出从'两税法'到'摊丁入亩'赋税制度变化的趋势。","solution_method":"两税法按资产田亩征税、废租庸调；一条鞭法折银征收；摊丁入亩废除人头税。趋势：人头税渐并入土地税、实物税转向货币税。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L02-K02-1","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K02","question_type":"官营手工业的主导地位与特点","content":"说明中国古代官营手工业的地位与特点。","solution_method":"官营长期占主导，政府垄断重要行业、集中大作坊生产、产品多供皇室官府不入市场、代表当时最高工艺水平。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L02-K03-1","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K03","question_type":"市坊制度变迁与商业发展","content":"对比唐宋城市商业格局的变化。","solution_method":"唐长安市坊严格分离、定时开闭；宋打破市坊界限、出现夜市街市、通宵营业，商业空前繁荣。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L02-K03-2","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K03","question_type":"重农抑商与海禁政策评价","content":"评价明清'重农抑商'与'海禁/闭关'政策。","solution_method":"前期利于稳定小农与集权；后期阻碍商品经济与资本主义萌芽、隔绝中外交流，使中国错失世界市场机遇。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L02-K04-1","module_id":"L02","knowledge_point_id":"L02-K04","question_type":"经济重心南移的过程与原因","content":"概述中国古代经济重心南移的过程并分析主要原因。","solution_method":"过程：魏晋开始→安史之乱后加快→南宋完成（'苏湖熟天下足'）。原因：北人南迁带劳力技术、南方相对安定、自然环境优越、政治中心南移。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L03-K01-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K01","question_type":"儒法道墨思想主张比较","content":"比较儒、法、道三家在治国主张上的差异。","solution_method":"儒家主德治礼治（孔孟）；法家主法治集权（韩非）；道家主无为而治（老庄）。分别适应不同治国需求。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L03-K02-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K02","question_type":"董仲舒新儒学的内容与影响","content":"简述董仲舒新儒学的主要内容及汉武帝采纳后的影响。","solution_method":"内容：天人感应、君权神授、春秋大一统、罢黜百家独尊儒术。影响：儒学成正统思想，加强中央集权，但神学与专制色彩增强。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L03-K03-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K03","question_type":"程朱理学与陆王心学比较","content":"比较程朱理学与陆王心学在'求理方法'上的不同。","solution_method":"程朱认为'天理'在外物，主张格物致知；陆王认为'心即理'，主张发明本心、致良知，强调内心反省。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L03-K04-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K04","question_type":"明清早期启蒙思想的特点","content":"概括明清之际进步思想的主要特点。","solution_method":"批判君主专制（黄宗羲）、倡经世致用（顾炎武）、主张工商皆本、具唯物倾向（王夫之）；带早期启蒙色彩但仍属儒学范畴。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L03-K05-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K05","question_type":"四大发明的世界影响","content":"说明造纸术与印刷术对欧洲的影响。","solution_method":"造纸与印刷便利文化知识传播，推动欧洲文艺复兴与宗教改革，加速封建神学统治瓦解与近代文化兴起。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L03-K06-1","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K06","question_type":"古代文学体裁的时代特征","content":"为什么宋词、元曲、明清小说先后兴盛？","solution_method":"宋城市繁荣市民阶层壮大促词曲；元少数民族统治城市游乐需杂剧；明清商品经济与市民文化繁荣、印刷普及推小说。皆与时代经济文化相应。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L03-K06-2","module_id":"L03","knowledge_point_id":"L03-K06","question_type":"书画艺术的发展脉络","content":"简述中国古代书法字体的演变脉络。","solution_method":"大致由篆书（秦）到隶书（汉），再到楷书、行书、草书并行（魏晋成熟）；体现实用与审美结合。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K01-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K01","question_type":"不平等条约内容与危害","content":"《马关条约》与《南京条约》相比，新增了哪些严重条款？说明其危害。","solution_method":"新增：割辽东半岛台湾澎湖、赔款二亿两、开沙市等内河口岸、允许日本在华设厂（资本输出）。使列强侵华进入资本输出阶段，加深半殖民地化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K01-2","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K01","question_type":"列强侵华阶段特征","content":"概括鸦片战争到《辛丑条约》列强侵华的阶段特征。","solution_method":"鸦片战争—甲午：以商品输出为主、瓜分前；甲午—辛丑：资本输出、瓜分狂潮到'以华制华'（辛丑后清成工具）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L04-K02-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K02","question_type":"《天朝田亩制度》与《资政新篇》评价","content":"评价太平天国《天朝田亩制度》与《资政新篇》。","solution_method":"前者体现反封建平等理想但绝对平均空想、无法实施；后者具资本主义色彩、顺应潮流但缺乏实施条件，均未实现。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K03-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K03","question_type":"辛亥革命的历史意义","content":"简述辛亥革命的历史意义。","solution_method":"推翻清王朝、结束两千余年君主专制；建立民国、使民主共和观念深入人心；推动思想解放与社会变革；但未完成反帝反封任务。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K03-2","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K03","question_type":"维新变法与辛亥革命比较","content":"比较戊戌变法与辛亥革命在目标与方式上的不同。","solution_method":"目标：维新主君主立宪、革命主民主共和；方式：维新自上而下的改良、革命自下而上的武装起义；代表民族资产阶级上层与中下层。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L04-K04-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K04","question_type":"五四运动的历史地位","content":"为什么说五四运动是新民主主义革命的开端？","solution_method":"因无产阶级开始独立登上政治舞台并发挥主力作用，革命领导阶级与前途发生变化，属新民主主义革命开端。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K05-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K05","question_type":"长征的意义","content":"简述红军长征的历史意义。","solution_method":"粉碎国民党围剿、保存革命骨干；遵义会议确立正确领导（党成熟）；播撒革命种子、打开革命新局面。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L04-K06-1","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K06","question_type":"抗日战争胜利的原因与意义","content":"分析抗日战争胜利的原因及历史意义。","solution_method":"原因：抗日民族统一战线、全民族抗战、中共中流砥柱、世界反法西斯力量支持。意义：近代首次反侵略完全胜利、国际地位提高、为新中国奠基。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L04-K06-2","module_id":"L04","knowledge_point_id":"L04-K06","question_type":"抗日民族统一战线的形成","content":"指出抗日民族统一战线正式建立的标志。","solution_method":"1937年9月国民党中央通讯社发表《中共中央为公布国共合作宣言》及蒋介石谈话，标志国共第二次合作、抗日民族统一战线正式建立。","diffic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09-K01-1","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K01","question_type":"史料分类与价值辨析","content":"某考古出土的秦简与后人撰写的《史记》记载不同，应如何运用这两类史料？","solution_method":"秦简属一手实物史料、价值高；史记属二手文献、需辨析。应多重互证、孤证不立，结合二者辨真伪、补缺漏。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-L09-K01-2","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K01","question_type":"史料实证类题型作答","content":"（材料题）从所给三则史料中提取信息并得出结论。","solution_method":"步骤：先逐则提取关键信息，再辨析史料类型与立场，多重互证，最后'论从史出'归纳结论，避免主观臆断。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L09-K02-1","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K02","question_type":"运用唯物史观分析历史现象","content":"用唯物史观解释春秋战国时期分封制瓦解的原因。","solution_method":"从生产力（铁犁牛耕）发展→私田增多、封建土地私有→经济基础变动→上层建筑（分封宗法）不再适应，终被郡县制取代。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L09-K03-1","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K03","question_type":"开放性论述题（42题类）作答","content":"（42题）材料围绕'古今中西之争'，自拟论题并论述。","solution_method":"结构：①亮明论题（如'近代中西碰撞推动了中国的近代化'）；②用2-3则史实论证（洋务运动、戊戌、新文化）；③小结升华。史论结合、逻辑清晰。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L09-K03-2","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K03","question_type":"观点评述类题型作答","content":"（评述）有学者认为'科举制是中国对世界的最大贡献'，你是否同意？说明理由。","solution_method":"先概括观点；再表态度（可辩证同意）；以科举打破门第、公平选才、影响西方文官制度等史实论证，并补其明清僵化局限，做到有理有据。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-L09-K03-3","module_id":"L09","knowledge_point_id":"L09-K03","question_type":"开放性论述题（42题类）作答","content":"（42题）提取材料中的一条历史线索，结合所学知识予以说明。","solution_method":"示例线索'世界市场形成'：新航路开辟雏形—工业革命基本形成—第二次工业革命最终形成；每条配史实说明，结尾点明线索意义。","difficulty":"难"}]},{"subject":"高中地理","metadata":{"subject":"高中地理","structure_note":"module 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自然环境的整体性与差异性","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G05-K01","name":"自然地理环境的整体性","key_content":"地形、气候、水文、植被、土壤等要素相互联系、相互制约（牵一发而动全身）；气候与对应的自然带（如温带落叶阔叶林带）。","question_types":[{"type":"地理要素间的相互作用（牵一发而动全身）"},{"type":"自然带与气候的对应关系"}]},{"id":"G05-K02","name":"地域分异规律","key_content":"纬度地带性（热量，赤道→两极）、经度地带性（水分，沿海→内陆）、垂直地带性（海拔，基带同水平带）；非地带性由地形、洋流等局部因素造成。","question_types":[{"type":"纬度地带性（由赤道到两极）分异"},{"type":"经度地带性（从沿海到内陆）分异"},{"type":"垂直地带性分异"},{"type":"非地带性现象判断"}]}]},{"id":"G06","name":"人口与城市","book":"必修第二册 第一、二章 人口与城镇","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G06-K01","name":"人口的数量变化","key_content":"自然增长率=出生率-死亡率；增长模式（原始型高高低、传统型高低高、现代型低低低）；发达国家低增长、发展中国家增速放缓。","question_types":[{"type":"人口自然增长（出生率、死亡率、自然增长率）分析"},{"type":"人口增长模式（类型）判断"}]},{"id":"G06-K02","name":"人口的空间变化与合理容量","key_content":"人口迁移主因是经济（就业、收入）；环境人口容量是最大供养人口（资源是首要制约因素），人口合理容量是较适宜人口规模（小于容量）。","question_types":[{"type":"人口迁移的成因与影响"},{"type":"环境人口容量与人口合理容量"}]},{"id":"G06-K03","name":"城市化","key_content":"城市化标志（城市人口比重上升）；S形曲线三阶段（初期<30%、中期30%–70%加速、后期>70%）；问题（拥挤、污染、热岛）与措施（规划、公交、绿地）。","question_types":[{"type":"城市化进程及特点（S形曲线）判读"},{"type":"城市化问题及解决措施"}]},{"id":"G06-K04","name":"城市内部空间结构","key_content":"商业区（CBD，市中心）、住宅区（最大）、工业区（外围沿交通）；地租受距市中心远近与交通便捷度影响，形成地租等值线。","question_types":[{"type":"城市功能区（商业区、住宅区、工业区）布局判读"},{"type":"影响地租（功能区）的因素"}]}]},{"id":"G07","name":"农业与工业区位","book":"必修第二册 第三、四章 产业区位","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G07-K01","name":"农业区位因素","key_content":"自然因素（气候、地形、土壤、水源）与社会经济因素（市场、交通、劳动力、政策、科技）；市场决定类型与规模，科技与交通改变区位。","question_types":[{"type":"农业区位因素（自然+社会经济）分析"},{"type":"区位因素的变化（市场、科技）对农业的影响"}]},{"id":"G07-K02","name":"农业地域类型","key_content":"季风水田农业（小农、集约、单产高）、商品谷物农业（大、机、商）、乳畜业（近市场、饲料）、大牧场放牧业、混合农业（墨累—达令盆地）。","question_types":[{"type":"主要农业地域类型（季风水田、商品谷物、乳畜业等）特征与区位"}]},{"id":"G07-K03","name":"工业区位因素","key_content":"原料、动力、市场、交通、劳动力、科技、政策、环境；导向型（原料、市场、动力、劳动力、技术）；工业集聚共享设施、降低成本，分散靠近市场。","question_types":[{"type":"工业区位因素（原料、市场、劳动力等）分析"},{"type":"工业集聚与分散"}]},{"id":"G07-K04","name":"传统工业区与新兴工业区","key_content":"传统工业区（鲁尔区：煤铁、水运、市场，整治调结构治污染）；新兴工业区（硅谷：人才、交通、环境、创新）。","question_types":[{"type":"传统工业区（如鲁尔区）的区位与整治"},{"type":"新兴工业区（如硅谷）的区位条件"}]}]},{"id":"G08","name":"交通、商业与区域发展","book":"必修第二册 第五章 + 选择性必修2 区域发展","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G08-K01","name":"交通运输布局","key_content":"交通线区位：自然（地形地质水文）、社会经济（联系点、促进发展）、技术保证；交通点（港口）需水域（深、避风、不淤）与陆域（平坦、腹地）条件。","question_types":[{"type":"交通运输线（铁路、公路）布局的区位因素"},{"type":"交通运输点（港口、枢纽）选址"}]},{"id":"G08-K02","name":"交通运输方式与商业网点","key_content":"五种运输方式比较（铁、公、水、空、管）；大宗远程选水运/铁路，急需选航空；商业网点密度随交通便捷度与人口密度变化（平原>山区）。","question_types":[{"type":"交通运输方式的选择与比较"},{"type":"商业中心（网点）的形成与布局"}]},{"id":"G08-K03","name":"区域地理特征与区域发展","key_content":"区域特征从自然（地形气候水文植被资源）与人文（人口城市产业交通）描述；发展阶段：以传统农业为主→工业化（二产主导）→高效益综合（三产为主）。","question_types":[{"type":"区域自然与人文地理特征描述"},{"type":"区域发展阶段与产业结构"}]}]},{"id":"G09","name":"区域可持续发展与自然灾害","book":"选择性必修2/3 生态环境与国家安全、自然灾害防治","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G09-K01","name":"荒漠化与水土流失","key_content":"荒漠化（西北：过度樵采放牧开垦+水资源不合理利用，措施退耕还林草、防护林）；水土流失（黄土高原：疏松黄土+暴雨+植被少，小流域综合治理）。","question_types":[{"type":"荒漠化的成因与防治（以西北为例）"},{"type":"水土流失（以黄土高原为例）的成因与治理"}]},{"id":"G09-K02","name":"森林、湿地与流域综合开发","key_content":"湿地生态效益（调蓄洪水、涵养水源、净化、生物多样性、调节气候）；森林（涵养水源、保持水土、碳汇）；流域综合开发以梯级开发为核心（田纳西河TVA）。","question_types":[{"type":"湿地（或森林）的生态效益与保护"},{"type":"流域综合开发（以田纳西河为例）"}]},{"id":"G09-K03","name":"资源跨区域调配","key_content":"西气东输、南水北调、西电东送等；对输入地缓解能源/水资源紧张、优化结构、改善环境，对输出地增加收入、带动相关产业与基建。","question_types":[{"type":"资源跨区域调配（西气东输、南水北调）的利弊分析"}]},{"id":"G09-K04","name":"自然灾害与地理信息技术","key_content":"气象灾害（旱涝、寒潮、台风）与地质灾害（地震、滑坡、泥石流）的成因与防御；3S：RS获取影像、GPS定位、GIS分析决策，常配合使用。","question_types":[{"type":"自然灾害（气象、地质）的成因与防御"},{"type":"地理信息技术（RS、GPS、GIS）的应用"}]}]},{"id":"G10","name":"世界地理与中国地理","book":"区域地理 世界地理与中国地理","knowledge_points":[{"id":"G10-K01","name":"世界地理概况","key_content":"分区：东亚、东南亚（十字路口、马六甲）、南亚、中亚、西亚、非洲、欧洲西部、北美、拉美、大洋洲；重要国家：日本、印度、俄罗斯、美国、巴西、澳大利亚。","question_types":[{"type":"世界主要分区（东亚、东南亚、南亚、欧洲西部等）特征"},{"type":"世界重要国家（如日本、印度、美国、巴西）地理特征"}]},{"id":"G10-K02","name":"中国自然地理","key_content":"地势西高东低三阶梯；气候季风显著、类型多样；河流多东流入海、水能富集阶梯交界；水资源南多北少、夏秋多冬春少；自然资源总量大、人均少。","question_types":[{"type":"中国地形、气候、河流的总体特征"},{"type":"中国自然资源分布"}]},{"id":"G10-K03","name":"中国经济地理与区域差异","key_content":"四大地理区域（北方、南方、西北、青藏）；南方水田、北方旱地，西北灌溉农业、青藏河谷农业；重大工程：南水北调、西气东输、西电东送、青藏铁路。","question_types":[{"type":"中国四大地理区域（北方、南方、西北、青藏）特征"},{"type":"中国产业布局与重大工程"}]}]}],"examples":[{"id":"EX-G01-K01-1","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K01","question_type":"利用经纬网确定地理位置与方向","content":"读图，甲地坐标约为(30°E, 20°N)，乙地(60°E, 20°N)，判断乙在甲的什么方向？","solution_method":"两地纬度相同（均为20°N），乙地经度60°E大于甲地30°E，位于同半球同纬，故乙在甲的正东方向。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G01-K01-2","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K01","question_type":"计算两点间距离（赤道/经线）","content":"赤道上两点经度相差30°，求两点间实地最短距离（地球平均半径约6371km）。","solution_method":"赤道上1°经度对应弧长约111km；两地相距30°经度，实地距离≈30×111=3330km，即最短距离约为3330km。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G01-K02-1","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K02","question_type":"比例尺大小与表示范围、内容详略的关系","content":"两幅相同图幅地图，A图比例尺1:100万，B图1:500万，哪幅表示范围更大、内容更简略？","solution_method":"比例尺分母越大比例尺越小，表示实地范围越大、内容越简略。1:500万<1:100万，故B图范围更大、内容更简略。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G01-K02-2","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K02","question_type":"比例尺换算与实际距离量算","content":"地图上两点图上距离为4cm，比例尺1:50000，求实地水平距离。","solution_method":"实地距离=图上距离×比例尺分母=4cm×50000=200000cm=2000m=2km。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G01-K03-1","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K03","question_type":"判读地形部位（山峰、山谷、山脊、陡崖等）","content":"等高线地形图中，一组等高线向海拔高处凸出，该处地形是什么？","solution_method":"等高线向高值（高处）凸出为山谷（集水线）；向低值凸出为山脊（分水线）。此处等高线向高凸，故为山谷。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G01-K03-2","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K03","question_type":"判读坡度陡缓与通视问题","content":"同一幅等高线图中，甲处等高线密集、乙处稀疏，哪处坡度更陡？两点间能否通视？","solution_method":"等高线越密集坡度越陡，故甲坡更陡；两点间若等高线出现山脊阻挡或先密后疏则不通视，需作剖面图判断。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G01-K03-3","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K03","question_type":"河流流向与水库坝址选址","content":"某山谷等高线向高处凸出并发育河流，计划建水库大坝，坝址应选在何处？","solution_method":"河流位于山谷（等高线向高凸）。坝址宜选在河谷最窄的口袋形洼地出口处，库区蓄水面积大、工程量小、移民少。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G01-K04-1","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K04","question_type":"地球自转的地理意义（昼夜交替、地转偏向力）","content":"北半球自南向北流动的河流，两岸受侵蚀更严重的是哪岸？","solution_method":"受地转偏向力影响，北半球水平运动物体向右偏，自南向北流的河流右岸（东岸）侵蚀更严重，左岸以堆积为主。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G01-K04-2","module_id":"G01","knowledge_point_id":"G01-K04","question_type":"正午太阳高度与昼夜长短的计算","content":"求北纬30°(φ=30°N)夏至日(δ=23°26′N)的正午太阳高度，并说明该日北半球昼夜长短状况。","solution_method":"正午太阳高度公式 $H=90^\\circ-|\\varphi-\\delta|$，代入 $H=90^\\circ-|30^\\circ-23^\\circ26'|=83^\\circ26'$；夏至北半球昼最长夜最短，纬度越高昼越长（极圈内极昼）。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G02-K01-1","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K01","question_type":"大气受热过程（削弱作用、保温作用）分析","content":"解释'月球昼夜温差远大于地球'的原因。","solution_method":"地球有大气，白天大气削弱太阳辐射、夜晚大气逆辐射保温；月球无大气，削弱与保温作用均缺失，故昼夜温差远大于地球。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K01-2","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K01","question_type":"气温日较差/年较差的影响因素","content":"比较内陆与沿海气温日较差大小并说明原因。","solution_method":"内陆日较差大于沿海。海洋比热容大，升温降温慢，对气温有调节作用；内陆陆地比热容小，升温降温快，日较差大。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G02-K02-1","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K02","question_type":"热力环流原理（海陆风、山谷风、城市风）判读","content":"夜晚海滨地区吹什么风？说明成因。","solution_method":"夜晚吹陆风（由陆地吹向海洋）。夜间陆地降温快、气温低、气压高，海洋降温慢、气压低，风由高压的陆地吹向低压的海洋。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K02-2","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K02","question_type":"等压面弯曲与高低气压判断","content":"近地面等压面向下凹，该地的气压状况与天气如何？","solution_method":"等压面下凹处近地面为低压（气流上升），多阴雨天气；等压面上凸处为高压，气流下沉，多晴朗天气。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K03-1","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K03","question_type":"气压带风带的分布与移动","content":"说出北半球副热带高压带与西风带的大致纬度位置及风向。","solution_method":"副高约位于30°N，西风带位于30°–60°N、受地转偏向力右偏吹西南风；气压带风带随太阳直射点作季节移动（北半球夏季北移）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K03-2","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K03","question_type":"气压带风带对气候的影响","content":"西欧温带海洋性气候终年温和湿润，主要受什么气压带风带控制？","solution_method":"终年受盛行西风带（从中纬海洋带来暖湿气流）控制，且受北大西洋暖流增温增湿，形成温和湿润的温带海洋性气候。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G02-K04-1","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K04","question_type":"气候类型的判读（以温定带、以水定型）","content":"某地最冷月均温>15℃、降水全年分配均匀，判断其气候类型。","solution_method":"最冷月>15℃为热带（以温定带）；降水均匀为年雨型（以水定型），故为热带雨林气候。综合气温与降水两轴即可定位气候类型。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G02-K04-2","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K04","question_type":"气候特征的描述与成因分析","content":"描述地中海气候的特征并说明成因。","solution_method":"特征：夏季炎热干燥、冬季温和多雨。成因：夏季受副热带高压控制炎热干燥，冬季受西风带控制温和多雨（气压带风带交替控制）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K05-1","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K05","question_type":"锋面系统（冷锋、暖锋）的天气特征","content":"冷锋过境前后，气温、气压、天气如何变化？","solution_method":"过境前受暖气团控制温暖晴朗；过境时阴天、刮风、降温、降雨（雪）；过境后受冷气团控制气温下降、气压升高、天气转晴。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G02-K05-2","module_id":"G02","knowledge_point_id":"G02-K05","question_type":"气旋（低压）与反气旋（高压）的天气判断","content":"北半球的气旋中心气流与天气如何？","solution_method":"气旋（低压）中心气流上升，北半球逆时针辐合，多阴雨天气；反气旋（高压）中心下沉、顺时针辐散，多晴朗天气。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G03-K01-1","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K01","question_type":"水循环的类型与环节","content":"写出海陆间循环（大循环）的主要环节。","solution_method":"环节：蒸发（海洋）→水汽输送→降水（陆地）→地表径流、下渗→地下径流→回到海洋。又称大循环，使陆地水得到更新补充。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G03-K01-2","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K01","question_type":"人类活动对水循环的影响","content":"城市硬化地面扩展对水循环哪些环节影响最大？","solution_method":"硬化地面减少下渗、增加地表径流、减少地下径流与蒸发，易引发城市内涝；应通过海绵城市增加下渗、削减洪峰。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G03-K02-1","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K02","question_type":"河流补给类型判断","content":"某河春季有汛、夏季也有汛，最可能为哪种补给为主？","solution_method":"春季汛为季节性积雪融水补给，夏季汛为大气降水补给，是我国东北地区河流（春汛+夏汛）的典型补给特征。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G03-K02-2","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K02","question_type":"河流流量过程线图判读","content":"读流量过程线，汛期出现在夏季且与气温正相关，判断补给类型。","solution_method":"流量随气温升高而增大，说明以冰川/永久性积雪融水补给为主（如我国西北内流河），汛期在夏季气温最高时。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G03-K03-1","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K03","question_type":"洋流分布规律（模式图）判读","content":"中低纬度北半球大洋西岸是暖流还是寒流？","solution_method":"中低纬大洋环流北半球呈顺时针，大洋西岸（大陆东岸）为暖流、东岸为寒流；北半球中高纬反之，西岸为寒流。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G03-K03-2","module_id":"G03","knowledge_point_id":"G03-K03","question_type":"洋流对地理环境（气候、渔场、航行）的影响","content":"简述秘鲁渔场的形成原因。","solution_method":"受秘鲁寒流（上升流）影响，底层营养盐类上泛，浮游生物繁盛，鱼类饵料丰富，形成著名秘鲁渔场。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G04-K01-1","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K01","question_type":"褶皱（背斜、向斜）与断层判读","content":"岩层向上拱起、中心岩层较老两翼较新，判断其地质构造。","solution_method":"岩层向上拱起为背斜；背斜中心岩层老、两翼新（向斜反之）。此处岩层上拱且中心老，故为背斜。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G04-K01-2","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K01","question_type":"地质构造的实践意义（找矿、找水、工程建设）","content":"钻探油气和水应分别在背斜还是向斜？","solution_method":"背斜是良好储油储气构造（密度小的油气上浮聚集）；向斜是储水构造（岩层下凹，地下水易汇集）。工程建设应避开断层。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G04-K02-1","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K02","question_type":"风化、侵蚀、搬运、堆积作用判断","content":"风力吹蚀形成风蚀蘑菇，属于哪种外力作用？","solution_method":"风蚀蘑菇由风力侵蚀（吹蚀、磨蚀）作用形成，是干旱区典型的风力侵蚀地貌。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G04-K02-2","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K02","question_type":"风沙地貌与海岸地貌判读","content":"列举两种海岸地貌并说明其外力作用。","solution_method":"海蚀崖、海蚀柱由海浪侵蚀作用形成；沙滩、沙坝由海浪堆积作用形成。分别对应侵蚀海岸地貌与堆积海岸地貌。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G04-K03-1","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K03","question_type":"河流侵蚀地貌（河谷、峡谷）发育","content":"河流上游河谷多呈'V'形，原因是什么？","solution_method":"上游落差大、流速快，以溯源侵蚀和下蚀（垂直侵蚀）为主、侧蚀弱，故河谷深窄呈'V'形。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G04-K03-2","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K03","question_type":"河流堆积地貌（冲积扇、三角洲、河漫滩平原）","content":"河流出山口常形成哪种堆积地貌？简述成因。","solution_method":"出山口因地形变缓、流速骤减，泥沙堆积形成冲积扇（山麓扇形堆积体）；河流入海口处泥沙堆积形成三角洲。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G04-K04-1","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K04","question_type":"地形对聚落分布的影响","content":"我国南方山区聚落多分布在什么地形部位？为什么？","solution_method":"多分布在河谷阶地、山间盆地（地势较平坦、土壤肥沃、取水方便、可避开洪水），山区聚落规模小且分散。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G04-K04-2","module_id":"G04","knowledge_point_id":"G04-K04","question_type":"地形对交通线路布局的影响","content":"山区公路多呈'之'字形分布，原因是什么？","solution_method":"山区地势起伏大，公路沿等高线迂回（之字形）可减小坡度、降低施工难度与行车危险，造价与难度均高于平原。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G05-K01-1","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K01","question_type":"地理要素间的相互作用（牵一发而动全身）","content":"大面积砍伐热带雨林可能引致哪些连锁环境效应？","solution_method":"植被减少→涵养水源、保持水土能力下降→水土流失、生物多样性减少、气候变干、碳汇减弱，体现要素相互联系的整体性。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G05-K01-2","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K01","question_type":"自然带与气候的对应关系","content":"温带季风气候对应什么自然带？","solution_method":"温带季风气候区夏季高温多雨、冬季寒冷干燥，发育温带落叶阔叶林带。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G05-K02-1","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K02","question_type":"纬度地带性（由赤道到两极）分异","content":"沿南北方向从赤道到两极自然带的变化体现什么分异规律？","solution_method":"以热量为基础，自然带沿纬度方向更替，体现由赤道到两极的纬度地带性分异（热带→亚热带→温带→寒带）。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G05-K02-2","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K02","question_type":"经度地带性（从沿海到内陆）分异","content":"中纬度亚欧大陆从沿海到内陆自然带变化体现什么规律？","solution_method":"以水分（降水）为基础，从沿海森林→草原→荒漠的经度地带性（从沿海向内陆）分异。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G05-K02-3","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K02","question_type":"垂直地带性分异","content":"山地垂直带谱的基带与什么一致？海拔升高带谱如何变化？","solution_method":"垂直带谱的基带与所在纬度水平自然带一致；随海拔升高水热条件变化，带谱类似纬度地带性，由山麓到山顶更替。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G05-K02-4","module_id":"G05","knowledge_point_id":"G05-K02","question_type":"非地带性现象判断","content":"赤道附近的东非高原为何不是热带雨林而是热带草原？","solution_method":"东非高原海拔高、气温较低、降水较少，形成热带草原带，属地形（海拔）导致的非地带性现象，需区分地带性规律与局部因素干扰。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G06-K01-1","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K01","question_type":"人口自然增长（出生率、死亡率、自然增长率）分析","content":"某地区出生率1.2%、死亡率0.8%，求自然增长率并判断增长状况。","solution_method":"自然增长率=出生率-死亡率=1.2%-0.8%=0.4%，为正值，人口自然增长但较缓慢。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G06-K01-2","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K01","question_type":"人口增长模式（类型）判断","content":"低出生率、低死亡率、低自然增长率，属哪种增长模式？","solution_method":"属现代型（低低低），多为发达国家或我国当前阶段，人口增长缓慢甚至出现负增长。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G06-K02-1","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K02","question_type":"人口迁移的成因与影响","content":"改革开放以来我国中西部人口大量向东部迁移，主导因素是什么？","solution_method":"主导因素为经济因素（东部就业机会多、收入高），也受政策、距离影响；缓解迁出地人地矛盾、促进迁入地经济发展。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G06-K02-2","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K02","question_type":"环境人口容量与人口合理容量","content":"环境人口容量与人口合理容量有何区别？","solution_method":"环境人口容量是一国/地区能持续供养的最大人口数（上限）；人口合理容量是较适宜的人口规模，数值小于环境人口容量。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G06-K03-1","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K03","question_type":"城市化进程及特点（S形曲线）判读","content":"城市化中期阶段（加速阶段）的主要特征是什么？","solution_method":"城市化率30%–70%为中期加速阶段，人口向城市迅速集聚、城市规模扩大，但易出现交通拥挤、环境恶化等问题。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G06-K03-2","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K03","question_type":"城市化问题及解决措施","content":"列举城市主要环境问题并提出缓解措施。","solution_method":"问题：空气污染、热岛效应、交通拥堵、住房紧张。措施：合理规划、发展公交、增加绿地、建设卫星城分流人口。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G06-K04-1","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K04","question_type":"城市功能区（商业区、住宅区、工业区）布局判读","content":"城市中心多为哪种功能区？原因是什么？","solution_method":"市中心交通便利、人流密集、地租最高，多为商业区（CBD）；住宅区面积最大，工业区位于外围并沿交通线分布。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G06-K04-2","module_id":"G06","knowledge_point_id":"G06-K04","question_type":"影响地租（功能区）的因素","content":"影响城市地租水平的主要因素是？","solution_method":"主要受交通便捷程度和距市中心远近影响：距市中心越近、交通越便利，地租越高，形成地租等值线的分异。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K01-1","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K01","question_type":"农业区位因素（自然+社会经济）分析","content":"分析南方水稻种植的主要区位因素。","solution_method":"自然：亚热带季风气候、雨热同期、水热充足、平原地形、土壤肥沃、水源充足；社会经济：劳动力丰富、种植经验、市场需求大。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K01-2","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K01","question_type":"区位因素的变化（市场、科技）对农业的影响","content":"冷藏保鲜技术和物流发展对农业区位有何影响？","solution_method":"使易腐农产品（鲜花、果蔬）市场范围扩大，减弱了自然条件的限制，市场与交通（物流）成为更主导的区位因素。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K02-1","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K02","question_type":"主要农业地域类型（季风水田、商品谷物、乳畜业等）特征与区位","content":"美国中央大平原商品谷物农业的主要特征与区位条件？","solution_method":"特征：生产规模大、机械化程度高、商品率高。区位：地势平坦、黑土肥沃、气候温和、水源足、地广人稀、交通便利、科技高。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K03-1","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K03","question_type":"工业区位因素（原料、市场、劳动力等）分析","content":"影响钢铁工业布局的主要因素有哪些？","solution_method":"传统钢铁靠近煤铁产地或交通便利处；现代钢铁多靠近市场与港口（如宝钢临海型），综合考虑原料、燃料、市场、交通、劳动力等。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K03-2","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K03","question_type":"工业集聚与分散","content":"分析工业集聚的好处。","solution_method":"集聚可共用基础设施、降低运输与交易成本、加强信息与技术协作、形成规模效应；过度集聚也会引发争地、污染等问题。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G07-K04-1","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K04","question_type":"传统工业区（如鲁尔区）的区位与整治","content":"德国鲁尔区兴起的区位优势及整治措施？","solution_method":"优势：煤炭丰富、水源充足、水陆交通便利、市场广阔。整治：调整产业结构、发展新兴与第三产业、治理污染、完善交通。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G07-K04-2","module_id":"G07","knowledge_point_id":"G07-K04","question_type":"新兴工业区（如硅谷）的区位条件","content":"美国'硅谷'高新技术工业区的主要区位条件？","solution_method":"临近斯坦福等高校、科技人才密集、交通便捷、环境优美、军事与创投支持、创新文化氛围浓厚；需综合知识与环境因素辨析其独特性。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G08-K01-1","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K01","question_type":"交通运输线（铁路、公路）布局的区位因素","content":"山区铁路选线需考虑哪些区位因素？","solution_method":"自然：地形地质（避开断层、滑坡）、水文气候；社会经济：联系居民点、促进发展、合理造价；技术是保证条件。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G08-K01-2","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K01","question_type":"交通运输点（港口、枢纽）选址","content":"港口选址需具备哪些自然条件？","solution_method":"水域条件：港阔水深、避风、不冻不淤；陆域条件：地势平坦、腹地广阔、交通便利，便于海陆联运。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G08-K02-1","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K02","question_type":"交通运输方式的选择与比较","content":"从大连运5000吨煤炭到广州，宜选哪种运输方式？","solution_method":"运量大、运距长、时效性要求不高，宜选水路（海运）运输，运费低；大宗笨重货物远距离优先水运或铁路。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G08-K02-2","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K02","question_type":"商业中心（网点）的形成与布局","content":"商业网点密度在山区和平原有何差异？原因？","solution_method":"平原商业网点密度大、山区稀疏。平原交通便捷、人口稠密、购买力强；山区地形阻隔、交通不便、人口分散。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G08-K03-1","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K03","question_type":"区域自然与人文地理特征描述","content":"简述描述某区域自然地理特征的角度。","solution_method":"从地形、气候、水文、植被土壤、自然资源等方面描述；人文特征从人口、城市、产业、交通、文化等角度描述。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G08-K03-2","module_id":"G08","knowledge_point_id":"G08-K03","question_type":"区域发展阶段与产业结构","content":"区域发展的成长阶段产业结构有何特点？","solution_method":"成长阶段第二产业（工业）比重上升并成为主导，第一产业下降、第三产业逐步发展，经济快速增长、集聚效应增强。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G09-K01-1","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K01","question_type":"荒漠化的成因与防治（以西北为例）","content":"我国西北荒漠化的人为原因及防治措施？","solution_method":"人为：过度樵采、放牧、开垦、水资源不合理利用。防治：退耕还林草、合理放牧、节水、营造防护林（如三北防护林）。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G09-K01-2","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K01","question_type":"水土流失（以黄土高原为例）的成因与治理","content":"黄土高原水土流失的自然原因与治理措施？","solution_method":"自然：黄土疏松、暴雨集中、植被稀少、地形起伏。治理：退耕还林草、打坝淤地、修梯田、小流域综合治理。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G09-K02-1","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K02","question_type":"湿地（或森林）的生态效益与保护","content":"湿地有哪些主要生态效益？","solution_method":"调蓄洪水、涵养水源、净化水质、维护生物多样性、调节气候、美化环境；保护应建保护区、退耕还湿、防治污染。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G09-K02-2","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K02","question_type":"流域综合开发（以田纳西河为例）","content":"田纳西河流域综合开发的核心与措施？","solution_method":"以梯级开发为核心，兼顾防洪、发电、航运、灌溉、旅游；设立统一管理机构（TVA），实现流域综合效益最大化。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G09-K03-1","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K03","question_type":"资源跨区域调配（西气东输、南水北调）的利弊分析","content":"简述西气东输对输入地的意义。","solution_method":"缓解东部能源紧张、优化能源结构（减煤降污）、改善大气环境、促进相关产业发展；对输出地增加收入、带动基础设施；需兼顾生态与社经效益综合论述。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G09-K04-1","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K04","question_type":"自然灾害（气象、地质）的成因与防御","content":"我国华北春旱的成因及防御措施？","solution_method":"成因：春季气温回升快、蒸发强、降水少，农业需水大。防御：跨流域调水、节水灌溉、人工增雨、调整种植结构。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G09-K04-2","module_id":"G09","knowledge_point_id":"G09-K04","question_type":"地理信息技术（RS、GPS、GIS）的应用","content":"RS、GPS、GIS在灾害监测中如何配合？","solution_method":"RS（遥感）获取灾情影像、动态监测；GPS（定位）精准定位受灾点；GIS（地理信息系统）分析、管理、模拟与决策支持。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G10-K01-1","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K01","question_type":"世界主要分区（东亚、东南亚、南亚、欧洲西部等）特征","content":"简述东南亚的地理位置重要性。","solution_method":"地处亚洲与大洋洲、太平洋与印度洋之间的'十字路口'，马六甲海峡是重要海上通道，地理位置十分关键。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G10-K01-2","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K01","question_type":"世界重要国家（如日本、印度、美国、巴西）地理特征","content":"简要说明日本工业集中分布在太平洋沿岸的原因。","solution_method":"资源匮乏、市场狭小，太平洋沿岸多优良港湾、海运便利，便于进口原料、出口工业制成品，且城市人口密集；需结合国情综合说明。","difficulty":"难"},{"id":"EX-G10-K02-1","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K02","question_type":"中国地形、气候、河流的总体特征","content":"简述我国地势三级阶梯特征及其影响。","solution_method":"西高东低、呈三级阶梯：利于海洋湿润气流深入、大河自西向东流、水能富集于阶梯交界，影响交通与农业分布。","difficulty":"中"},{"id":"EX-G10-K02-2","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K02","question_type":"中国自然资源分布","content":"我国水资源时空分布特点？","solution_method":"空间：南多北少、东多西少；时间：夏秋多、冬春少，年际变化大。因此需跨流域调水与修建水库调节。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G10-K03-1","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K03","question_type":"中国四大地理区域（北方、南方、西北、青藏）特征","content":"说出青藏地区最突出的自然特征及主导因素。","solution_method":"最突出特征是'高寒'，主导因素是海拔高（地势）；雪山冰川广布、太阳辐射强、河谷农业发达。","difficulty":"易"},{"id":"EX-G10-K03-2","module_id":"G10","knowledge_point_id":"G10-K03","question_type":"中国产业布局与重大工程","content":"列举一项我国重大交通/能源工程并说明意义。","solution_method":"如西电东送：将西部丰富水/火电送往东部，缓解东部能源紧张、促进西部资源开发、优化全国能源配置。","difficulty":"中"}]}]}